空泡份额模型在矩形通道沸腾压降计算中的适用性评价

分析了各空泡份额模型随质量流量、系统压力及质量含气率的变化关系,并对各空泡份额计算模型在窄矩形通道内的应用进行了评价。研究结果表明:尽管空泡份额模型选取对重位压降及加速压降计算影响极大,但由于窄矩形通道内的饱和沸腾流动以环状流为主,重位压降及加速压降在两相总压降中的份额极小,因此在两相摩擦压降计算过程中,空泡份额模型的影响非常轻微。采用Zivi模型计算得到的沸腾摩擦压降与其他关系式计算值相对偏差在±5%范围内,因此建议采用Zivi模型计算窄矩形通道内空泡份额。     

摇摆状态下矩形通道内弹状流压力模型

本文通过可视化方法对竖直与倾斜条件下矩形通道内弹状流单元的参数进行研究,尝试给出摇摆状态下矩形通道内弹状流压力模型。通过图像处理给出气弹段空泡份额以及两相速度的计算关系式,并验证漂移流模型在液弹段的适用性,给出弹状流单元的长度份额以及空泡份额的计算关系式。根据实验结果给出摇摆条件下矩形通道内弹状流压力组分的模型,并重点分析摩擦压降模型的适用程度。结果表明,弹状流压力模型可很好地预测摇摆条件下矩形通道内的压力。     

窄矩形通道内搅混流和环状流相界面参数的计算方法

空泡份额和界面浓度是两相流动中重要的相界面参数,准确获取窄矩形通道内搅混流和环状流工况下空泡份额和界面浓度是构建和完善两流体模型的关键。本文针对横截面为65 mm×2 mm的矩形通道开展了气液两相流动特性可视化实验研究,气相折算速度j_g＝1～9 m/s,液相折算速度j_f＝0.1～1.5 m/s,流型包含搅混流和环状流。提出了基于高速摄像法获取搅混流和环状流下空泡份额和界面浓度的分析计算方法,利用该方法所得空泡份额与窄矩形通道内经验关系式计算值的相对偏差约在10%以内。此计算方法可为研究复杂流型下窄矩形通道内的相界面参数提供理论依据。     

计算气液两相流含气率的一个二维二速度模型

本文提出一个新的二维二速度气液两相流含气率模型,同时考虑了两相间存在相对速度及含气率和流速沿流通截面的分布规律这两个影响截面含气率的主要因素。分别对绝热流动和沸腾流动两种情况推导出了截面含气率与容积含气率之间的关系式,并对单组份汽液两相流建立了汽液相速度及含汽率沿截面分布的分布指数与两相流动参数之间的关系。该模型改进了Bankoff变密度模型(Bankoff模型为本文模型当两相间相对速度为零时的特例),具有更大的适用范围,本文就垂直圆管内汽水两相向上流动的情况,确定了模型中的各系数,模型计算结果与试验数据及其它模型比较得到了较好的结果。     

窄间隙矩形通道间隙厚度对传热强化影响研究

根据窄间隙矩形通道的流道结构特点，参考圆管环状流临界热流密度（CHF）预测解析模型，得到了可以预测间隙厚度不小于0．5mm的窄间隙矩形通道内发生沸腾两相流环状流时的CHF解析模型。计算表明，当窄间隙矩形通道的进口截面宽度与间隙厚度比为25～85时，通道内的CHF值强化比较明显。根据汽-液两相介质的特点，推导出了在沸腾两相流系统中发生CHF时的传热强化判定准则。分析计算表明，这个判定准则是合理的，传热强化较好的进口截面宽度与间隙厚度比为45～75。综合两者的计算结果，窄间隙矩形通道内传热强化的参考进口截面宽度与间隙厚度比为45～75。     

底部封闭矩形通道临界热流密度的理论研究

分析研究了在底部封闭矩形通道内逆流汽液两相流条件下的临界热流密度的发生机理。研究表明,临界热流密度与流入矩形通道内的最大下降液体流量相对应,并且临界热流密度可通过求解动量方程、包络线和能量方程得到。通过与日本数土幸夫建立的模型、经验关联式和实验数据比较,该模型可在精度±30 %范围内预测底部封闭矩形通道条件下的临界热流密度。     

全长尺寸5×5格架棒束通道两相流动特性研究

采用两相计算流体动力学(CFD)分析的方法,对全长尺寸格架棒束通道内过冷沸腾两相流动进行了数值模拟。将模拟得到的棒束通道中心4个子通道的平均空泡份额与实验值进行对比发现,在高空泡份额区域与实验值符合较好;在低空泡份额区域,计算值略高于实验值。两相CFD方法模拟得到了棒束通道内空泡份额的详细分布,观察到格架上游空泡份额集中在加热棒的周围,但在格架下游,子通道中心的空泡份额增加,加热棒周围的空泡份额减小,间接地证明了格架对临界热流密度(CHF)的提升作用。     

矩形通道内两相流动阻力特性及计算方法

常压下,以空气和水为工质,对宽高比不同的两个矩形通道内两相流动摩擦阻力特性进行了研究,并对常规通道和微小通道内两相压降的计算模型进行了验证和评价。结果表明：传统的常规通道经验关系式并不适用于窄矩形通道中的压降计算;基于微小通道的计算方法中,Lee-Lee模型与实验值符合程度较好,但在一定的参数范围内仍存在较大误差。提出基于Chen模型的Chisholm C系数方法的修正关系式,式中综合考虑了矩形通道宽高比、全液相雷诺数和L-M参数对Chisholm C系数的影响,修正关系式与实验值符合较好。     

较大管径中两相流动漂移流模型研究

漂移流模型作为一种简单实用的模型，在反应堆热工水力及安全分析，特别是在空泡份额的计算方面，应用非常广泛。针对不同的通道及流型，研究者提出了多种基于漂移流模型的计算方法。通过较大通道中两相流动过程的实验研究，对5种空泡份额计算模型进行评价分析。结果表明，基于常规通道的Hibiki-Ishii模型与实验值吻合较好，平均相对误差为14.1%。结合对气泡运动过程的研究，发现在〈J_g〉β<0.027区，分布参数C₀<1，据此，给出了在较大管径通道中计算精度更高的模型关系式。     

燃料组件精细化定位格架模型开发及评价

为提高燃料组件子通道内两相局部参数预测的准确性，本文基于分布式阻力方法建立精细化定位格架模型，选用合适的摩擦阻力表达式，对格架上的交混翼进行精细化建模，采用Carlucci湍流交混模型计算湍流交混速率，引入阻塞因子计算由定位格架引起的湍流交混效应，并将建立的精细化定位格架模型植入子通道分析程序（ATHAS），对压水堆子通道和棒束实验（PSBT）基准题进行计算分析。结果表明，本文开发的精细化定位格架模型能够提高燃料组件子通道内空泡份额和温度分布的预测准确性，为棒束通道流场、焓场计算和临界热流密度（CHF）预测奠定了基础。      

Measurement System of Bubbly Flow Using Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Monitor and Video Data Processing Unit, (II)

The authors have developed a measurement system which is composed of an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor and a video data processing unit in order to clarify its multi-dimensional flow characteristics in bubbly flows and to offer a data base to validate numerical codes for multi-dimensional two-phase flow. In this paper, the measurement system was applied for bubbly countercurrent flows in a vertical rectangular channel. At first, both bubble and water velocity profiles and void fraction profiles in the channel were investigated statistically. Next, turbulence intensity in a continuous liquid phase was defined as a standard deviation of velocity fluctuation, and the two-phase multiplier profile of turbulence intensity in the channel was clarified as a ratio of the standard deviation of flow fluctuation in a bubbly countercurrent flow to that in a water single phase flow. Finally, the distribution parameter and drift velocity used in the drift flux model for bubbly countercurrent flows were calculated from the obtained velocity profiles of both phases and void fraction profile, and were compared with the correlation proposed for bubbly countercurrent flows.     

Measurement System of Bubbly Flow Using Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Monitor and Video Data Processing Unit, (III)

The authors have developed a new measurement system which consisted of an Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Monitor (UVP) and a Video Data Processing Unit (VDP) in order to clarify the two-dimensional flow characteristics in bubbly flows and to offer a data base to validate numerical codes for two-dimensional two-phase flow. In the present paper, the proposed measurement system is applied to fully developed bubbly cocurrent flows in a vertical rectangular channel. At first, both bubble and water velocity profiles and void fraction profiles in the channel were investigated statistically. In addition, the two-phase multiplier profile of turbulence intensity, which was defined as a ratio of the standard deviation of velocity fluctuation in a bubbly flow to that in a water single phase flow, were examined. Next, these flow characteristics were compared with those in bubbly countercurrent flows reported in our previous paper. Finally, concerning the drift flux model, the distribution parameter and drift velocity were obtained directly from both bubble and water velocity profiles and void fraction profiles, and their results were compared with those in bubbly countercurrent flows.     

Measurement System of Bubbly Flow Using Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Monitor and Video Data Processing Unit

The authors have been developing a measurement system for bubbly flow in order to clarify its multi-dimensional flow characteristics and to offer a data base to validate numerical codes for multi-dimensional two-phase flow. In this paper, the measurement system combining an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor with a video data processing unit is proposed, which can measure simultaneously velocity profiles in both gas and liquid phases, a void fraction profile for bubbly flow in a channel, and an average bubble diameter and void fraction. Furthermore, the proposed measurement system is applied to measure flow characteristics of a bubbly countercurrent flow in a vertical rectangular channel to verify its capability.     

A numerical technique for analysis of transient two-phase flow in a vertical tube using the Drift Flux Model

This paper presents a numerical solution of one-dimensional transient two-phase flow in a vertical channel using the Drift Flux Model (DFM). The DFM treats the two phases as a mixture, but allows slippage between the gas and the liquid phase. The DFM was used for the calculation of velocity and fraction of each phase, combined with the most relevant closure relationships models for condensation, wall evaporation, and phasic velocities. The solution of the three conservation equations for the mixture and a continuity equation for the gas phases is obtained by a semi-implicit numerical method. A finite volume method is used to discretize the governing equations on a staggered grid in the computational domain. Satisfactory agreement is shown between predicted void fraction, RELAP5 code and available experimental data under both transient and steady state conditions. Numerical solution was also obtained for a wide two-phase flow conditions: system pressure, surface heat flux, mass flow rate and inlet sub-cooling to check the model ability to predict void fraction accurately. It is concluded, therefore, that the DFM is able to predict void fraction in subcooled flow boiling with sufficient accuracy. For pressures lower than 30 bars, the DFM overestimated the void fraction in comparison with the experimental data by about 15%. The model requires less computational power to simulate than other approaches and has no limitations on the nodalization process for numerical stability. It is therefore expected that development of presented model will be useful for the assessment of experimental data, as well as performing pre-test numerical experimentation.     

基于两步形态学图像法的窄缝通道空泡份额测量方法研究

空泡份额是两相流动研究的基础参数之一。对于窄缝通道内的流动沸腾工况，空泡份额难以使用探针等直接测量。本文在高速摄影法基础上，提出基于两步形态学的窄缝通道出口空泡份额测量方法。该方法可解决流道上的汽泡边界识别问题，获得空泡份额的瞬时值。本文方法流型适应性好，通过与能量守恒法计算得到的时均试验结果对比，相对偏差均在17%以内，验证了本方法的准确性和可靠性。     

关于一维两流体模型中界面阻力计算的研究

一维两流体模型中,界面阻力是决定相间耦合程度的关键参数,其计算方法目前有漂移流模型法和阻力系数法。本研究利用子通道程序,基于圆管空气-水两相实验数据,对这2种计算方法进行了评估,结果表明一维两流体模型中漂移流模型法的预测能力要优于阻力系数法。同时评估了两相流动中分布效应对界面阻力计算的影响,结果表明在低空泡份额区分布效应影响较小,而高空泡份额区其影响明显。      

三面加热窄矩形通道内弹状流截面含气率的实验研究

本文以去离子水为实验介质，对截面为3 mm×43 mm的三面加热窄矩形通道内充分发展的弹状流进行实验研究。借助高速摄影仪对弹状流进行可视化实验观察，观察到弹状流的4种演变行为：弹状流充分发展、夹心型弹状流的形成、小汽弹合并成大汽弹、大汽弹合并成加长型弹状流。分析了部分热工参数对弹状流截面含气率的影响，通过引入雷诺数，对三面加热窄矩形通道内弹状流的实验数据进行非线性回归分析，得到适用于三面加热窄矩形通道内弹状流截面含气率的计算关系式。结果表明，新拟合得到的关系式能较准确地预测三面加热窄矩形通道内弹状流的截面含气率，其预测值相对误差为12.36%。     

基于一维漂移流模型的并联矩形双通道密度波流动不稳定性数值模拟

基于一维漂移流模型构建了并联矩形双通道密度波流动不稳定性数学模型。模型中采用Zuber推荐的经验关系式计算两相流体空泡份额,采用Chisholm关系式和中国核动力研究设计院自拟关系式计算两相流体的摩擦压降。求解过程中将质量方程、能量方程与动量方程解耦,并在计算域内沿流动方向依次求解方程组。计算过程中,首先开展稳态计算,在稳态解的基础上,通过添加流量或功率扰动,诱发流体周期性振荡,通过辨识瞬态计算中得到的流量振荡模式来获得流动不稳定边界。采用数值计算获得的密度波脉动图像与实验中观察到的密度波脉动现象的特征基本一致。最后,针对16组典型实验工况开展数值模拟,结果表明,大部分工况下计算不稳定界限热流密度与实验值的相对偏差小于±20%。