逆流湿化器的效能分析

采用75组逆流湿化器实验数据,对基于改进效能定义式的直接接触换热器ε-NTU方程进行了验证,并分析了压力、水气比、进口水温、进口空气湿球温度等操作参数对热容量流比和效能的影响。结果表明,改进ε-NTU方程的最大计算相对误差为27.7%,可用于工程计算;热容量流比随操作参数的变化单调增减,而效能曲线在热容量流比等于1时存在最小值拐点;固定操作压力下,进口空气湿球温度、水气比、进口水温的变化对逆流湿化器效能的影响依次减小。     

循环冷却水系统中逆流湿式冷却塔的特性研究

以循环冷却水系统中的逆流式湿式冷却塔为研究对象,详细阐述了空气湿球温度、水流量和进塔水温对冷却塔热力学性能的影响。水温降低幅度越大,冷却塔冷却效能越好。结果表明:增加进口空气湿球温度或水与空气进料质量比,冷却塔冷却效能降低;水进口温度的变化对塔冷却效能影响较小;水与空气进料质量流量比高时,沿塔高显热交换潜力降低,质量流量比低时,沿塔高显热交换潜力增加。     

充气水力旋流器用于油水分离的试验研究

研究了充气量、进料量、分流比以及底流出口压力等主要操作参数对充气水力旋流器分离效率影响的规律 ,得出了较好的工况点 ;与相同结构参数的未充气旋流器的分离性能进行了对比 ,结果表明 ,充气旋流器能明显改善油水分离条件 ,具有较宽的操作弹性和较高的分离效率 ;同时用库尔特粒径分析仪分别测定了它们进口和底流口油滴的粒径分布 ,发现在旋流器中充入空气 ,强化了气浮 ,能够进一步分离更细粒径的油滴。     

基于湍流模型的S-CO2干气密封流场与稳态性能分析

为探究湍流效应对S-CO₂干气密封性能的影响规律,以螺旋槽干气密封为研究对象,引用考虑离心惯性力效应的湍流Reynolds方程,选择Ng-Pan湍流系数表达式,采用物性软件REFPROP对CO₂真实物性进行计算。之后,根据普适能量方程,通过引入包含湍流效应、离心惯性力效应的平均速度,建立了可压缩流体简化能量方程。通过对湍流Reynolds方程与简化能量方程进行耦合求解,分析讨论了不同工况参数与平均膜厚下湍流效应对密封性能的影响。研究表明：湍流效应使得气膜流场内压力与温度分布发生显著变化,流场计算时不可忽略;在不同进口压力、进口温度下,湍流下的开启力和泄漏率显示出与层流一致的变化趋势;在不同平均膜厚下,考虑湍流效应后的开启力呈现出与层流不同的变化规律,而泄漏率表现出与层流相同的变化趋势;在不同进口压力、进口温度、平均膜厚下,湍流下的开启力和泄漏率均比层流下的低,且在两种流态下的这种差异随着进口压力、进口温度、平均膜厚的增大而逐渐增大;在不同转速下,开启力和泄漏率在湍流下分别表现出与层流不同的变化趋势。这些结果为进一步研究湍流效应对S-CO₂干气密封的影响提供了支撑。     

板式蒸发式冷凝器热工性能实验

对影响板式蒸发式冷凝器热工性能的主要因素——空气的湿球温度、冷凝温度、相对湿度做了实验研究。结果显示：冷凝温度和冷凝压力均随着入口空气湿球温度的升高而升高;入口空气相对湿度对压缩机功耗的影响与湿球温度对压缩机功耗的影响均比较大;对基于同一压缩系统的实验比较表明,在冷凝温度为38℃时,板式蒸发式冷凝器的热流密度比管式蒸发式冷凝器平均大30.5%;且在相同的冷凝温度下,入口空气湿球温度越低,板式蒸发式冷凝器的热流密度比管式蒸发式冷凝器大得越多。     

空气与水直接接触热质交换顺流和逆流过程特性比较

根据空气与水顺流和逆流直接接触热质交换过程的模型公式,利用MATLAB软件对一冷却减湿过程进行计算,分析了空气与水顺、逆流直接接触热质交换过程的传质单元数NTUm、传热单元数NTUh、水气比β以及空气与水的出口状态参数、过程的热交换系数和接触系数的不同,得出了有用的结论,为蒸发冷却设备的设计及实验数据分析,提供了理论指导和新方法。     

冷却塔设计（续）

２冷却塔工艺计算２．１热工计算冷却塔的主要设计参数如下：单塔处理水量Ｑ,进塔水温Ｔ_１,出塔水温Ｔ_２,干球温度θ_１,湿球温度Ｉ_１,大气压户ｐ_０,风机直径,设计风量Ｇ_１,设计风机全压ｐ_ｑ;风机轴功率Ｎ’,配用电机功率Ｎ。冷却塔热力特性的理论计算是求解以蒸发理论为基础,根据传热和传质的基本关系以及冷却过程中,热量与含湿量的平衡而导出的冷却过程方程式,计算方法简称焓差法。２．１．１逆流冷却塔逆流冷却塔冷却过程的基本方程式如下：式中：βｘｖ──填料容积散质系数,ｋｇ／（ｍ~３·ｈ）;Ｖ_ｆ─—淋水填…     

在配置喷嘴雾化器的低速喷雾塔中空气一液滴接触的强化

环形空气进口能够显著强化低速喷雾干燥器的干燥阶段。更精殉一点,加入环形喷射进口能够延长有效干燥时间．但不能提高干燥速度。计算流体动力学分析进一步表明这是因为同轴环形被加热射流内部的“弯曲”,导致在喷嘴雾化器下部区域产生明显的穿流和逆流。对大液滴干燥这种改善更加明显。以此构想为基础,在莫纳什大学开发了一种空气室原型,使得同轴环形射流用于低速喷雾塔中。此样机成功将酪蛋白、脱脂牛奶和乳糖溶液喷雾干燥成自由流动粉体。     

气体再压缩式增湿去湿高盐废水淡化装置的建立与模拟

在增湿去湿法(HDH)高盐废水淡化的基础上耦合了MVR法,建立了一种新型的气体再压缩式增湿去湿高盐废水淡化装置。该系统是兼具气体循环和高盐废水循环的双循环系统,整个系统为零排放。通过Aspen Plus软件搭建该装置相关模型,分别模拟不同工艺操作参数对系统能效比和浓缩比的影响。当控制增湿塔进口空气温度为30℃、质量流量为1 900 kg/h、增湿塔进口水温度为90℃、进口水质量流量为15 t/h(水气比为7. 9)、循环水箱补充水质量流量为1 500 kg/h(25℃)、气体压缩比为1. 2时,系统效能比达到16. 3,浓缩比达到1. 64。     

换热器中的温度交叉分析

本文通过一个实例,详细计算了换热器在产生温度交叉后的传热效果,并由热容量比和温度效率两参数推导出了温度交叉产生的条件,指出在将单程顺流或逆流型换热器改为多程时应充分注意这种温度交叉现象。     

Experimental study of a multiple-effect humidification solar desalination technique

The object of this research is to experimentally investigate the principal operating parameters of a new desalination process working with an air multiple-effect humidification-dehumidification method. A test set-up was designed and constructed to carry out and optimize this technique. The main parts of the present set-up consist of a heat equipment device (heat exchanger), a spray humidifier and a dehumidifier system. This equipment was used to simulate the seawater desalination process experimentally with an eight-stage air solar collector heating-humidifying system. The outlet temperature of the air solar collector was correlated for use in the desalination process as a solar heating device. The operating conditions studied were: ratio of water to dry air mass flow rate through the system, humidifier inlet absolute humidity, dry air mass flow rate through the system and solar irradiation or humidifier inlet air temperature. The experimental results obtained were used to put stress and correlate the influence of the different operating conditions on the behavior of the eight-stage air heating-humidifying desalination process. The ratio of water to dry air mass flow rates was optimized, precisely 45%. The value of dry air mass flow rate through the system can be also varied with solar radiation in order to have a maximum of humidity content at the end of the system and though working in an adiabatic humidification process.     

Theoretical and experimental investigation of humidification-dehumidification desalination unit

A theoretical and experimental investigation of humidification-dehumidification desalination system is presented. The system is based on an open cycle for water and a closed cycle for the air stream. The air is circulated either by natural or forced circulation. The system modeling is based on various heat and mass balance equations and their numerical solution. The effect of operating parameters on the system characteristics has been investigated. An experimental test set-up has been fabricated and assembled. The set-up has been equipped with appropriate measuring and controlling devices. Detailed experiments have been carried out at various operating conditions and using several packing materials. The heat and mass transfer coefficients have been obtained experimentally and fitted in forms of empirical correlations.The results of the investigation have shown that the system productivity increases with the increase in the mass flow rate of water through the unit. Water temperature at condenser exit increases linearly with water temperature at humidifier inlet and it decreases as water flow rate increases. The higher water temperature at humidifier inlet or water flow rate, the higher is the air temperature and humidity ratio at condenser inlet and exit. A maximum productivity of 5.8 liter/h has been obtained using wooden slates packing and with forced air circulation. No significant improvement in the performance of the desalination unit has been achieved by forced circulation of air at high water temperatures. The average relative deviation of theoretical predictions from measurements is (− 0.9%) in the air temperature at condenser inlet, (3.8%) in the humidity ratio at condenser exit and (− 1%) in the water temperature at condenser exit.     

循环热风低温干燥系统湿空气冷凝特性分析

基于能量梯级利用热力系统耦合理论，集成了一种适合热敏性农副产品烘干的新型空气干燥循环系统，系统可得到热敏性干燥产品，同时回收湿空气冷凝废热用于有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统对外做功。对关键部件湿空气冷凝器建立传热传质数学模型并经实验验证，考察了关键操作参数对系统脱水速率及节能效果的影响。结果表明，湿空气湿度是影响该系统凝水和节能的最关键参数，该系统凝水及节能特性均随湿空气湿度提高而改善；当干燥箱出口湿空气含湿量温度一定时，新型空气干燥循环凝水量主要受到干燥箱出口空气流量的影响，系统的凝水量和换热量均随湿空气质量流量增加先增加后降低，在0.10~0.15 kg/s出现极大值；系统净输出功随ORC底循环蒸发温度提高显著增加。本系统下的热敏性农副产品烘干建议选择低空气流速、低烘干温度，推荐的ORC底循环蒸发温度为313~323 K。     

新型闭式冷却塔传热传质的实验研究

建立了椭圆管式闭式冷却塔的实验测试平台,通过改变管内水进口温度和流量、空气质量流量、空气干湿球温度、喷淋水流量等以测试其传热性能,采用Poppe和Dreybal的假设处理数据,得到了管外水膜对流传热系数和水膜与空气传质系数,实验结果表明:水膜传热系数是空气质量流量和喷淋水温度的函数,与已知文献中Mizushina,Ni...     

Humidification-dehumidification desalination system driven by geothermal energy

The work presented in this paper focuses on desalinating sea water system using a humidification-dehumidification process as it is supplied with water heated by geothermal energy as clean and renewable natural resources of energy. Computer simulation of the behavior under various working conditions of the desalination system was carried out to predict the variations of key output. Such variables include the ratio of sea water mass flow rate related to air mass flow rate, cooling water temperature difference across the condenser, geothermal source inlet temperatures to the heat exchanger and the amount of produced distilled water. To validate the computer program, a comparison between the experimental and theoretical results was conducted, and a good agreement had been obtained. The result showed that, the optimum value of the ratio between sea water mass flow rate to air mass flow rate was found to be in the range of 1.5 to 2.5. Improvement in the fresh water productivity at the optimum ratio of sea water mass flow rate to the air flow rate was observed by increasing both the geothermal source inlet temperature and the cooling water temperature difference across the condenser.     

空气与水逆流直接接触热质交换模型计算及与实验比较

According to general equations deducted from a model of heat and mass transfer of air and water in direct contact counter flow reported in the author‘s previous work, the outlet parameters of air and water counter flow through a paper wet pad were calculated by using the MATLAB-software. Comparing the calculation results with experiment data of prior researchers, the deviation of calculated outlet air wet bulb temperature from experimental outlet air wet bulb temperature was less than 10%, the deviation of calculated outlet water temperature from experimental outlet water temperature was less thang 9%, and the deviation of calculated outlet air dry bulb temperature from experimental outlet air dry bulb temperature was less than 10% when NTUh was more than 0. 6. The deviation of calculated outlet air dry bulb temperature from experimental outlet air dry bulb temperature was more than 10% when NTUh was less than 0. 6. The model calculations were in good agreement with experiments and the general equations could be used to design evaporation cooling equipment, such as wet pad and so on.     

两种常用液体吸湿剂传质性能的比较

分析比较了溴化锂溶液（LiBr）、氯化锂溶液（LiCl）这两种常用的吸湿盐溶液与湿空气之间的传质性能,二者比较的基准是：溶液温度与表面蒸气压分别对应相等。相同状态时,LiBr溶液的密度约是LiCl溶液的1.2倍,比热容约是LiCl溶液的0.8倍,即当LiBr和LiCl溶液的体积流量相同时,二者的热容量大致相等。通过对热质交换过程解析解的分析,得到影响溶液与空气传质效果的核心参数为：空气与溶液的热容量比和传质单元数。在实验测试分别采用LiBr和LiCl溶液的除湿、再生工况性能的基础上,拟合出了传质系数随着空气与溶液进口参数的变化规律。在实验工况范围内,当LiBr与LiCl溶液的体积流量相同时,采用LiBr溶液的传质性能稍优于LiCl溶液,但二者差异不大。     

细小槽道换热器内相变微胶囊悬浮液对流传热DPM模拟

基于离散相模型,采用颗粒比热容随温度变化分段函数描述颗粒的相变过程,模拟了相变微胶囊悬浮液在细小槽道换热器内的对流传热特性,考察了不同入口流量时换热器进出口压差及温差的变化规律,并与纯水进行比较,分析了换热器内部及加热面温度分布,研究了换热器典型通道修正的局部努赛尔数Nux*沿流动方向的变化规律. 结果表明,相变微胶囊悬浮液在换热器内的压损随流量变化规律与纯水一致,较纯水有所增大;引入相变微胶囊颗粒减缓了加热面和流体温度升高的速率,使换热器出口及加热面的温度比纯水低;受进出口位置影响,换热器内温度呈现中间通道低、向两侧逐渐升高的分布规律. 不同通道的Nux*沿流动方向的变化规律存在一定差异,部分通道内相变材料完全融化,而部分通道内相变材料尚未完全融化就流出换热器. 需改进换热器进出口位置或对换热器内部结构进行优化设计以获得较好的流量分配特性,从而改善换热效果.     

过程参数对采用多孔陶瓷超滤膜回收烟气中余热和水性能的影响

将孔径为20 nm的陶瓷膜组装制成膜冷凝器,在水蒸气-空气形成的模拟体系中,采用去离子水作为冷却介质,开展了传递膜冷凝技术在烟气除湿和工业余热综合应用方面的研究。考察了空气流量、冷却水流量、进气温度和冷却水温度对陶瓷内膜和外膜过程通量的影响,并比较了两者水热回收性能。结果表明,过程通量均随进气流量和进气温度的增大而增加。随着冷却水流量的增大,过程通量也不断增加,但是冷却水流量达到一定值后,过程通量基本不再变化。冷却水温度对过程水通量的影响较小,但是热通量对冷却水温度的改变较敏感。冷却水流量的变化对陶瓷外膜的过程通量影响更加显著,表明陶瓷外膜水热回收过程更易受流体边界层的影响。在各实验工况范围内,陶瓷内膜和外膜分别具有更高的热通量和水通量,采用陶瓷膜过程的水通量和热通量最高分别可达到23.1 kg·m^-2·h^-1和47.5 MJ·m^-2·h^-1。随着传递膜冷凝技术开发和研究的不断深入,该技术在除湿和工业余热综合应用领域有着广阔的发展空间,将为我国节水、节能以及环境保护等领域的发展提供新的解决思路。