On Generality of the Data Plane and Scalability of the Control Plane in Software-Defined Networking

The control and data planes are decoupled in software-defined networking （SDN）, which enables both planes to evolve independently, and brings about many advantages such as high flexibility, programmability, and rapid implementation of new network protocols. However, in order to improve the scalability of the control plane at present, some control functionalities are added to the data plane, which is probably to impact on the generality of the data plane. The key challenge of adding control functionalities to the data plane is to strike a careful balance between the generality of the data plane and the scalability of the control plane. We propose some basic principles that both control and data planes should comply with, based on the evolutionary trend of SDN. Moreover, we take two approaches for reference according to the principles, viewed from the control messages in OpenFlow-based SDN. Our evaluations demonstrate that the approaches can maintain the generality of the data plane and improve the scalability of the control plane.     

A Parallel Processing and Synthesis Structure for Improving Access Security and Efficiency in SDN Environment

After studying the routing and forwarding process of network stream and the implementation of SDN,we propose a retractable management model for flow table.A structure with parallel tables and synthesis processing is proposed according to the feature of SDN and traditional network.The parallel tables share the same storage resources.Thanks to the separation of data plane and control plane,control plane owns more computing resources than traditional device.It evaluates the role of nodes and the action of network flows,makes adjustment according to the historical and current information and streamlines flow tables by consolidating and simplifying old flow entries.Through simulation,it is proved that the realized method can defend offensive traffic while ensuring the safety of accessing and forwarding,especially existing blocking attack.     

On Reliability-optimized Controller Placement for Software-Defined Networks

By decoupling control plane and data plane, Software-Defined Networking （SDN） approach simplifies network management and speeds up network innovations. These benefits have led not only to prototypes, but also real SDN deployments. For wide-area SDN deployments, multiple controllers are often required, and the placement of these controllers becomes a particularly important task in the SDN context. This paper studies the problem of placing controllers in SDNs, so as to maximize the reliability of SDN control networks. We present a novel metric, called expected percentage of control path loss, to characterize the reliability of SDN control networks. We formulate the reliability-aware control placement problem, prove its NP-hardness, and examine several placement algorithms that can solve this problem. Through extensive simulations using real topologies, we show how the number of controllers and their placement influence the reliability of SDN control networks. Besides, we also found that, through strategic controller placement, the reliability of SDN control networks can be significantly improved without introducing unacceptable switch-to-controller latencies.     

软件定义网络专题(英)

正Amajor recent development in computer networking is the emergence of Software Defined Networking(SDN),whose goal is to provide a centralized,programmable control plane that is decoupled from the distributed data planes on individual network devices.In particular,the development of OpenFlow has demonstrated many potential benefits of SDN,and multiple vendors have started to offer commercial switches supporting the OpenFlow standard.Researchers have also made progress on SDN components including SDN controllers,     

EARS: Intelligence-Driven Experiential Network Architecture for Automatic Routing in Software-Defined Networking

Software-Defined Networking(SDN)adapts logically-centralized control by decoupling control plane from data plane and provides the efficient use of network resources.However,due to the limitation of traditional routing strategies relying on manual configuration,SDN may suffer from link congestion and inefficient bandwidth allocation among flows,which could degrade network performance significantly.In this paper,we propose EARS,an intelligence-driven experiential network architecture for automatic routing.EARS adapts deep reinforcement learning(DRL)to simulate the human methods of learning experiential knowledge,employs the closed-loop network control mechanism incorporating with network monitoring technologies to realize the interaction with network environment.The proposed EARS can learn to make better control decision from its own experience by interacting with network environment and optimize the network intelligently by adjusting services and resources offered based on network requirements and environmental conditions.Under the network architecture,we design the network utility function with throughput and delay awareness,differentiate flows based on their size characteristics,and design a DDPGbased automatic routing algorithm as DRL decision brain to find the near-optimal paths for mice and elephant flows.To validate the network architecture,we implement it on a real network environment.Extensive simulation results show that EARS significantly improve the network throughput and reduces the average packet delay in comparison with baseline schemes(e.g.OSPF,ECMP).     

A Hybrid Entropy and Blockchain Approach for Network Security Defense in SDN-Based IIoT

In the industrial Internet of things(IIoT), various applications generate a large number of interactions and are vulnerable to various attacks, which are difficult to be monitored in a sophisticated way by traditional network architectures. Therefore, deploying software-defined network(SDN) in IIoT is essential to defend against various attacks. However, SDN has a drawback: there is a security problem of distributed denial-ofservice(DDoS) attacks at the control layer. This paper proposes an effe...     

A Novel Floodless Service Discovery Mechanism Designed for Software-Defined Networking

The low-cost, self-configuration capability and ＂plug-and-play＂ feature of Ethernet establishes its dominant position in the local area networks （LAN）. However, it is hard to extend to large scale because of the legacy broadcast-based service discovery mechanism. Therefore, to solve this problem, a new split network architecture named Software-Defined Networking （SDN） is introduced in this paper, and a novel floodless service discovery mechanism （FSDM） for SDN is designed. For the FSDM, the widespread broadcast messages for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol （DHCP） and Address Resolution Protocol （ARP） are considered especially, respectively. Then the DHCP relay and ARP proxy are proposed to handle DHCP broadcast messages and ARP broadcast messages, respectively. The proposed FSDM in this paper can eliminate flooding completely, reserve the auto- configuration characteristics. Particularly, there is no need to change the existing hardware, software and protocols of hosts for the proposed scheme. Finally, the simulation results are demonstrated to show that our proposed model allows redundant links existed in network and has the property of scalability, which can significantly reduce network traffic in data plane and control traffic in control plane, and decrease the overhead of control plane.     

SDN Based Next Generation Mobile Network With Service Slicing and Trials

Software-Defined Network （SDN） empowers the evolution of Internet with the OpenFlow, Network Virtualization and Service Slicing strategies. With the fast increasing requirements of Mobile Internet services, the Internet and Mobile Networks go to the convergence. Mobile Networks can also get benefits from the SDN evolution to fulfill the 5th Generation （5G） capacity booming. The article implements SDN into Frameless Network Architecture （FNA） for 5G Mobile Network evolution with proposed Mobile-oriented OpenFlow Protocol （MOFP）. The Control Plane/User Plane （CP/UP） separation and adaptation strategy is proposed to support the User-Centric scenario in FNA. The traditional Base Station is separated with Central Processing Entity （CPE） and Antenna Element （AE） to perform the OpenFlow and Network Virtualization. The AEs are released as new resources for serving users. The mobile-oriented Service Slicing with different Quality of Service （QoS） classification is proposed and Resource Pooling based Virtualized Radio Resource Management （VRRM） is optimized for the Service Slicing strategy with resource-limited feature in Mobile Networks. The capacity gains are provided to show the merits of SDN based FNA. And the MiniNet based Trial Network with Service Slicing is implemented with experimental results.     

SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING

Amajor recent development in computer networking is the emergence of Software Defined Networking （SDN）, whose goal is to provide a centralized, program- mable control plane that is decoupled from the distributed data planes on individual network devices. In par- ticular, the development of OpenFlow has demonstrated many potential benefits of SDN, and multiple vendors have started to offer commercial switches supporting the OpenFIow standard. Researchers have also made progress on SDN components including SDN controllers, switches, programming interfaces, verification and de- bugging tools,     

Service Parameter Exposure and Dynamic Service Negotiation in SDN Environments

Software-defined networking(SDN)is a generic term and one of the major interests of the telecoms industry(and beyond)over thepast two years.However,defining SDN is a somewhat controversial exercise.The claimed flexibility,as well as other presumed as-sets of SDN,should be carefully investigated.In particular,the use of SDN to dynamically provision network services suggests theintroduction of a certain level of automation in the overall network service delivery process,from service parameter negotiation todelivery and operation.This paper aims to clarify the SDN landscape and focuses on two main aspects of the SDN framework:net-work abstraction,and dynamic parameter exposure and negotiation.     

Trends and Prospects of Network Convergence

The concept of the separation of service,control,bearer and access in the Next Generation Network (NGN) provides a unified architecture for the network convergence in the future. Network convergence involves service,core network,access network,terminal,and operation and maintenance convergence. In the future,the converged network’s trend is to use IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) at the core control layer; Internet Protocol/Multiple Protocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) technology at the core bearer layer; unified and open service provisioning architecture at the service layer; as well as support fixed,mobile,narrowband and broadband access technologies and so on at the access layer. Terminals will evolve to be multi-modular and intelligent,and would finally enable users to access full services anytime and anywhere using one number,one terminal,one account and one core network.     

Opportunities and Challenges Brought by the Internet

The Internet has made an important part of the national information infrastructure of China. Without the Internet, social informationization cannot be popularized to an extent as today. Upon the coming of a new year, we especially invited Mr. Jiang Lintao, a famous communication expert and the chief engineer of China Academy of Telecommunication Research of the Ministry of Information Industry, to give us his opinions on the opportunities and challenges brought by the Internet. According to Mr. Jiang, the appearance of the Internet has brought great impact on telecommunications networks. It has broken the monopoly of the telecom industry in telecom services and promoted the development of technologies. Characterized by continuous innovation and aggressiveness, Internet services guarantee their dominating position in broadband networks, and put the telecom industry in a quite passive position. The telecom industry is still looking for new development direction and breakthroughs in technology so as to regain its leading position. Mr. Jiang also pointed out that the future of both telecom networks and the Internet should be next generation network, which will be the main body of the future national information infrastructure. The essential features of the next generation network should be as follows: it should be secure and trustworthy enough to safeguard users’ rights, national security and social stability; it should be scalable enough to allow sustainable development; it should be compatible with current main technologies, co-exist with them and allow their graceful evolution; and it should provide a network platform for everybody to innovate.     

ESMD-Flow: An Intelligent Flow Forwarding Scheme with Endogenous Security Based on Mimic Defense in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network

The Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network(SAGIN) realizes the integration of space, air,and ground networks, obtaining the global communication coverage.Software-Defined Networking(SDN) architecture in SAGIN has become a promising solution to guarantee the Quality of Service(QoS).However, the current routing algorithms mainly focus on the QoS of the service, rarely considering the security requirement of flow. To realize the secure transmission of flows in SAGIN, we propose an intelligent flow forwarding scheme with endogenous security based on Mimic Defense(ESMD-Flow). In this scheme, SDN controller will evaluate the reliability of nodes and links, isolate malicious nodes based on the reliability evaluation value, and adapt multipath routing strategy to ensure that flows are always forwarded along the most reliable multiple paths. In addition, in order to meet the security requirement of flows, we introduce the programming data plane to design a multiprotocol forwarding strategy for realizing the multiprotocol dynamic forwarding of flows. ESMD-Flow can reduce the network attack surface and improve the secure transmission capability of flows by implementing multipath routing and multi-protocol hybrid forwarding mechanism. The extensive simulations demonstrate that ESMD-Flow can significantly improve the average path reliability for routing and increase the difficulty of network eavesdropping while improving the network throughput and reducing the average packet delay.     

performance Evaluation of IPv4/IPv6 Networks for Ubiquitous Home-Care Service

Because of rapid development in network technology,Internet usage has become widespread.It allows users with sensing devices to obtain medical data for healthcare,such as physiological signals,voice,and video streams from telemedicine systems,and to send the healthcare data to back-end database systems,creating a ubiquitous healthcare environment.However,this environment requires a widespread and suitable network.IPv6(Internet protocol version 6) is the next-generation Internet protocol that will be the protocol of future networks;it improves many shortcomings of IPv4.In this paper,we propose an IPv6/IPv4 U-home-care test system and analyze the network’s parameters though a series of tests by adjusting network parameters to find the optimal design for applications in the IPv6/IPv4 U-home-care service so as to assure good performance and high quality.     

Software-Defined Cellular Mobile Network Solutions

The emergency relating to software-defined networking(SDN),especially in terms of the prototype associated with OpenFlow,pro-vides new possibilities for innovating on network design.Researchers have started to extend SDN to cellular networks.Such newprogrammable architecture is beneficial to the evolution of mobile networks and allows operators to provide better services.Thetypical cellular network comprises radio access network(RAN)and core network(CN);hence,the technique roadmap diverges intwo ways.In this paper,we investigate SoftRAN,the latest SDN solution for RAN,and SoftCell and MobileFlow,the latest solu-tions for CN.We also define a series of control functions for CROWD.Unlike in the other literature,we emphasize only software-defined cellular network solutions and specifications in order to provide possible research directions.     

Carrier Ethernet Services and Technologies

Carrier Ethernet(CE) services generally refer to the standardized carrier-class transfer services that feature in excellent scalability,reliability,manageability and Quality of Service(QoS) guarantee,and are offered by carriers to users based on Ethernet technologies.One of the important characteristics of CE service is the diversity of its implementation technologies.Enhanced Ethernet technologies consider scalability as their chief objective so as to extend conventional Ethernet bridge technologies;the latest Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering(PBB-TE) emerges as the technical trend of CE technology.Multi-Protocol Label Switch(MPLS) offers reliable Pseudowire(PW) connections for CE based on Label Switching Path(LSP).The convergence of MPLS and PBB is one of the important evolution trends for CE.Making full use of the existing Optical Transport Network(OTN) infrastructure,the optical ring network technology is the most cost-efficient and effective way to deliver CE services;its future development trend is characterized by enhancing the Operation,Administration and Maintenance(OAM) function and the control plane.     

Proactive Load Balancing Mechanism for Fog Computing Supported by Parked Vehicles in IoV-SDN

Internet of Vehicles(IoV)is a new style of vehicular ad hoc network that is used to connect the sensors of each vehicle with each other and with other vehicles’sensors through the internet.These sensors generate different tasks that should be analyzed and processed in some given period of time.They send the tasks to the cloud servers but these sending operations increase bandwidth consumption and latency.Fog computing is a simple cloud at the network edge that is used to process the jobs in a short period of time instead of sending them to cloud computing facilities.In some situations,fog computing cannot execute some tasks due to lack of resources.Thus,in these situations it transfers them to cloud computing that leads to an increase in latency and bandwidth occupation again.Moreover,several fog servers may be fuelled while other servers are empty.This implies an unfair distribution of jobs.In this research study,we shall merge the software defined network(SDN)with IoV and fog computing and use the parked vehicle as assistant fog computing node.This can improve the capabilities of the fog computing layer and help in decreasing the number of migrated tasks to the cloud servers.This increases the ratio of time sensitive tasks that meet the deadline.In addition,a new load balancing strategy is proposed.It works proactively to balance the load locally and globally by the local fog managers and SDN controller,respectively.The simulation experiments show that the proposed system is more efficient than VANET-Fog-Cloud and IoV-Fog-Cloud frameworks in terms of average response time and percentage of bandwidth consumption,meeting the deadline,and resource utilization.     

ZTE Softswitch the Working Solution to Build the New Generation Network

ZTE Softswitch supports the interoperability and convergence oflegacy PSTN/ISDN, PLMN, IN, and the Internet, allowing operatorsor service providers to offer diversified services to any subscriber atany time on a ZTE Softswitch network.With powerful C4 and C5 features, ZTE Softswitch effectivelysolves the evolution problems in the existing networks, protectinglegacy network investment and reducing future investment to a prof-itable level for providers.     

Cross-Layer QoS Enabled SDN-Like Publish/Subscribe Communication Infrastructure for IoT

Publish/subscribe paradigm is often adopted to create the communication infrastructure of the Internet of Things(IoT)for many clients to access enormous real-time sensor data.However,most current publish/subscribe middlewares are based on traditional ossified IP networks,which are difficult to enable Quality of Service(QoS).How to design the next generation publish/subscribe middleware has become an urgent problem.The emerging Software Defined Networking(SDN)provides new opportunities to improve the QoS of publish/subscribe facilities for delivering events in IoT owing to its customized programmability and centralized control.We can encode event topics,priorities and security policies into flow entries of SDN-enabled switches to satisfy personalized QoS needs.In this paper,we propose a cross-layer QoS enabled SDN-like publish/subscribe communication infrastructure,aiming at building an IoT platform to seamlessly connect IoT services with SDN networks and improving the QoS of delivering events.We first present an SDN-like topic-oriented publish/subscribe middleware architecture with a cross-layer QoS control framework.Then we discuss prototype implementation,including topic management,topology maintenance,event routing and policy management.In the end,we use differentiated services and cross-layer access control as cross-layer QoS scenarios to verify the prototype.Experimental results show that our middleware is effective.     

Potential Transmission Choice for Internet of Things(IoT):Wireless and Batteryless Communications and Open Problems

The 5th generation mobile communications aims at connecting everything and future Internet of Things(IoT)will get everything smartly connected.To realize it,there exist many challenges.One key challenge is the battery problem for small devices,such as sensors or tags.Batteryless backscatter,also referred to as or battery-free backscatter,is a new potential technology to address this problem.One early and typical type of batteryless backscatter is ambient backscatter.Generally,batteryless backscatter utilizes environmental wireless signals to enable battery-free devices to communicate with each other.These devices first harvest energy from ambient wireless signals and then backscatter these signals so as to transmit their own information.This paper reviews the current studies about batteryless backscatter,including various backscatter schemes and theoretical works,and then introduces open problems for future research.