活性剂涂敷量对A-TIG焊熔深影响的研究

常规TIG焊生产效率低，单道焊可焊厚度小，活性化TIG焊（A-TIG），同常规TIG焊相比可大幅度地提高焊缝熔深，从而提高焊接效率，针对不锈钢材料，通过宏观断面分析方法研究了单一成分的活性剂（SiO2,CaF2,TiO2,Cr2O3和NaF)对焊缝熔深的影响，结果表明：同常规TIG焊相比，上述5种活性剂在涂敷量较小时，焊缝熔深均随活性剂涂敷量的增加而明显增大，氧化物活性剂增加熔深的作用效果大，氟化物的作用效果较小；5种活性剂在熔深增加能力上均有一个饱和点；电弧收缩和熔池表面张力梯度的变化是活性剂增加熔深的主要原因。     

A-TIG焊接方法研究现状及展望

TIG焊作为一种高质量焊接方法的代表,具有焊接过程稳定、焊缝成形美观、焊缝质量高、焊接过程无飞溅等优点,但同时也存在单道焊接熔深浅、焊接速度慢、熔敷速率低等缺点.为了克服TIG焊存在的缺点,提出了A?TIG焊接方法,该焊接方法是先在待焊焊道表面涂覆一层活性剂,然后再进行施焊.该焊接方法在保留TIG焊优点的前提下,可以显著增大TIG焊单道焊接熔深,提高焊接生产效率.近几年很多学者对A?TIG进行了大量研究,也开展了A?TIG焊在工业生产上的部分应用,但是A?TIG焊仍存在以下几方面问题:(1)A?TIG焊接需要涂覆活性剂的工序,不利于实现焊接过程的自动化,且活性剂的涂覆很难保证均匀稳定,限制了其在工业生产上的应用.(2)活性剂增大焊缝熔深的机理尚未形成统一的认识,对该机理的研究还不够深入.(3)需要针对不同的焊接母材开发不同的活性剂,且不同学者开发的活性剂千差万别,缺少统一的衡量标准,不利于活性剂的产业化.针对不锈钢、铝合金、钛合金、镁合金、低碳钢等各焊接母材开发了增大熔深效果比较明显的活性焊剂,并且研究了活性焊剂对焊缝的表面成形和组织性能的影响.在活性剂的引入方面提出了气体输送活性剂的方式,基本实现了焊接过程的自动化和活性剂的均匀涂覆.对于活性剂增大焊缝熔深机理方面,提出了熔池表面张力改变理论、电弧收缩理论和热输入增加理论.本文总结了A?TIG焊在不同焊接母材方面、活性剂的引入方面、熔深增大机理方面的研究进展,分析了A?TIG焊研究应用方面仍存在的问题,并对A?TIG将来的研究方向进行了前景展望,以期为进一步完善A?TIG焊接方法和推动A?TIG在工业生产上的应用提供一定的借鉴.     

粉煤灰复合活性剂在A-TIG焊中增加熔深的机理研究

为实现对工业废弃物粉煤灰的剩余价值利用,尝试以粉煤灰作为主要原料制备焊接复合活性剂,并在AZ91镁合金板上进行A-TIG焊.利用焊缝的电特性实时采集、焊接温度场采集、电弧力测试等手段研究活性剂对电弧影响,通过熔池Bi粒子示踪实验探究活性剂对表面张力温度梯度影响.结果 表明:与常规TIG焊相比,粉煤灰复合活性剂可以使焊缝熔深增深1.4倍,熔宽减小,深宽比是常规TIG焊的1.43倍.粉煤灰复合活性剂中氟化物的解离和电离吸热过程、带电粒子的电子扩散和复合过程可以促进电弧收缩,使焊接电压升高,热输入量提高.而活性剂中的氧化物既可以通过对电弧的机械压缩作用强迫电弧收缩,又可以通过电离产生的氧元素实现对熔池液态金属表面张力温度梯度系数的改变,提高熔池中心热输入.A-TIG焊AZ91镁合金熔深增加是电弧收缩理论和表面张力温度梯度改变理论共同作用的结果.     

A-TIG焊研究进展及前景展望

对活性化钨极氩弧焊(A-TIG)焊接工艺、活性剂的研发及其在增加焊缝熔深机理等方面的研究做了比较详尽的综述,并指出活性化TIG焊研究过程中存在的问题、发展前景及今后研究方向。认为对活性焊剂增加熔深的机理还有待深入研究,可以利用数值模拟过程结合活性化TIG焊试验深入研究活性焊剂增加焊缝熔深的机理。可以基于A-TIG焊基本思想结合其他方法研发新的活性焊方法。总之,A-TIG焊具有巨大的发展潜力和良好的应用前景。     

2219高强铝合金活性TIG焊工艺

采用单组分活性剂(AlF_3和LiF)、3组分(AlF_3+30%LiF+10%KF-AlF_3)和4组分(AlF_3+30%LiF+10%KFAlF_3+10%K_2SiF_6)混合组分活性剂进行2219高强铝合金直流正极性活性TIG焊(DCSP A-TIG),研究4种类型活性剂对焊缝表面成型、焊缝内部质量(气孔)、焊缝熔深、电弧形态、接头组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:涂覆活性剂有助于去除2219铝合金表面的氧化膜,提高焊缝表面成型质量,涂覆4组分活性剂的DCSP A-TIG焊缝表面成型质量最佳;与变极性TIG焊(VPTIG)焊缝内部质量相比,DCSP A-TIG焊接方法可显著降低2219铝合金焊缝内部气孔的产生;AlF_3单组分活性剂可显著增大焊缝熔深,其电弧形态具有明显的拖弧现象;DCSP A-TIG焊焊缝组织具有与母材相同的组织组成物,电流对A-TIG焊缝组织影响较大,增大焊接电流,会造成接头晶粒组织粗大;涂覆4组分活性剂的DCSP A-TIG接头强度和伸长率最高,与VPTIG焊接头力学性能具有相近的技术指标。2219高强铝合金的DCSP A-TIG焊接方法具有很大的工程应用价值。     

活性剂对铁素体不锈钢A-TIG接头熔深及组织性能研究

目的 选用430铁素体不锈钢作为研究对象,对比研究添加SiO2、TiO2、Cr2O3和未添加活性剂对A-TIG焊接接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。方法 采用3种活性剂涂覆在430铁素体不锈钢上进行A-TIG试验,分析活性剂对接头熔深、组织、性能、元素含量的影响情况。结果 同一焊接工艺参数下,活性剂的加入均能提高焊缝的熔深和深宽比,减少熔宽;其中,SiO2为活性剂时获得了最佳的焊缝几何形貌。同时,对比常规TIG焊接(未添加活性剂)接头的显微组织及力学性能可知,活性剂的加入并未改变焊接接头的显微组织且无新相的生成;活性剂的添加能够细化接头组织,从而使得接头硬度有所提高。结论 活性剂的加入能够显著增加铁素体不锈钢TIG焊缝熔深,改善接头组织,提高接头硬度。     

TC4钛合金焊接工艺研究

对TCA钛合金进行A—TIG焊和TIG焊,分析不同的焊接方法和焊接工艺参数对焊后钛合金熔深、熔宽和焊缝熔池区域显微组织的影响,运用了光学显微镜等,对A—TIG焊接头的力学性能、显微组织进行了分析研究。试验结果表明,和常规TIG焊相比,在相同的焊接参数下,A—TIG焊能够有效减小熔宽,显著增加熔深;A—TIG焊能够有效减少焊缝气孔数量;对于TCA钛合金的焊接,A—T1G焊比常规TIG焊具有较明显优势。     

活性剂对CO2气体保护焊焊缝成形及飞溅的影响

使用自制的活性焊丝,研究了活性剂对CO2气体保护焊焊缝成形及飞溅的影响。结果表明,使用活性剂可以使焊接飞溅率大大降低,焊缝熔深增加,熔宽增大,焊缝表面成形光滑。认为CO2气体保护焊飞溅降低的原因,是因为活性剂的加入在降低了混合气体的有效电离电压的同时显著增加了CO2电弧的导电能力,使电弧能量密度增加,从而使中等电流下的熔滴过渡方式由大颗粒过渡转变成细颗粒过渡。     

奥氏体不锈钢A-TIG焊工艺研究

目的研究焊接参数对焊缝成形和接头宏观组织的影响。方法改变焊接电流、焊接速度、焊接电压以及活性剂中的一个参数,固定其他3个参数不变,对奥氏体不锈钢进行焊接,分析其接头宏观形貌、组织和力学性能。结果随着电流、电压的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都在增加,随着焊接速度的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都在降低,在相同参数下,将不同活性剂下的A-TIG焊接头的熔深和熔宽进行比较,发现涂敷C4活性剂接头熔深最大达到4.29mm,而常规TIG焊接头熔深为1.38mm,涂敷C4活性剂的接头熔深为TIG焊的3.11倍,且熔宽也有所减小。结论 C4活性剂A-TIG最佳工艺参数为:I=175 A,U=14 V,v=80 mm/min,此时能将6 mm板材焊透,成形良好,在此工艺下焊缝等轴晶范围最大,焊缝组织最为细小。相比于TIG焊,涂敷C4活性剂接头强度系数提升4.1%。     

焊管CO2气体保护焊单面焊双面成形焊接工艺

焊管的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺是在接缝间隙处依靠控制熔池金属的操作技术来实现单面焊接,正、反双面成形。焊接时随着电弧热源的稳定,液态金属熔池沿前线熔化,沿后端线结晶,高温液态熔池处于悬空状态。选用100％C02气体保护焊,熔深好,焊缝成形美观,便于单面焊双面成形。焊管的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺焊缝质量好、焊接速度快、节省了焊接材料而且焊缝内部的质量容易达到探伤质量的求。     

Activated flux TIG welding of Inconel 718 super alloy in presence of tri-component flux

In this study, we have explored the influence of newly developed tri-component oxide flux (Cr₂O₃, FeO, and MoO₃) on weldability, bead geometry, weld pool temperature variation, and mechanical strength of Inconel 718 welded joints. Moreover, the influence of used flux on weld pool, the surface morphology of electrode and penetration capability of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding on Inconel 718 plates have been well elucidated. Results indicate that the flux mixture significantly increases the penetration depth as well as aspect ratio almost 200% as compared to conventional TIG welding. The arc constriction caused by newly developed oxide flux upsurges the heat density and the weld pool temperature of joints. The alloying effect caused by entrapped oxide particles greatly improves the hardness as well as the tensile strength of joints. The reported reinforcement in the welding performance may increase potential utility of the developed methods for real-world applications.     

AC TIG welding with single-component oxide activating flux for AZ31B magnesium alloys

Magnesium-based alloys are finding extensive applications foreground in aerospace and automotive applications. Weldability of magnesium alloys has recently been investigated with a variety of processes. In this article, the activating flux TIG (ATIG) welding of magnesium alloys with three single-component fluxes (TiO₂, Cr₂O₃ and SiO₂) under alternating current (AC) mode was studied. The effects of welding speed, weld current and electrode gap on the weld shape and the weld arc voltage in AC TIG welding with oxide fluxes were investigated on an AZ31B magnesium alloy substrate. The mechanisms of oxide fluxes on the arc shape and the arc voltage on the weld shape are discussed. The result showed that the TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃ increase the weld penetration of AC TIG welding of magnesium with good bead cosmetics. The SiO₂ increased the weld penetration with very poor formation of the weld surface. However, the arc voltage decreased with the used of TiO₂ flux, and increased with the used of Cr₂O₃ flux. The mechanism of TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃ fluxes increasing penetration should not accord with the “arc constriction”. It would comply with some potential effects of the flux interacting with the liquid metal of fusion zone.     

Development of simplified active flux tungsten inert gas welding for deep penetration

A new advanced active flux tungsten inert gas (AA-TIG) welding technique, named cap active flux tungsten inert gas (CA-TIG) welding using atmospheric oxygen, was proposed to increase the penetration depth of a weld. Only a simple nozzle cap with an air inlet was used for the welding. Flowing inert gas used as a shielding gas through a nozzle center led to the aspiration of oxygen from the atmosphere to the molten pool. The penetration depth was increased by the reversal of the Marangoni convection due to the entrained oxygen, and it reached three times deeper than that of the conventional TIG welding. Additionally, no degradation of the tungsten electrode was observed because it was protected by the inert gas. The penetration depth was changed by the oxygen content in the molten pool and it could be easily controlled by the nozzle cap design and the welding parameters.     

Activated-TIG Welding of Different Steels: Influence of Various Flux and Shielding Gas

In tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, a low depth of penetration (DOP) is achieved during single pass. To achieve the required DOP, the speed of welding should be reduced; thus productivity reduces significantly. In this work, influence of 14 different oxide-, chloride-, and fluoride-based fluxes are evaluated on DOP and width-to-penetration ratio during flux-activated TIG (ATIG) welding of low alloy steel (AISI 4340), austenitic (AISI 304 and AISI 316) and duplex (Duplex 2205) stainless steels. The effect of welding current and three different shielding gas compositions is also studied during ATIG for these workpieces. Arc and weld metal pool behaviors are captured in order to study the physical behavior of the process. Results revealed that oxide-based fluxes like SiO₂, MoO₃, MoS₂, CrO₃, and TiO₂ increases DOP significantly and in many cases through penetration (penetration reaches beyond plate thickness) is achieved. There is a noteworthy enhancement in penetration because of the addition of H₂ in shielding gas. Addition of helium also helps to increase DOP. Arc behavior reveals the constriction of arc column during activated TIG welding, and positive surface tension-induced flow in centripetal (inward) direction is observed.     

Influence of Current and Shielding Gas in TiO2 Flux Activated TIG Welding on Different Graded Steels

In tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, limited depth of penetration can be achieved during single pass welding. To achieve the desired depth of penetration, the speed of welding needs to be significantly reduced and hence, the productivity decreases. In the present work, the effect of TiO₂ activated flux on penetration is evaluated for different workpieces namely AISI 1020, AISI 304, AISI 316, and Duplex 2205 steels at different currents and shielding gas compositions. The results show a significant increase in the depth of penetration and reduction in the width-to-penetration ratio using the activated flux for all the workpiece materials considered here. Current increases the depth of penetration, however, the influence of flux becomes more significant with higher welding current. Maximum of 37.8%, 44.3%, 47%, and 124% increase in depths of penetration is measured for AISI 1020, AISI 304, AISI 316, and Duplex 2205 steels, respectively, when activated flux is used. Also, maximum of 70% increase in the depth of penetration is further achieved when Ar along with 5% H₂ is used as the shielding gas compared to that when pure Ar is used. The constriction of arc column increases the energy density, which increases the depth of penetration. Measurement of microhardness and metallurgical observations are carried out for samples after TIG welding and activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding and compared to observe the solidification phenomenon during the process.     

The mechanism of penetration increase in A-TIG welding

The mechanism of the increasing of A-TIG welding penetration is studied by using the activating flux we developed for stainless steel. The effect of flux on the flow and temperature fields of weld pool is simulated by the PHOENICS software. It shows that without flux, the fluid flow will be outward along the surface of the weld pool and then down, resulting in a flatter weld pool shape. With the flux, the oxygen, which changes the temperature dependence of surface tension grads from a negative value to a positive value, can cause significant changes on the weld penetration. Fluid flow will be inward along the surface of the weld pool toward the center and then down. This fluid flow pattern efficiently transfers heat to the weld root and produces a relatively deep and narrow weld. This change is the main cause of penetration increase. Moreover, arc construction can cause the weld width to become narrower and the penetration to become deeper, but this is not the main cause of penetration increase. The effects of flux on fluid flow of the weld pool surface and arc profiles were observed in conventional TIG welding and in A-TIG welding by using high-speed video camera. The fluid flow behavior was visualized in real-time scale by micro focused X-ray transmission video observation system. The result indicated that stronger inward fluid flow patterns leading to weld beads with narrower width and deeper penetration could be apparently identified in the case of A-TIG welding. The flux could change the direction of fluid flow in welding pool. It has a good agreement with the simulation results.     

Effects of the Process Parameters on Austenitic Stainless Steel by TIG-Flux Welding

The effects of the process parameters of TIG （tungsten inset gas）-flux welding on the welds morphology, angular distortion, ferrite content and hot cracking in austenitic stainless steel were investigated. Autogenous TIG welding process was applied to the type 304 stainless steel through a thin layer of activating flux to produce a bead on plate welded joint. TiO2, SiO2, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO and MnO2 were used as the activating fluxes. The experimental results indicated that the TIG-flux welding can increase the weld depth/width ratio and reduce the HAZ （heat affected zone） range, and therefore the angular distortion of the weldment can be reduced. It was also found that the retained ferrite content within the TIG-flux welds is increased, and has a beneficial effect in reducing hot cracking tendency for stainless steels of the austenitic type weld metals. A plasma column constriction increases the current density at the anode spot and then a substantial increase in penetration of the TIG-flux welds can be obtained.     

Study of the characteristics of duplex stainless steel activated tungsten inert gas welds

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the specific fluxes used in the tungsten inert gas (TIG) process on surface appearance, weld morphology, angular distortion, mechanical properties, and microstructures when welding 6 mm thick duplex stainless steel. This study applies a novel variant of the autogenous TIG welding, using oxide powders (TiO₂, MnO₂, SiO₂, MoO₃, and Cr₂O₃), to grade 2205 stainless steel through a thin layer of the flux to produce a bead-on-plate joint. Experimental results indicate that using SiO₂, MoO₃, and Cr₂O₃ fluxes leads to a significant increase in the penetration capability of TIG welds. The activated TIG process can increase the joint penetration and the weld depth-to-width ratio, and tends to reduce the angular distortion of grade 2205 stainless steel weldment. The welded joint also exhibited greater mechanical strength. These results suggest that the plasma column and the anode root are a mechanism for determining the morphology of activated TIG welds.     

Comparisons between TiO2- and SiO2-flux assisted TIG welding processes

This study investigates the effects of flux compounds on the weld shape, ferrite content, and hardness profile in the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of 6 mm-thick austenitic 316 L stainless steel plates, using TiO2 and SiO2 powders as the activated fluxes. The metallurgical characterizations of weld metal produced with the oxide powders were evaluated using ferritoscope, optical microscopy, and Vickers microhardness test. Under the same welding parameters, the penetration capability of TIG welding with TiO2 and SiO2 fluxes was approximately 240% and 292%, respectively. A plasma column made with SiO2 flux exhibited greater constriction than that made with TiO2 flux. In addition, an anode root made with SiO2 flux exhibited more condensation than that made with TiO2 flux. Results indicate that energy density of SiO2-flux assisted TIG welding is higher than that of TiO2-flux assisted TIG welding.