单宁酸在硅灰石和透辉石表面上吸附机理的光电子能谱研究

借助于X射线光电子能谱研究了单宁酸在硅灰石和透辉石表面上的吸附机理,发现硅灰石和透辉石表面的钙离子(Ca~(2+))分别处于不同的化学环境,透辉石表面Ca~(2+)比硅灰石表面Ca~(2+)具有更高的氧化态,因此单宁酸更容易在透辉石表面产生化学吸附。透辉石和硅灰石对单宁酸这种吸附特性的差异是造成选择性抑制的根本原因。     

THE THERMODYNAMICS OF EXTRACTION OF SOME LANTHANIDE AND OTHER IONS BY DINONYLNAPHTHALENESULPHONIC ACID

The thermodynamics of extraction of some lanthanide ions and bismuth, aluminium, calcium and zinc ions from perchloric acid into solutions of dinonylnaphthalenesulphonic acid have been studied. Extraction of the trivalent ions is dominated by the entropy of complexing. Electrostriction of large complex micelles by the complexed ion is postulated in order to account for the entropy effect. In the case of divalent ions, the enthalpy of dehydration of the ion is more important. A strategy for improving the separation factors is proposed.     

LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF METAL IONS WITH AMIDO PODANDS

The extraction properties of ami do podands 1 - 3_ have been investigated. The ether dicarboxylic acid diamide i shows a clear preference for the extration of rare earth metal ions Yb(III)-, La(III) and the alkaline-earth metal ions Ca(II), Sr(II) as well. Due to the presence of the carboxylic group the ether dicarboxylic acid monoamide, 2. extracts the ions of the 3d-elements Cu(II), Co(II) and Zn(II), too. High distribution ratios have been obtained mainly for soft and medium-hard transition metal ions with the N-alkyl imino diacetic acid diamide 3_. Under the experimentally chosen conditions, alkali metal ions such as Na(I) and K(I) are practically not extracted by the investigated amido podands.     

UPTAKE OF METAL IONS BY A NEW CHELATING ION-EXCHANGE RESIN. PART 1: ACID DEPENDENCIES OF ACTINIDE IONS*

ABSTRACT

The uptake of several actinide ions [U(VI), Pu(IV), Np(IV), Th(IV] and Am(DI)) from nitric and hydrochloric acid solutions, and of U(VI) from near-neutral solutions by the new chelating ion-exchange resin, Diphonix^TM, has been investigated. Diphonix is a polyfunctional resin containing sulfonic and gem-diphosphonic acid groups chemically bonded in a styrene-divinylbenzene polymeric network. Comparison of the acid dependencies of the actinide ions uptake measured with Diphonix with those obtained using a commercial sulfonic -type resin and a resin containing both sulfonic and monophosphonic aCid groups, hat Shown that Diphonix binds the actinides via a different kind of chemical interaction, involving the.formation of chelate complexes through the phosphoryl groups of the gem-diphosphonic acids. As a consequence, Diphonix is superior to other resins in extracting actinide ions from very acidic solutions. A better performance of Diphonix is also observed with the uptake of uranium from neutral solutions. Conditions for efficient stripping of actinide species from the resin have been found.     

MECHANISM OF POLYMER-BASED SEPARATIONS. I. COMPARISON OF PHOSPHINIC ACID WITH SULFONIC ACID ION EXCHANGE RESINS

The metal ion complexing ability of the phosphinic acid polymeric extractant has been compared with that for the sulfonic acid ion exchange resin. Based on the performance of the extractants with Fe(III), Hg(II), and Mn(II) under dilute solution/ high acid conditions, both with and without the presence of a large excess of sodium ions, it is concluded that the phosphinic resin operates through an entropy-driven coordination for hard trivalent ions such as Fe(III), an enthalpy -driven coordination for soft ions such as Hg(II) and only ion exchange for hard divalent ions such as Mn(II). The sulfonic resin operates non-selectively through the ion exchange mechanism.     

UPTAKE OF METAL IONS BY A NEW CHELATING ION-EXCHANGE RESIN. PART 2: ACID DEPENDENCIES OF TRANSITION AND POST-TRANSITION METAL IONS*

ABSTRACT

Diphonix^(tm)is a new dual-mechanism polyfunctional resin containing sulfonic and gem-diphosphonic acid groups. In Part 1 of this series the effectiveness of Diphonix in removing actinide ions from very acidic solutions was demonstrated. In this paper we report on the uptake of various transition and post-transition metal ions with Diphonix and two other resins for comparison. The results show that Diphonix has a very high affinity for Fe(III) and Cr(III) in very acidic solutions. From neutral solutions Diphonix exhibits a high selectivity for lead and transition metals over calcium. Conditions for efficient stripping of the investigated ions have been found.     

THE EXTRACTION OF LANTHANIDES WITH HALOGEN SUBSTITUTED 4-ACYL-PYRAZOLONES

Equilibrium extraction behavior for a series of representative tervalent lanthanide ions, La, Pr, Eu, and Yb, using chloroform solutions containing halogenated derivatives of 4-acyl-l-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone have been studied. The results demonstrate that these lanthanides are extracted as simple chelates, LnL?3?. The equilibrium constants of these extraction reactions have been calculated. The relationships between the acid dissociation constants, K?a?, determined by a two-phase titration method, distribution constants, K?DR?, and the extraction equilibrium constants, K?ex?, discussed.     

SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF SCANDIUM(III), YTTRIUM(III), LANTHANIDES(III), ANDDIVALENT METAL IONS WITH SEC -NONYLPHENOXY ACETIC ACID

ABSTRACT

Such physicochemical properties of sec-nonylphenoxy acetic acid (CA-100) as the solubility in water, acid dissociation constant in water, dimerization constant in heptane, and distribution constant in organic solvent-water were measured by two-phase titration. The extraction behaviors of scandium (III), yttrium (III), lanthanides (III), and divalent metal ions from hydrochloric acid solutions with CA-100 in heptane have been investigated, and the possibilities of separating scandium (yttrium) from lanthanides and divalent metal ions have been carefully discussed. The stoichiometries of the extracted metal complexes were investigated by the slope-analysis technique. The effect of the nature of diluent on the extraction of yttrium (III) with CA-100 has been studied and correlated with the dielectric constant.     

改性沸石和膨润土对氟离子吸附性能研究

选用高温焙烧、硫酸、硫酸镁改性天然沸石和膨润土,考察了3种改性方法对沸石和膨润土吸附氟离子性能的影响。实验结果表明,高温焙烧、硫酸改性和硫酸镁改性均提高了沸石和膨润土对氟离子的吸附能力。改性沸石对氟离子的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;硫酸改性、硫酸镁改性膨润土对氟离子的吸附可用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型描述,高温焙烧改性膨润土对氟离子的吸附则符合Freundlich模型。     

COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF TiO2 AND PbO ON LIGHT ABSORPTION OF SOME COLORED GLASSES *

Series of glasses have been melted with TiO₂ or PbO as major constituents. To each member of the series, equal amounts of one of the following coloring ions have been added: Fe, Cu, U, Ce, and Mn. Complete spectrophotometric curves in the visible region have been obtained for the glasses. The color imparted by the ions to the glass is correlated with the position of the ion taken in the glass structure and conclusions are drawn showing that TiO₂ and PbO additions to glasses make it easier for the coloring ions to take part in the glass network.     

UPTAKE OF METAL IONS BY A NEW CHELATING ION-EXCHANGE RESIN. PART 4 : KINETICS

Abstract

The rate of uptake of several actinide ions [Am(III), U(VI), Th(IV), Np(IV) and Pu(IV)] and of some transition-metal ions [Co(II), Zn(II), Fe(III) and Cr(III)] at tracer concentration level, from solutions of various compositions, by the new chelating ion-exchange resin, Diphonix^Tm, has been investigated. Diphonix is a polyfunctional resin containing sulfonic and gem-diphosphonic acid groups chemically bonded in a styrene-divinylbenzene polymeric network. It binds actinide and other ions through the formation of chelate complexes with the phosphoryl groups of the gem-diphosphonic acids. The experiments discussed in this work have allowed us to establish the paramount importance of the presence of the sulfonic groups in obtaining practically useful rates of metal ions uptake. Comparison of the kinetic behavior of Diphonix with that of commercial sulfonic-type resins has shown that Diphonix reacts with the investigated ions as rapidly as do the other resins. Conditions for efficient and rapid stripping of all the investigated cations, including Cr(III), have been found.     

THE THEORY OF PICKLING OF SHEET IRON AND STEEL FOR ENAMELING PURPOSES1

The fundamental principal of efficient pickling is that efficient pickling does not depend on the solution of a large amount of metal but on the solution of a very thin layer of metal directly beneath the scale, rapidly and with copious evolution of hydrogen. The activity of an acid solution depends on the amount of acid present, the fraction of the acid that is ionized, and on the speed with which the ions move. Since the electrical conductivity of an acid solution is a measure of both the hydrogen-ion concentration and the speed at which the ions move, the electrical conductivities of a series of acid solutions indicate the relative activities of the various solutions. The most effective concentrations of acid lie between 15 and 20%. Heating acid solutions reduces their viscosity and renders the particles more mobile, thus increasing the activity of the solutions. Sulphuric acid is cheaper in first coat than hydrochloric acid, but the latter acts more rapidly and the pickling is completed with less solution of iron. Additions of small amounts of common salt (sodium chloride) have a marked effect on increasing the rate of pickling of sulphuric acid baths. This is due to the formation of a corresponding amount of hydrochloric acid. The chief action of addition agents is to reduce the amount of acid vapor in the fumes from pickling vats and thus permit the use of highly efficient concentrations of acid (between 15 and 20%). Hydrogen absorbed by metals during pickling may be largely removed by immersing the metal in boiling hot water for a few minutes.     

Studies on Thorium Phosphate Ion Exchanger. Part III. Paper Chromatographic Behavior and Separations of Metal Ions on Thorium Phosphate Papers

Abstract

Thorium phosphate papers have been prepared by treatment with thorium nitrate and phosphoric acid solutions. Several metal ions have been chromatographed on thorium phosphate paper. The effect of pH on R_F values has been investigated. Some useful analytical separations of metal ions have been achieved by using only dilute mineral acid and a mixed solvent system.     

S-烃基异硫脲盐酸盐反相纸层析分离稀土元素的研究

用卤代烃和硫脲合成了Ｓ－ 十六烷基异硫脲盐酸盐和Ｓ－ 苄基异硫脲盐酸盐，通过元素分析、红外光谱等确定了其组成和结构。以它们的乙醇溶液为固定相，以不同浓度的盐酸溶液为展开剂，用反相纸层析法对１１ 种稀土离子的萃取行为进行了研究，并对Ｌａ－ Ｔｂ，Ｅｕ－ Ｐｒ 等１２ 组稀土离子进行了纸上层析分离。     

Adsorptions of Some Heavy Metal Ions in Aqueous Solutions by Acrylamide/Maleic Acid Hydrogels

Abstract

In this study, acrylamide—maleic acid (AAm/MA) hydrogels in the form of rod have been prepared by γ-radiation. They have been used for adsorption of some heavy metal ions such as uranium, iron, and copper. For the hydrogel containing 40 mg of maleic acid and irradiated at 3.73 kGy, maximum and minimum swellings in the aqueous solutions of the heavy metal ions have been observed with water (1480%) and the aqueous solution of iron(III) nitrate (410%), respectively. Diffusions of water and heavy metal ions onto hydrogels have been found to be of the non-Fickian type of diffusion. In experiments of uranyl ions adsorption, Type II adsorption has been found. One gram of AAm/MA hydrogels sorbed 14–86 mg uranyl ions from solutions of uranyl acetate, 14–90 mg uranyl ions from solutions of uranyl nitrate, 16–39 mg iron ions from solutions of iron(IV) nitrate, and 28–81 mg copper ions from solutions of copper acetate, while acrylamide hydrogel did not sorb any heavy metals ions.     

无机酸对碳纤维中微量钾、钠、钙、镁等离子测定的影响

本文采用火焰原子吸收光谱法对碳纤维中微量钾、钠、钙、镁等离子测定的仪器参数和离子浓度范围以及各种无机酸对碳纤维中微量钾、钠、钙、镁离子吸收的影响作了探讨。控制无机酸浓度,可为选择碳纤维工艺提供参数,并使其不影响碳纤维中微量钾、钠、钙、镁等离子测定结果的准确度。采用原子吸收光谱法具有快速、灵敏度高、重现性好等优点,能获得令人满意的结果。     

矿浆中金属离子对硅线石与石英浮选分离的影响

系统研究了Fe^3 和Al^3 等金属离子对硅线石和石英可浮性的影响，结果表明：采用油酸钠为捕收剂，Fe^3 和Al^3 在中性或弱碱性介质中对石英浮选有很强活化作用，从而使硅线石和石英浮选分离困难，柠檬酸对金属离子活化石英有很强抑制作用，而对硅线石抑制作用较弱，是浮选分离硅线石和石英较好的的选择性抑制剂，Auger电子能谱仪测试表明：柠檬酸在硅线石表面作用前后Al峰的化学位移为-0.1eV，化学作用很弱，而在Fe^3 和Al^3 离子活化的石英表面，加入柠檬酸前有明显Al Auger电子能峰，加入后，石英表面Al Auger电子能峰消失，表明柠檬酸加入促使吸附在石英表面Al^3 离子溶解，使石英表面阴离子捕收剂吸附活性点降低。     

The accessibility of sulphonic acid groups in basic dyeable polyester fibers. I. The prevention of fiber hydrolysis during dyeing

The rate of acid hydrolysis of a basic dyeable polyester in water, before and after heat-setting, has been investigated. Intrinsic viscosity measurements and chemical analysis have been used to establish experimental conditions under which the hydrolysis is inhibited. It is suggested that the critical stage of the hydrolysis mechanism is the exchange of sodium ions from the sulphonate groups in the fiber for hydrogen ions.     

NITROGEN REAGENTS IN METAL ION SEPARATION. PART IX. EXTRACTION OF COBALT AND NICKEL USING IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES

ABSTRACT

The extraction capability of derivatives of imidazole towards Co(II) and Ni(II) has been investigated in dilute acid medium in the presence of each of chloride, perchlorate and thiocyanate ions. The influence of the stereochemistry of the substituted imidazole on the extraction behaviour has been investigated. Two-phase potentiometric titrations were employed to determine the nature of the metal species extracted into the organic phases. The electronic spectra of the extracted metal species have been employed to provide information of the nature of such species.     

Radiation synthesis of poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone‐co‐methacrylic acid) hydrogels and their usability in uranyl ion adsorption

In this study, N‐vinylpyrrolidone(VP)/methacrylic acid (MAA) mixtures have been prepared at three different mole percents which the methacrylic acid composition around 5, 10, and 15%. Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone‐co‐methacrylicacid) P(VP/MAA) hydrogels irradiated at 3.4 kGy have been used for swelling and diffusion studies in water and uranyl ion solutions. The influence of dose, pH, relative amounts of monomers in MAA/VP monomer mixtures on the swelling properties have been investigated. P(VP/MAA) hydrogels were swollen in distilled water at pH 7.0. P(VP/MAA)1 hydrogel containing 36% (mole percent) methacrylic acid showed the maximum percent swelling in water. Adsorption isotherms were constructed for uranyl ions and P(VP/MAA) hydrogel systems. It has been found that P(VP/MAA) hydrogels have very high uptake of the uranyl ions succesfully in water containing uranyl ions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009