2-甲基吡啶和4-甲基吡啶合成工艺研究

以乙醛与氨为原料在常压下反应合成2-甲基吡啶和4-甲基吡啶．较佳反应条件为：反应温度为380℃,乙醛与氢物质的量比为3．0：2．0,收率可达50％以上．反应生成的混合2-MPD和4-MPD水溶液通过萃取、精馏可制得2-甲基吡啶(≥99．0％)和4-甲基毗啶(≥98．5％)成品。此工艺路线步骤简单、收率高、易于操作、适宜工业化。     

3-甲基吡啶和4-甲基吡啶的分离技术进展

3-甲基吡啶与4-甲基吡啶是生产高附加值精细化工产品的重要有机原料,广泛应用于医药、农药、染料、香料、饲料添加剂、食品添加剂、橡胶助剂及合成材料等领域。笔者综述了3-甲基吡啶与4-甲基吡啶混合体系的各种分离方法,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

间歇减压精馏分离2-甲基吡啶/2-羟乙基吡啶

采用间歇减压精馏法实现了2-甲基吡啶和2-羟乙基吡啶这一热敏性混合物的分离,并考察了投料组成与操作压力对减压精馏过程的影响。结果表明,高真空条件降低了塔釜温度从而避免了物料在塔釜中受热变性,对于热敏物料2-羟乙基吡啶,减压精馏过程中压力应控制在4325 Pa以下,此时塔釜产品2-羟乙基吡啶的质量分数均能大于97%,同时收率能保持在86%以上。在压力为1325 Pa时,不同投料组成下塔顶产品2-甲基吡啶的质量分数和塔釜产品2-羟乙基吡啶的质量分数均高于98%,两者的收率也均在85%以上,能够很好地满足工业生产要求。     

2-氨甲基-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的制备

采用一锅法,以2-氰基甲基-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶为原料,在甲醇中与氢氧化钠70℃得到中间产物2-(3-氯-5-三氟甲基-2-吡啶)乙酰胺,之后再与氢氧化钠和次氯酸钠溶液在10℃反应制得2-氨甲基-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶盐酸盐,收率98.57%。该方法避免高压反应,原材料易得,收率较高。     

合成2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶新方法

叙述近年来国内外发展的新农药如氟虫腈、溴虫腈、七氟菊酯、四氟苯菊酯、氯氟吡氧乙酸、吡氟禾草灵等相关的含氟中间体的开发,包括对-三氟甲基苯胺、2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺、2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯肼、3,5-二氯-4-氨基-6-氟吡啶酚、2,3,5,6-四氟苄醇、2,3,5,6-四氟-4-甲基苄醇、2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶、2.3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和2-(对氯苯基)-5-(三氟甲基)吡咯-3-腈等合成方法和国内生产情况。 摘 要 改进了传统的气相法生产2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,以较新颖的液相合成方法成功地合成出2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,提高了产率,减少了反应时间,且条件较为温和,在化工生产中具有一定的指导意义,对于其他吡啶类化合物的氯化亦有一定的参考价值。     

3-甲基吡啶合成工艺的研究进展

吡啶碱,包括吡啶和甲基吡啶（如2-甲基吡啶、3-甲基吡啶和4-甲基吡啶等）,是一类典型的含氮化合物,常应用于维生素、杀虫剂等方面,尤其是3-甲基吡啶。综述了3-甲基吡啶合成工艺的研究现状,对其优缺点进行分析,归纳催化剂失活的原因以及再生方法的研究状况。最后,提出甘油/氨为反应原料是合成3-甲基吡啶的理想路线,具有绿色环保、来源可再生和成本低等优点,必将成为未来的发展趋势,展望该工艺今后重点研究方向是开发高性能的催化剂。     

2,6-二甲基-4-羟甲基吡啶的合成

为了寻找一条合成2,6-二甲基-4-羟甲基吡啶的简单,经济的方法,本文以2,4,6-三甲基吡啶为原料,分别与间氯过氧苯甲酸、乙酸酐以及氢氧化钠经过3步反应,将原料从2,4,6-三甲基吡啶转变成相应的2,4,6-三甲基吡啶-N-氧化物、2,6-二甲基-4-羟甲基吡啶乙酸酯进而水解得到最终产物,总收率达51.2%。与文献合成方法相比,本法采用原料便宜,操作简单,收率高。     

3-甲基吡啶法生产2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶

叙述了2 -氯 -5 -三氟甲基吡啶的四种合成方法 ,着重介绍了3 -甲基吡啶法生产2 -氯 -5-三氟甲基吡啶的生产工艺及其特点。     

2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的制备

研究了以3-甲基吡啶、氟化氢和氯气为原料在流化床反应器中一步法气相氯氟化反应制备2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的工艺,并对催化剂进行了筛选和考评,发现CrO-Al、CrCl-Al的活性较佳。以CrO-Al为催化剂,空速为288 h^-1,温度为300℃时,2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的总收率最高,为66.6%,且失活催化剂在350℃,氮气和空气的体积比为1:1的混合气体下再生后,其催化活性基本可以恢复,2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的总收率均保持在66%左右。根据实验结果提出了反应机理和结焦机理。对催化剂进行了BET、TG和NH₃-TPD表征,发现催化剂失活的主要原因是积炭覆盖了催化剂表面以及孔道,使催化剂强酸中心大量减少所致。     

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶分离提纯的研究

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶是重要的医药和农药中间体。研究用萃取、蒸馏以及柱色谱方法对3-甲基吡啶光氯化产物进行分离和提纯,制备高纯度的2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶。通过毛细管气相色谱检测纯度,结果表明产物纯度为99%以上。     

Span 60对3-甲基吡啶电氧化的影响

通过循环伏安曲线测定,考察了Span 60(山梨糖醇酐单硬脂酸酯)对3-甲基吡啶电氧化的影响。正交实验确定的最佳反应条件是:n(3-甲基吡啶)/n(硫酸)=0.4,添加高于或接近临界胶束浓度的Span 60,反应温度15℃,阳极电位1.9~2.0 V,电解电量为理论电量的10%;其选择性可达85.46%,电流效率为48.69%,电流密度提高300 mA/cm2,并根据最佳反应条件进行外循环放大实验,其结果与小试基本相同。在选定的实验范围内,Span 60对3-甲基吡啶电氧化有明显的促进作用,有应用前景。     

丙烯醛温和液相反应制备3-甲基吡啶工艺

以丙烯醛为原料,通过单因素实验,建立了优化的温和液相反应合成3-甲基吡啶的优化工艺条件：以乙二醇单丁醚为溶剂,反应温度140℃,料液比n(丙烯醛):n(乙二醇单丁醚)=1:33,n(丙烯醛):n(乙酸铵)=1:8,w(丙烯醛正丁酸溶液)=8%,m(丙烯醛):m(SO24-/TiO2-HZSM-5催化剂)=1:1.4。在优化条件下,实现了丙烯醛转化率100%,3-甲基吡啶选择性49.92%。     

Reactive distillation of pyridine mixtures with an organic acid. II. Parametric sensitivity and optimization of the process

A process of separation of close-boiling mixture by reactive distillation, exemplified by 3-/4-picoline separation through complexation with trifluoroacetic acid, has been analyzed in detail by numerical simulation. In such a process, the separation selectivity is supplied by a reversible chemical reaction and a displacement agent is used to regenerate the isomers. Parameter sensitivity analysis has shown the fundamental role played by the displacement agent in the regeneration as well as in the separation when the two isomers have to be recovered with the same purity. Optimization has shown that the displacement agent should ideally have an affinity for the reactive agent intermediate between that of the isomers to be separated. This affinity is measured by the ratio of the relative volatility to the chemical selectivity.     

Removal of pyridine derivatives from aqueous solution by activated carbons developed from agricultural waste materials

The paper investigates the ability of activated carbons developed from coconut shell to adsorb α-picoline, β-picoline, and γ-picolin from aqueous solution. The developed carbons are designated as SAC (activated carbon derived from coconut shells with out any treatment) and ATSAC (activated carbon derived from acid treated coconut shells). The carbons were, characterized and utilized for the sorption of α-picoline, β-picoline, and γ-picoline at different temperatures, particle size, pH and solid to liquid ratio. All the studies were performed by batch method to determine various equilibrium and kinetic parameters. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied and the Langmuir model was found to best report the equilibrium isotherm data. The adsorption of α-, β-, and γ-picoline followed the pseudo-second order rate kinetics. On the basis of kinetic studies, various rate and thermodynamic parameters such as effective diffusion coefficients, activation energy and activation entropy were evaluated. It was concluded that in majority of cases, the adsorption is controlled by particle diffusion at temperatures 10° and 25 °C while at 40 °C it is controlled by film diffusion mechanism. Similarly at concentrations 25 and 50 mg/l the adsorption was governed by particle diffusion in most of the cases while at >50 mg/l it was film diffusion controlled. The overall capacity of ATSAC was higher than SAC. The sorption capacity of γ-picoline was found more followed by β-picoline and α-picoline.     

高效液相色谱法测定1%氯虫·噻虫胺颗粒剂中杂质3-甲基吡啶

采用高效液相色谱法建立了一种测定1%氯虫·噻虫胺颗粒剂中杂质3-甲基吡啶的定量分析方法。方法采用二极管阵列检测器(DAD),Zorbax Eclipse Plus-C18色谱柱,以乙腈/冰乙酸-乙酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1 mL/min,在262 nm波长下对氯虫苯甲酰胺中杂质3-甲基吡啶进行定量分析。结果显示3-甲基吡啶质量浓度为0.095~3.8 mg/L时,方法的线性相关系数为0.9999,定量限为1.12 mg/kg,平均回收率为104.9%,说明该方法准确度高、定量限低,适用于氯虫苯甲酰胺产品中3-甲基吡啶的定量分析。     

Gas Phase Catalytic Oxidation of β-Picoline to Nicotinic Acid: Catalysts,Mechanism and Reaction Kinetics

An overview of the fundamental studies on a new method of nicotinic acid synthesis by the gas phase catalytic oxidation of β-picoline by oxygen is presented. The nature of active component in vanadia catalysts and reactivity of vanadium species are considered. Common features and differences in the mechanistic steps of nicotinic acid formation on various catalysts investigated by in situ FTIR spectroscopy are discussed. Effects of the reaction mixture components on the yield of nicotinic acid are considered in detail. Attention is paid to the kinetic equations of β-picoline oxidation on vanadia-titania catalysts.     

丙烯醛/氨反应制备3-甲基吡啶的研究进展

综述了丙烯醛/氨反应制备3-甲基吡啶的方法,主要包括液相釜式反应法、气相固定床反应法和气相流化床反应法3种。介绍了这些方法的工艺特点,评述了其优缺点及所涉及的催化剂。对丙烯醛/氨反应制备3-甲基吡啶过程所需要着重解决的问题进行了归纳总结。并简介了3-甲基吡啶的合成机理。同时,对于丙烯醛/氨反应制备3-甲基吡啶技术的发展前景也进行了展望,认为介孔材料和固体酸催化剂应用于该反应及合成机理的深入研究是未来的发展方向之一。     

Reactivity of V2O5/MgF2 Catalysts for the Selective Ammoxidation of 3-Picoline

V₂O₅/MgF₂ catalysts with V₂O₅ contents ranging from 2.1 to 15.7 wt% were prepared, and the influence of the V₂O₅ content of the V₂O₅/MgF₂ catalyst on the structure and activity for the ammoxidation of 3-picoline was investigated. XRD data indicate that V₂O₅ is in a highly dispersed state though segregation of V₂O₅ into tiny crystallites occurs at and above 8 wt% V₂O₅. The 3-picoline ammoxidation activity increased with an increase in V₂O₅ content due not only to the species arising out of interaction of V₂O₅ and MgF₂, but also to the presence of V₂O₅ microcrystals in the catalysts.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the vapour phase oxidation of 3-picoline by nitric oxide over nickel oxide–aluminium oxide catalyst

The kinetics of the catalytic transformation of 3-picoline to 3-cyanopyridine by nitric oxide (NO) have been investigated over nickel oxide-aluminium oxide catalyst (2NiO·Al₂O₃) in a differential flow reactor between 300 and 360°C. A maximum yield of 98% was achieved with a catalyst having a Ni: Al atomic ratio of 1:1 and preheated in the presence of air at 600°C for 24 h. The rate equation R_n = k_pk_nP_pP_n/(k_pP_p + k_nP_n) deduced, assuming a steady state involving a two-stage irreversible oxidation-reduction process, represented the data most satisfactorily for conversion of 3-picoline to nicotinonitrile. A tentative mechanism for the reaction is proposed.