沟槽数量对泰勒涡流稳定性的影响

用粒子图像测速技术(Particle image velocimetry,PIV)对光滑壁面和沟槽数量为18的模型内的流场进行测量,初步获得沟槽的存在对于环隙内流场的影响规律;同时利用数值计算获得沟槽数量为18的模型内的流场分布,通过对比试验结果和数值模拟结果,验证数值计算方法可靠性。通过数值计算研究沟槽数量0、6、12、18模型内的流场分布,在比较沟槽模型与光壁模型环隙内的速度场和涡量场的基础上,得出以下结论：较少的沟槽数量增加了泰勒涡的轴向尺寸,随着沟槽数的增加,沟槽结构对流场影响不断加剧,环隙内最大径向速度和轴向速度均有不同程度的增加;对比不同轴向位置的流场分布,发现沟槽区域内存在明显的旋涡流动,不同轴向位置沟槽内的流体存在着进出环隙内的运动。     

低压差驱动下中等半径比内轴高旋圆柱间轴流量的数值计算

利用RSM湍流模型/标准壁面函数对低压差驱动下中等半径比内轴高旋圆柱间流场进行了数值模拟。圆柱的内半径为4.45 cm,外半径为5.25 cm,半径比为0.848,轴间距为0.8 cm,形状比分别为5,10,15,20,泰勒数比分别为500,625,750,875,1 000。模拟结果表明,RSM湍流模型/标准壁面函数对低压差驱动下中等半径比内轴高旋圆柱间流场有较强的预报能力。随着压差的增加,轴流量随之增加,随着压差的进一步增加,压力流的作用处于主导地位,压力流的增强最终导致涡胞消失,轴间流场特征主要表现为压力流。随着旋转速度的增加,内壁高旋产生的旋转效应增强,轴向压差对轴间流场的作用相对减弱,导致轴流量减少。随着形状比的增加,轴流量呈现逐步减小的趋势,而且随着形状比的进一步增加,轴流量减少的趋势变缓。     

侧墙对中等半径比同心旋转圆柱间Taylor-Couette流的影响——Ⅰ层流涡

对有限长中等半径比同心旋转圆柱间Taylor-Couette流进行了数值计算,以研究侧墙对Taylor-Couette流的影响。圆柱的半径比为0.83,形状比为6,泰勒数在0~357之间。内圆柱旋转,外圆柱静止。数值计算结果表明,在无滑移侧墙边界条件下,在泰勒数低于临界泰勒数时,在侧墙边界层的作用下侧墙附近出现侧墙涡,而在滑移侧墙边界条件下,直到泰勒数大于临界泰勒数,轴间才出现明显的涡流。当泰勒数处在89~112之间,侧墙静止和侧墙旋转时产生的最大径向速度分别约为内筒表面线速度的3%~4%和7%~10%。侧墙静止时,随着泰勒数的增加,边界层的厚度也随之递增。侧墙旋转时,边界层厚度基本不变。在泰勒数大于临界泰勒数时,随着泰勒数的增加,侧墙静止和侧墙旋转时侧墙涡的轴向长度分别增加和减少,在滑移边界条件下,侧墙涡的轴向长度约等于轴间距。在3种侧墙边界条件下,层流涡向波动涡转捩的临界泰勒数变大。     

沟槽壁面和温度梯度对环隙内流场稳定性的影响

利用PIV结合折射率匹配法对光壁和沟槽模型内的Taylor-Couette流动进行测量,通过加热内圆柱构建不同的温度梯度工况以及在外圆柱壁面上安装沟槽,研究沟槽和温度梯度对泰勒涡动稳定性的影响规律。试验模型的内外圆柱的半径比为0.825,纵横比为48,雷诺数Re=80~110,研究中考察格拉晓夫数Gr=3 600,6 700两种不同的温度梯度工况对流场的影响,试验结果表明,温度梯度作用下使得不同模型内的泰勒涡具备了轴向运动的速度,同时泰勒涡的轴向尺寸也发生改变,随着温度梯度增加,环隙内向外圆柱方向的径向速度有所增加;泰勒涡的运动速度随着温度梯度的增加而增加,相同温度梯度下,随着Re的增加,泰勒涡的运动速度也随之增加;沟槽模型的存在增加了环隙内的径向速度,较光壁模型增加了130%,且受到沟槽和温度梯度的共同作用,使得泰勒涡中逆时针旋转的涡胞尺度增加,涡心位置偏离内圆柱。     

中等半径比内轴高旋圆柱间湍流场的大涡模拟

利用大涡模拟对中等半径比内轴高旋圆柱间湍流场进行了数值模拟。半径比为0.83,形状比为6,侧墙为静止侧墙、旋转侧墙及无剪切力侧墙3种边界条件。模拟结果表明,大涡模拟对该类问题有较强的预报能力。侧墙静止时,涡流始于靠近侧墙的左下方和右下方位置,然后涡心向上向中间移动,涡胞逐渐变大,外轴上形成众多小涡,小涡的涡心向下移动涡胞变大,最后涡胞混合在一起,充满整个轴间。侧墙旋转时,涡流始于靠近侧墙的左上方和右上方位置,然后涡心向上向中间移动,涡胞逐渐变大,外轴上形成众多小涡,小涡的涡心向下移动涡胞变大,最后涡胞混合在一起,充满整个轴间。在无剪切力侧墙边界条件,涡流场形成过程与侧墙旋转时形成过程相似。轴间流场最终形成固定数量的涡胞,且随着时间的推移,各个涡胞呈现此消彼长的局面,始终保持固定数涡胞的存在。在侧墙静止和无剪切力条件,流场最终形成8个涡胞;侧墙旋转时,流场最终形成6个涡胞。     

涡流二极管泵内部流场的数值模拟

为了研究涡流二极管泵内旋流场的形成发展过程、分布特征以及其流动不稳定性存在的可能性,采用大涡模拟的方法对涡流二极管泵进行数值计算.计算结果表明: 涡流二极管泵内的特征流场为兰金涡结构,兰金涡在进口雷诺数达到1.4×104时形成;切向速度的峰值速度为进口流速的5倍左右,而且不同旋流腔直径下的涡核半径相同;此外,在边界恒定的条件下,兰金涡是不稳定的,其涡心的轨迹为椭圆状.     

内射流对离心泵进口流场及压力脉动影响

为探究内射流对离心泵进口流场及压力脉动的影响,本文以一台有内射流循环回路的模型泵为研究对象,采用数值方法对泵全流道进行定常和非定常计算。结果表明:无内射流时泵性能模拟与实验值基本吻合,设计点扬程误差在1%以内;有内射流时泵扬程略有下降,效率最大下降1.8%。内射流流量与射流孔轴向平均速度随流量增加而减小。内射流对泵进口流场影响显著,其存在使得进口段轴向速度、压力、涡量及湍流强度均发生变化。小流量时内射流对进口流场的影响范围更大。距射流孔越远,轴向速度梯度越小。进口段内射流流场呈周期性变化,压力脉动频谱图中存在的低频信号f=9.13 Hz为内射流轴向速度场周期变化频率。     

轴流前弯叶轮叶顶流场特征分析

针对不同化工用前弯叶片的轴流通风机,在额定工况处数值模拟了三维粘性流场以及利用粒子图像测速仪PIV试验测量了叶顶流场。在数值结果与测量结果相吻合的前提下,分析了叶轮近上端壁面极限流线、叶顶轴向速度大小分布以及不同前弯角度叶片对叶顶泄漏流在发展阶段的影响。结果展示了叶顶流场的基本特征-叶顶泄漏涡的初始段和发展段;揭示了叶顶泄漏涡是叶顶流动阻塞的最主要原因之一;叶片前弯角度与叶顶泄漏涡稳定度之间的非线性变化;在泄漏涡发展阶段,涡度随叶片前弯角度之间"先增强后减弱"的变化规律。     

风切变对风力机尾流湍流特征影响的研究

采用LES方法,对自行开发设计的100 W小型水平轴风力机在有、无风切变两种入流情况下的尾流特征进行了模拟计算,计算中提取了流场稳定后的x、y、z三个方向的瞬间速度、压力等参数的600个数据样本,计算得到了尾流内轴向速度和湍流强度的方均根值,分析了有、无风切变两种入流情况下风力机尾流内的时间平均轴向速度、湍流强度及涡结构等流动特征。结果表明:无风切变入流情况下,尾流内的叶尖涡、中心涡及轴向速度都呈现对称性;而风切变入流情况下,尾流内叶尖涡螺旋轨迹上面部分的螺距明显大于下面部分的螺距,呈现出了非对称性,而中心涡和轴向速度也都呈现出一定的非对称性,且风切变入流情况下尾流内的涡传播距离更远;在y/d6的近尾流区域内,无论入流是否存在风切变,风力机尾流膨胀现象都不很明显;在相同入流湍流强度条件下,有、无风切变入流情况下尾流内湍流强度的变化规律相似,入流风切变对尾流内湍流强度的影响较小。     

粉煤气化炉喷嘴旋流数对炉内流场及燃烧特性的影响

对带旋流单喷嘴粉煤加压气化炉内多相燃烧流场,建立二维旋流对称模型进行数值模拟。计算采用涡耗散概念模型,同时考虑体积反应和焦炭表面反应,模拟多机理的湍流燃烧。通过改变喷嘴内部旋流数进行平行模拟,研究不同旋流数下炉内流场的回流分布特性以及火焰的形态和分布等燃烧特性。结果表明:带有旋流喷嘴的气化炉,炉内流场分布主要由中心回流区和外回流区的旋流涡构成;旋流数增大导致轴向速度衰减加快,延长了粉煤颗粒在炉内停留时间,但旋流过大会导致颗粒在炉顶聚集形成"死区";旋流数S≤1.2时,火焰为锥子状,炉内整体高温不利于气化反应;旋流数S≥1.6时,炉内高温区上移至炉顶,火焰呈扁平花瓣状,扩散角过大容易形成回火;通过拟合高斯曲线得到本气化炉最佳旋流数为1.4。     

Stroboscopic two-dimensional ultrasonic velocity profiling for measuring flow transition in Taylor Couette systems

Flow characterization in a Taylor Couette system was made by investigating the radial velocity component with Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry based flow mapping. With the technique presented in this work, it is possible to measure the radial velocity components for variable axial position in a Couette cell within Taylor vortex flow (TVF), wavy vortex flow (WVF), modulated vortex flow (MVF) as well as spiral vortex domains in a conical shaped gap. The resulting maps for the different flow states show the location of vortices in the annular gap between the inner and outer cylinder. Cylindrical and conical concentrically rotating inner bodies were applied and respective flow patterns were analyzed. The method uses a stroboscopic triggering to synchronize flow measurements and rotational motion. The oscillation frequency f of unsteady motion in WVF, MVF, and spirals can be obtained from the power spectrum of velocity. The UVP transducer was preferably positioned in radial direction, perpendicular to the surface of the inner rotating body for measuring the radial velocity component. At the same time, the transducer was moved with constant velocity vertically along the outer cylinder height.     

旋转管式膜分离器流型的研究

采用三相异步电动机的输入电磁转速与三相异步电动机的实际转速之差的变化来表征两旋转圆筒间流场特性的参数。主要研究了清水介质时无轴向流和有轴向流条件下流型的划分,并将无轴向流时的流型分成了6种：Couette层流,层流泰勒涡,层流波涡,层流调制波涡、湍流泰勒涡和湍流;有轴向流时的流型分成了4种：Couene层流、层流泰勒涡、湍流泰勒涡和完全湍流。并且验证了流型转变的滞后特性。     

管内螺旋导流板引发的气液两相旋流场

用数值模拟的方法研究某种螺旋导流板结构引发的管内气液两相旋流的流动特点。空气为主相,水为次相,入口为雾状流。研究旋转给流型转变、气液相分布、速度分布及旋流衰减带来的影响。发现雾状流在螺旋导流板的作用下,转变为环状流。螺旋导流板内有二次涡的生成,且二次涡结构不断发展变化,离心力分布不均匀而形成沿管壁周向不连续的液膜;流出螺旋导流板后,二次涡会衰减消失,流体做螺旋向前运动,液膜沿圆管周向逐渐分布均匀。管中心处气相切向速度小,气相切向速度较大的区域远离旋流中心区,旋流中心与圆管中心存在小的偏心距;与直管及螺旋纽带相比,螺旋导流板引发的气液两相旋流在圆管中心的气相轴向流速远高于光管和螺旋纽带;与螺旋纽带相比,螺旋导流板引发的旋流强度更大且衰减减慢。     

COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERI-MENTAL STUDY ON TIP LEAKAGE VORTEX OF CIRCUMFERENTIAL SKEWED BLADES

In the steady operation condition,the experiments and the numerical simulations are used to investigate the tip leakage flow fields in three low pressure axial flow fans with three kinds of circumferential skewed rotors,including the radial rotor,the forward-skewed rotor and the back-ward-skewed rotor. The three-dimensional viscous flow fields of the fans are computed. In the ex-periments,the two-dimensional plane particle image velocimetry (PIV) system is used to measure the flow fields in the tip region of three different pitchwise positions of each fan. The results show that the computational results agree well with the experimental data in the flow field of the tip region of each fan. The tip leakage vortex core segments based on method of the eigenmode analysis can dis-play clearly some characteristics of the tip leakage vortex,such as the origination position of tip leak-age vortex,the development of vortex strength,and so on. Compared with the radial rotor,the other two skewed rotors can increase the stability of the tip leakage vortex and the increment in the for-ward-skewed rotor is more than that in the backward-skewed one. Among the tip leakage vortices of the three rotors,the velocity of the vortex in the forward-skewed rotor is the highest in the circumfer-ential direction and the lowest in the axial direction.     

Frequency response of the flow in a radial swirler

We report the results of an experimental study on flow with a precessing vortex core in an isothermal radial swirler burner model. It was shown for the first time that in radial swirler flow, the Strouhal number (the dimensionless precession frequency of the vortex core) is inversely related to the swirl number in the range 0.5 < S < 0.8. A minimum occurs in the precessing vortex core frequency due to the reduced velocity of the helical vortex structure in the axial flow direction and the axial stretching of the helical vortex structure. This finding emphasizes the importance of accounting for the helical geometry of the precessing vortex when predicting the frequency response of burner installations.

     

Axial slit wall effect on the flow instability and heat transfer in rotating concentric cylinders

The slit wall effect on the flow instability and heat transfer characteristics in Taylor-Couette flow was numerically studied by changing the rotating Reynolds number and applying the negative temperature gradient. The concentric cylinders with slit wall are seen in many rotating machineries. Six different models with the slit number 0, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 were investigated in this study. The results show the axial slit wall enhances the Taylor vortex flow and suppresses the azimuthal variation of wavy Taylor vortex flow. When negative temperature gradient exists, the results show that the heat transfer augmentation appears from laminar Taylor vortex to turbulent Taylor flow regime. The heat transfer enhancement become stronger as increasing the Reynolds number and slit number. The larger slit number model also accelerates the flow transition regardless of the negative temperature gradient or isothermal condition.     

基于动态模态分解的叶道涡非定常解耦与重构

为进一步探索混流式水轮机偏负荷工况下叶道涡的演变机制,引入动态模态分解方法并结合数值模拟与实验对水轮机叶道涡的非定常流场进行相干结构的解耦.数值结果表明,叶道涡呈低频特性,演化的主频为0.5倍水轮机转频;涡管状叶道涡空腔起源于叶轮上冠,并与叶片背面的片状涡连为一体.应用动态模态分解方法获得了叶道涡速度场的动态模态,并将...     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TIP CLEARANCE FLOW FOR AN AXIAL FLOW FAN ROTOR

The flow field in the tip region of an axial ventilation fan is investigated with a particle image velocimeter (PIV) system at the design condition. Flow fields with three different tip clearances are surveyed on three different circumferential planes, respectively. The phase-locked average method is used to investigate the generation and the development of a tip leakage vortex. The result from PIV system is compared with that from a particle dynamics anemometer(PDA) system. Both data are in good agreement and the structure of the tip leakage vortex for the rotor is illustrated. The characteristic of a leakage vortex is described in both velocity vectors and vortical contours. The unsteadiness of the leakage vortex and the position of the vortex are surveyed in detail, which interprets the discrepancy between the numerical simulation and PDA experimental results to a certain extent. The center loci of tip leakage vortex at different times and the mean center loci of the leakage vortex are displayed particularly. Finally, the trajectories of the tip leakage vortex by the experimental measurement are compared with predictions from the existing models for high speed and high-pressure compressors and turbines when appropriately interpreted. A good agreement is obtained.