钨合金废料的资源再生利用技术

钨是一种稀有金属，钨合金具有高的强度、硬度，较好的耐高温性、耐密性和良好的电性能。广泛应用于航空航天工业、兵器工业、核工业、信息产业、汽车工业和钢铁工业等行业。目前，钨资源短缺，钨合金价格高、用量大，因此各国都把废弃的钨合金作为宝贵的第二钨资源加以再生利用。本文综述了钨合金的再生利用现状，分别总结了硬质合金、高比重合金、钨铜合金和钨材的再生利用技术，并利用生态环境材料的观点。对每种再生利用技术作了简单的评价。     

用化学气相迁移法由废钨条制取超细钨粉

废弃金属回收再生,比从矿石中提炼金属更为合算,不但可以节约能源,降低成本,而且有利于节省资源,改善环境。因此,国外极为重视。尤其日本视为“第二矿业”的开发。钨冶金过程中,这些二次原料包括钨钢废料、金属钨及其合金废料,硬质合金废料、研磨硬质合金工具的磨屑、粉尘等。苏联设置“再生有色金属研究所”,专门负责有色金属废料的回收再生利用。例如该所提出的处理含钨废料选冶联合流程,经工业试验表明,是很有前途的。西德斯达克公司早就     

钨铼合金研究进展

随着航空航天技术、核工业、电子工业的日益发展,对超高温材料提出了更为苛刻的要求,急需研制高温高强度结构件材料。钨铼合金具有高再结晶温度、低韧脆转变温度、优异的高温强度以及高温抗蠕变性能,得到了国内外学者的广泛研究。本文综述了钨铼合金的分类及制备方法,并对固溶强化钨铼合金、碳化物增强钨铼合金、氧化物增强钨铼合金的再结晶温度、高温强度、高温抗蠕变性能等进行了比较,认为碳化物（Hf C）增强钨铼合金具有更加优异的性能。因此,碳化物第二相粒子增强钨铼合金是钨铼合金的发展方向并且有必要对钨铼合金的先进制备技术、成分优化、组织调控、变形行为和机理等问题开展进一步研究。     

再生高比重钨合金塑性的研究

对再生高比重钨合金塑性的提高作了较为深入地研究。研究表明:向再生合金原料粉末中加入适量的Ni、Fe元素进行成分调节可显著提高再生合金的塑性;对再生合金进行真空热处理可明显提高再生合金塑性,与热处理前相比,再生合金延伸率提高了约43.42%,截面收缩率提高了约33.88%。     

用白钨精矿直接冶炼工模具钢

1.试验概况为发挥我国特别是我省钨资源的优势,扩大钨合金剂的品种,探讨白钨在工业条件下作为合金剂加入的可行性和经济效果,根据我厂82年5月“利用我省优质白钨冶炼高速钢”课题对小型试验的省级鉴定意见和建     

中国钨业冶炼技术概述及特点

本文概述了中国钨精矿的冶炼技术、低品位矿的处理、钨渣的综合利用.第二钨资源的再生利用和应用基础理论研究,说明中国钨冶炼技术的进步,并以仲钨酸铵、氧化钨、钨粉的产品质量、技术经济指标论述中国的钨冶炼已进入世界先进行列。     

难熔钨合金与硬质合金的研究新动向

难熔钨合金和硬质合金在工业中应用很广泛,本文主要介绍近年来在超细/纳米钨合金和硬质合金粉末和合金制备技术方面的研究新进展,重点阐述了注射成形、喷雾转换、溶胶-喷雾干燥-热还原以及合金的晶粒控制等技术,并指出了今后钨合金和硬质合金的研究发展方向。     

从金属废弃物中回收钨

如何有效利用量少价值高的稀少资源,是一个重大课题。特别是对于资源埋藏特少的日本,通过循环利用有效的资源,更是一个紧迫任务。日清钢铁工业以废催化剂及其它含钨金属切属等工业废弃物为原料,能有效地再生稀有金属。1985年2月在加古川市尾上町池田建厂投产,由于再生稀有金属厂作为一个生产企业还刚刚起步,所以只简要的报道该工厂情况。工厂首先回收了稀有金属中的钨。钨价格和供需钨价格从第二次世界大战开始,钨作为战略物资,价格暴涨,战争一结束又暴跌,其价格受商行官署控制。随后价格虽有所稳定,但依然上下反复波动。     

高比重钨合金残料的再生

本文提出的氧化-球磨-还原法处理高比重钨合金切屑残料,能得到与它们原来的成份和性能相同的粉末和合格的再生高比重钨合金。该方法包括:1.清洗后的切屑残料在空气中于920℃下氧化煅烧;2.氧化料的球磨;3.用氢还原球磨后的氧化料;4.不经调整组分而直接压制、烧结成再生高比重钨合金。文中指出:在氧化阶段生成 WO_3,粘结剂则形成诸如 FeWO_4等钨酸盐,还原时钨与粘结剂预合金化。     

发展电溶再生钨产业的探讨

钨是不可替代的战略性金属,建立废钨资源回收系统,使废钨得到循环利用,可以有效提高钨资源的综合利用水平,对节约钨资源,实现钨工业的可持续发展将起到巨大推动作用。山东省潍坊市临朐县是我国电容再生钨综合利用的主要聚集地之一,本文通过对当地电容再生钨产业发展状况的剖析,不仅看到了产业发展的良好前景,也发现行在发展过程中所存在的问题,并提出了解决问题的建议。我国是产钨大国,钨资源储量520万吨,占世界总储量的65%,产量及出口量均居世界第一,但如果按现有的开采速度,二三十年后我国的钨资源优势将不复存在。据统计,我国每年消耗金属钨近2万吨,而目前大部分钨资源在一次使用后就被扔掉,回收率仅有20%左右。     

Preparation of Hard Alloy WC and WC – Co Mixtures with Reduction and Carbidizing Treatment of Oxidized Tungsten Containing Scrap

A method of single-stage reduction and carbidizing treatment of oxidized tungsten containing scrap (hard alloys of the VK type and tungsten wire) is proposed. Procedures are suggested for preparing very fine tungsten carbide of stoichiometric composition without adding carbon black by reduction and carbidizing treatment of oxidized tungsten wire scrap and also with introduction of solid carbon (carbon black) during reduction and carbidizing treatment of oxidized hard alloy scrap.     

Technologies of secondary refractory rare metals (Review)

A short review of works by A.V. Elyutin et al. in the field of rare metals is presented. Technologies of the recovery of zirconium, hafnium, tungsten, tantalum, and niobium from various types of secondary raw materials, notably, scrap metal, scrap of refractory materials, wastes and scrap of hard alloys, and obsolete scrap of capacitors, are considered. Possibilities of increasing the purity of these metals by electrolytic refining and electron-beam melting are shown.     

Advanced technology in tungsten and moly PM

Worldwide consumption of tungsten and molybdenum was 44 000 tonne and 97 000 tonne, respectively, in 1988. But only a small percentage of this volume is processed to pure or alloyed semifinished or finished products. Some 6% of all molybdenum consumed (5000 to 5500 tonne) is in the form of molybdenum and molybdenum alloys. For tungsten this percentage is higher, 10% of tungsten consumed was pure tungsten or tungsten alloy products. The same amount was produced as heavy metal every year, totalling 8000–9000 tonnes of tungsten content in tungsten and tungsten based alloys including heavy metal, says Ralf Eck of Metallwerk Plansee.     

Nickel-base superalloys; physical metallurgy of recycling

Because of stringent performance specifications, alloys included in the category of nickel-base superalloys are some of the most metallurgically complex and expensive in the field of metallurgy. The fact that these complex alloys can be manufactured commercially to make reliable components reflects the skill which alloy producers apply to control composition to meet rigid specification of trace elements as well as alloy constituents. Nevertheless, a substantial amount of scrap is used in the manufacture of these alloys, and highly specialized operations have been developed to process this scrap. This paper provides an overview of the current use of scrap in the industry and procedures for handling, melting, and refining scrap. The effects of residual elements commonly encountered in superalloy scrap on structure and properties are reviewed. Finally, a brief assessment of trends in generation and use of scrap is presented.     

WC粉末粒度与形貌对硬质合金中WC晶粒度、晶粒形貌与合金性能的影响

探讨了粗颗粒与特粗颗粒两种粒度级别以及平面化表面与球化表面两种形貌特征的WC原料对WC-Co硬质合金中WC晶粒度、晶粒形貌以及合金性能的影响。结果表明,分别采用费氏粒度为11.4￣13.4μm,与22.0￣28.3μm两种粒度级别的WC粉末为原料制备合金,尽管两种合金硬度之间存在明显差别,但是两种合金的晶粒度相差很小,在4.0￣4.3μm之间,同属一种粒度级别。WC原料的原始形貌对合金中WC晶粒形貌与合金性能影响很小,碱金属掺杂原料制备的合金中WC晶粒结晶完整性相对较差。因此,高纯原料是制备高性能硬质合金的基础。     

回收工艺对再生铝合金性能影响述评

铝合金因其密度小、强度高、耐腐蚀、加工性能好的优点,已经成为工业应用第二大金属材料。随着原铝产量下降和现役铝合金材料使用年限逐渐到期,具有节约矿产与能源、经济社会效益高、可持续发展等特点的再生铝产业逐渐受到关注。然而,经过回收再生的铝材由于成分混杂等原因,性能往往有所下降。因此提升再生铝合金性能的方法成为相关领域研究的重点。文中介绍了近年来国内外有关提升再生铝合金性能方法的研究进展,对废铝预处理、合金成分调配、熔体精炼、热加工工艺的发展进行了总结,概述了提升固态回收再生铝合金性能的最新研究进展,并对再生铝技术的发展提出展望。      

Erosion characteristics of materials recovered from hard alloy scrap

The production of electrode materials involving oxide processing of VK15 hard alloy scrap and thermomechanical processing of the resulting powder mixtures is investigated. The recovery of tungsten and cobalt oxides, synthesis of tungsten carbide, and compaction of WC-Co powder mixture are combined into one cycle. Studying the structure and erosion characteristics of the material shows that the oxide technology is suitable for producing electrode materials from hard alloy scrap and has wide opportunities for varying their erosion characteristics. __________ Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Vol. 46, No. 3–4 (454), pp. 32–37, 2007.     

Remelting of scrap containing tungsten and nickel in the electric arc furnace

Remelting of the metallic scrap containing tungsten and nickel and thermodynamic properties of slag containing tungsten oxide are discussed. Tungsten and nickel in the metallic scrap have to be separated before the scrap may be used for melting of some steels (for example, high speed steel). To separate tungsten and nickel, such scrap (waste drills) was remelted in the 25 t electric arc furnace under oxidizing conditions. Tungsten was oxidised and transferred to the slag phase, while nickel remained in the metal. Further, the slag containing tungsten oxide was used in the melting of high speed steel. Metal containing nickel was utilized in the constructional steel production. Technology of the scrap remelting was developed on the basis of thermodynamic analysis of slag containing tungsten oxide and tungsten slag-metal partition. It was found that the coefficient of tungsten distribution between iron and basic CaO-SiO₂-Fe_tO-WO₃ slag increases with increasing slag basicity. In the industrial oxidising heats a slag of high basicity was used, it secured 94% tungsten extraction from scrap to the slag.     

废钢-电弧炉炼钢流程和循环经济

分析了世界和中国电炉钢的发展以及废钢-电弧炉炼钢流程的资源和能源特征,得出该流程是有利于循环经济和环境保护的生产流程。2003年世界电炉钢比达33.1%,我国电炉钢比仅为17.6%,根据我国的资源和能源条件,随着能源结构的改善和废钢积累量的增加,我国废钢-电弧炉炼钢流程有较大的长远发展空间。