Channel estimation with ISFLA based pilot pattern optimization for MIMO OFDM system

In multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems, the channel state information should be known by the receiver for obtaining transmitted data. Channel estimation algorithms are used to examine the multipath effects of frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. In this paper, Compressed Sensing (CS) based channel estimation technique is considered for reconstructing the signal with improved spectral efficiency. It requires transmitting the known pilot data to the receiver for estimating channel information. The optimum pilot patterns are selected through reducing the mutual coherence of measurement matrix. In order to maximize the accuracy of sparse channel estimation and to reduce the computational complexity, an optimization algorithm Improved Shuffled Frog Leaping (ISFL) is proposed. When compared with the traditional estimation methods like least squares (LS), and minimal mean square error (MMSE), 4.7% of spectral efficiency is increased with ISFLA based channel estimation. Implementation results show that, by using the proposed algorithm, the bit error rate (BER) and Mean Square Error (MER) performance of the system is increased with 1.5 dB and 2 dB respectively.     

A planar waveguide optical discrete Fourier transformer design for 160 Gb/s all-optical OFDM systems

A cost-effective all-optical discrete Fourier transformer (ODFT) is designed based on a silicon planar lightwave circuit (PLC), which can be applied to all-optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission systems and can be achieved by current techniques. It consists of 2 × 2 directional couplers, phase shifters and optical delay lines. Metal-film heaters are used as phase shifters, according to the thermooptic effect of SiO₂. Based on the ODFT, a 160 Gb/s OFDM system is set up. Simulation results show excellent bit error rate (BER) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) performances after 400 km transmission.     

Configuration of more than N DWDM channels with only one N × N cyclic-AWG-based wavelength routing device

A wavelength routing device based on only one N × N cyclic arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) having easy extended channels configuration is presented in this paper. It is easy to extend the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channel configuration through this wavelength routing device. According to the cyclic wavelength of AWG, the wavelength routing devices are easy to configure more than N extended DWDM channels through cascading more proper tunable fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). With only one 8 × 8 AWG, two different wavelength routing structures were built to evaluate static crosstalk and the bit-error-rate (BER). Three of the 16 inputted DWDM channels were demonstrated to verify that the proposed wavelength routing device, with only one 8 × 8 AWG, could configure extended DWDM channels without interfering with other channels. The results show that the wavelength routing device can produces a better performance and offers a cheaper way to extend the DWDM channel configuration for a dynamic network.     

Investigations on heuristic bandwidth request mechanism with signaling analysis for BWA networks

Best effort services in next generation broadband wireless access (BWA) networks would be more interactive and bandwidth demanding. This attracted a substantial amount of researches to focus on contention bandwidth request mechanisms for best effort services. The contention resolution with code division multiple access (CDMA) based mobile assisted truncated binary exponential backoff (C-MAB) suffers low contention efficiency and high access delay due to the nature of accessing mechanism in worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) network that confines the mobile station in estimating the optimum contention window. Further, these performances decrease when transmission failure is modeled with unavailability of bandwidth, collision due to contention, transmission code failure, and channel error. To improve the performances, in this paper, we suggest a contention resolution with CDMA based base station assisted backoff (C-BAB) for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) based WiMAX networks. With C-BAB, the base station computes an optimum contention window by accounting average contention window and probability of failure. With a 2.69% additional overhead at the BS, the proposed C-BAB shows a 32.82% increase in contention efficiency and 24.21% decrease in access delay (25% error rate, q = 0.60 and ranging slot = 64) compared to C-MAB.     

Transmission performance of all-optical domain orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals due to fiber nonlinearities for long-reach PON applications

This study examined the performance of 110 Gb/s all-optical domain orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AO-OFDM) signal transmission systems using optical multi-carrier generation and optical 2-subcarrier modulation under the effects of chromatic dispersion and fiber nonlinearity. The numerical simulation results showed that the performance degradation of AO-OFDM signals lies in the inter-carrier interference between the subcarrier signals generated from the fiber nonlinearities. The numerical simulation showed that the calculated BER of the AO-OFDM channels has some power penalties at 10^?9 BER for the fiber chromatic dispersion effect. The calculated receiver sensitivity at 10^?9 BER showed additional degradation at the central subcarrier channel by applying a fiber launching power of 12 dBm after transmission over a 100 km standard single-mode fiber (SMF) link. The simulation results are expected to be useful for multi-service systems employing AO-OFDM technology in the future long-reach passive optical network (PON) applications.     

Polarization multiplexed OFDM band interleaving enabled metro-access integrated networks

In this paper, we propose a novel “ring + tree” topology enabled optical metro-access integrated networks (MAIN), using polarization multiplexed band interleaving (PMBI) of optical multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) technology. In this proposed MAIN, the services for downstream and upstream transmission are carried by two orthogonal polarization states, respectively. By utilizing the proposed structure in each central node (CN) with the common or low-order filters, the MAIN system with three CNs has been successfully simulated. Finally, the obtained results verify the feasibility of our proposed MAIN system with high spectral efficiency.     

A PAPR reduction technique using Hadamard transform combined with clipping and filtering based on DCT/IDCT for IM/DD optical OFDM systems

In Intensity Modulator/Direct Detection (IM/DD) optical OFDM systems, the high peak-to-power average ratio (PAPR) will cause signal impairments through the nonlinearity of modulator and fiber. In this paper, a joint PAPR reduction technique based on Hadamard transformation and clipping and filtering using DCT/IDCT transform has been proposed for mitigating the impairments in IM/DD optical OFDM system. We then experimentally evaluated the effect of PAPR reduction on the bit error rate (BER) performance and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique. At a bit error rate (BER) of 1 × 10⁻³, the receiver sensitivity of the proposed 2.5 Gb/s IM/DD optical OFDM system after 100-km standard single-mode fiber transmission has been improved by 0.8 dB, 1.3 dB and 3.1 dB for a launch power of 6.4 dBm, 8 dBm and 10 dBm respectively when compared with the classical system.     

非正交频分复用系统的无干扰分离算法

针对现有的非正交频分复用信号分离算法复杂度高这一问题,提出了对多路非正交频分复用信号可以实现无干扰分离的简化算法,通过建立系统模型和理论推导,使用傅里叶变换降低了非正交频分复用信号接收机的复杂度.系统仿真结果表明,使用非正交频分复用技术可以在更小的带宽内传输与OFDM相同速率的信号;在传输速率相同的情况下,由于传输带宽的减小,引入传输系统的噪声功率得到了降低,最终使得接收机处的误码率变小.     

On the Performance of FFT/DWT/DCT-based OFDM Systems with Chaotic Interleaving and Channel Estimation Algorithms

The efficiency of data transmission over fading channels in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems depends on the employed interleaving method. In this study, we propose an improved chaotic interleaving scheme which aims to improve the performance of OFDM system under fading channel. In the proposed scheme, the binary data is interleaved with chaotic Baker map prior to the modulation process. In the sequel, significant degree of encryption is being added during data transmission. The performance of the proposed approach is tested on the conventional fast Fourier transform OFDM, discrete wavelet transform OFDM, and discrete cosine transform OFDM with and without chaotic interleaving. Furthermore, an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is proposed for improving channel impulse response (CIR) estimation based on a maximum likelihood principle. The proposed scheme makes use of EM algorithm to update the channel estimates until convergence is reached. The simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithms under Rayleigh fading environments where the symbol error rate essentially coincides with that of the perfect channel case after the fifth EM iteration.     

Experimental validation of a constant-envelope OFDM system for optical direct-detection

In this paper, we experimentally investigate a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction technique based on a constant envelope orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CE-OFDM) approach in direct-detection optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM) systems. In comparison to conventional DDO-OFDM, our results show a 6.37 dB performance gain in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM) with a 5 Gb/s DDO-CE-OFDM transmission system over 40 km of uncompensated standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) at an optical injection power of 5 dBm.     

DFT-SOFDM系统的导频辅助信道估计方法

离散傅里叶变换扩频正交频分复用(DTF-SOFDM)技术是未来移动上行链路的候选技术,它的精确信道估计是提高系统通信质量的有效方法。在信道估计方法中,最小均方误差(MMSE)算法虽然具有较高的信道估计精度,但由于涉及到二维变量的求极值和矩阵求逆,故运算复杂度较高。考虑到降低实现的复杂度,我们采用导引符号辅助的、结合快速傅里叶变换(FFT)的二维(时域,频域)线性内插信道估计方案。通过仿真验证了这种方法的可行性。     

Demonstration of performance enhanced pre-spectrum sliced seed light for low-cost seeded WDM–PON architecture

We proposed and demonstrated high efficient pre-spectrum sliced seed lights (PS-SL) for serving low-cost seeded wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM–PON). The PS-SLs reused backward amplified spontaneous emission light which were generated by an Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) to improve output characteristics. The power, flatness and bandwidth of seed signal from the proposed PS-SL were sufficient to serve multiple seeded WDM–PON OLTs. We experimentally demonstrated the feasibility of the PS-SL with multiple seeded WDM–PONs over 20 km transmission. In addition, the PS-SL was tolerated to these ranges of environmental conditions since no data error was observed after 48 h. We anticipated a considerable reduction in the seed light cost per channel for multiple WDM–PONs because the seed light cost was shared by multiple WDM–PON OLTs.     

Video image transmission over mobile satellite channels

This paper addresses the transmission of low bit-rate video image sequences through mobile satellite channels to provide portable communications services to remote areas. The particularly challenging aspects of this transmission channel include (1) rapid fading and log-normal shadowing, (2) low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the noise-limited channel, (3) the satellite's geostationary orbit which incurs a large 250 ms roundtrip propagation delay, (4) limited existing bandwidth near 2 GHz; the video service is to overlay existing Mobile Satellite (MSAT) voice service using a minimum number of 6 kHz (analog bandwidth) channels, and (5) the use of travelling-wave-tube amplifiers which preclude the bandwidth-efficient quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) proposed for terrestrial high-definition TV (HDTV) broadcast. In the proposed concatenated system, the inner codec is compatible with both voice as well as future-oriented error-resilient, scalable video compression schemes. The key issues are the joint design of on-line channel estimation, soft-decision decoding, trellis-coded modulation (TCM), interleaving depths, and error correcting codes. We have shown through end-to-end bit-level simulation, that highly reliable transmission of 24 and 64 kbps video (H.263) can be realized at 15 and 40.5 kBd, respectively, with low delay, power and modest overall system complexity.     

Design of microstrip wide stopband quad-band bandpass filters for multi-service communication systems

This paper presents two planar high performance quad-channel bandpass filters, which are designed based on a novel circular multi-mode resonator. In this paper and for the first time, the proposed resonator is utilized to achieve quad passbands. It consists of diverged feeding lines that are coupled to etched circular cells. The first filter has quite close channels at 2.62, 2.88, 4.34 and 4.67 GHz, which make it appropriate for frequency division duplex (FDD) scheme. Meanwhile, the second filter is designed for WCDMA and WiMAX applications. Both filters are able to attenuate the harmonics up to 19 GHz with a maximum harmonic level of −20 dB. The insertion losses and return losses of both filters at all channels are better than 1.2 dB and 17.5 dB, respectively. The harmonic attenuation method is presented employing a LC equivalent circuit of the proposed resonator. In order to verify the designing methodology, the proposed filters are fabricated and measured where there are good agreements between the simulation and measurement results.     

SAW chirp Fourier transform for MB-OFDM UWB receiver

1 Introduction Multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB- OFDM) ultra wideband (UWB) is a novel multicarrier UWB system that has been proposed as a physical layer for reliable high bit rate and short-range communication network. It uses OFD…     

Demonstration of a WDM/TDM hybrid PON based on a colorless frame-level reach extender

We propose a hybrid passive optical network (PON) consisting of a 2.5 Gb/s reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA)-based 32 channel loopback wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM–PON) and a colorless OEO-based frame-level reach extender (RE). This hybrid PON is designed to support a 128-way split over a 50 km transmission distance per single wavelength channel. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of this design through downstream and upstream packet transmission with a commercial gigabit-capable PON (GPON) product. Even if the colorless frame-level RE uses active devices at the remote node, it is still possible to increase the optical link budget through backward compatibility with existing GPON products. This design also provides wavelength conversion and an upstream burst-to-continuous mode conversion between the WDM–PON and GPON. The proposed hybrid PON can satisfy a packet loss ratio (PLR) of 10^?10 at the downstream and upstream transmission including the use of forward error correction (FEC).     

Influence of the word length and input power on nonlinear crosstalk induced by hybrid optical amplifiers

In this paper, the influence of the word length (WL) of a pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) and the input laser power on nonlinear crosstalk induced by the different hybrid optical amplifiers (HOAs) has been examined. It is found that the crosstalk is strongly dependent on the WL and very sensitive to the relative powers of the input signals at 0.2 nm and 0.4 nm of the channel spacing. It is shown that the proposed hybrid Raman–EDFA induces lesser crosstalk as compared to other HOAs. The performance of Raman–EDFA HOA is also investigated for 16 × 10 Gbps dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) system at 0.2 nm of channel spacing.     

A Radon-Multiwavelet Based OFDM System Design and Simulation Under Different Channel Conditions

Finite Radon transform (FRAT) mapper has the ability to increase orthogonality of sub-carriers, it is non sensitive to channel parameters variations, and has a small constellation energy compared with conventional fast Fourier transform (FFT) based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). It is also able to work as a good interleaver which significantly reduces the bit error rate (BER). Due to its good orthogonality, discrete Multiwavelet transform (DMWT) is attractive for implementation in OFDM systems which reduces inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminates the need for cyclic prefix and increases the spectral efficiency of the design. In this paper both FRAT and DMWT are implemented in a new design for OFDM. The new structure was tested and compared with conventional FFT-based OFDM, Radon-based OFDM, and DMWT-based OFDM for additive white Gaussian noise channel, flat fading channel, and multi-path selective fading channel. Simulation tests were generated for different channels parameters values. The obtained results showed that proposed system has increased spectral efficiency, reduced ISI and ICI, and improved BER performance compared with other systems.     

Stable and wavelength-tunable RSOA- and SOA-based fiber ring laser

In this work, we propose and experimentally investigate a wavelength-tunable fiber ring laser architecture by using the reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) and semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). Here, the wavelength tuning range from 1538.03 to 1561.91 nm can be obtained. The measured output power and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNRs) of the proposed fiber laser are between -0.8 and -2.5 dBm and 59.1 and 61.0 dB/0.06 nm, respectively. The power and wavelength stabilities of the proposed laser are also studied. In addition, the proposed laser can be directly modulated at 2.5 Gbit/s quadrature phase shift keying-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (QPSK-OFDM) signal and 20–50 km single-mode fiber (SMF) transmissions are achieved within the forward error correction (FEC) limit without dispersion compensation. It could be a cost-effective and promising candidate for the standard-reach and extended-reach wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON).     

High speed quantum key distribution system

Quantum key distribution (QKD) systems can generate unconditionally secure common key between remote users. Improvement of QKD performance, particularly on key generation rate, has been required to meet current network traffic. The present paper considers system requirement to improve key generation rate by increasing photon detection rate and reducing error rate. A high-speed QKD system should be equipped with low loss receivers with high visibility, highly efficient photon detectors with small dark count probability, and a stable clock synchronization system with low stray light to the quantum signals. A solution for these issues are given by employing planar lightwave circuit interferometers, single photon detection circuits and modules, and clock synchronization based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique. A QKD system has been developed by combining these techniques. The system working with 625 MHz clock generated sift key at the rate of 2.4 kbps through a 97-km single installed fiber core.