An Efficient Message Authentication Scheme for Vehicular Communications

In this paper, we introduce a novel roadside unit (RSU)-aided message authentication scheme named RAISE, which makes RSUs responsible for verifying the authenticity of messages sent from vehicles and for notifying the results back to vehicles. In addition, RAISE adopts the $k$- anonymity property for preserving user privacy, where a message cannot be associated with a common vehicle. In the case of the absence of an RSU, we further propose a supplementary scheme, where vehicles would cooperatively work to probabilistically verify only a small percentage of these message signatures based on their own computing capacity. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the proposed scheme. It is demonstrated that RAISE yields a much better performance than previously reported counterparts in terms of message loss ratio (LR) and delay.      

车载网中可证安全的无证书聚合签名算法

为了实现车载自组织网络中车辆节点之间信息传输的安全认证,该文设计了一种无证书聚合签名方案。提出的方案采用无证书密码体制,消除了复杂的证书维护成本,同时也解决了密钥托管问题。通过路侧单元生成的假名与周围节点进行通信,实现了车辆用户的条件隐私保护。在随机预言模型下,证明了方案满足自适应选择消息攻击下的存在性不可伪造。然后,分析了方案的实现效率,并模拟实现了车载自组网(VANET)环境中车流密度与消息验证的时间延迟之间的关系。结果表明,该方案满足消息的认证性、匿名性、不可伪造性和可追踪性等性质,并且通信效率高、消息验证的时延短,更适合于动态的车载自组织网络环境。     

Research on batch anonymous authentication scheme for VANET based on bilinear pairing

To solve the problem of efficiency of anonymous authentication in vehicular ad hoc network,a batch anonymous authentication scheme was proposed by using bilinear pairing on elliptic curves .The signature was generated by the roadside unit node (RSU) and the vehicle together.Thus,the burden of VANET certification center was reduced and the authentication efficiency was proved.Meanwhile,the difficulty of the attacker to extract the key was increased.Furthermore,security proofs were given to the scheme in the random oracle model.Analysis shows that the proposed scheme can meet the needs of many kinds of security requirements,the computational overhead is significantly reduced,and the authentication efficiency is improved effectively too.Therefore,the scheme has important theoretical significance and application value under computational capability constrained Internet of things (IoT) environment.     

An improved EAAP scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks

Recently, Maria Azees et al proposed an “EAAP: efficient anonymous authentication with conditional privacy‐preserving scheme for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks.” Their scheme is mainly to solve the problem of high computation time of anonymous certificate and signature authentication, as well as the tracking problem of malicious vehicles. However, some improvements are needed in the protection of anonymous identity and the effective tracking of malicious vehicles. In this paper, our scheme realizes mutual authentication between OBU and RSU, and the RSU is authenticated without using certificate. In order to prevent the anonymous identity of the vehicles from being monitored and tracked, we use the negotiated short‐time key to encrypt the anonymous identity in the vehicle certificates. In addition, our scheme uses a new tracking method for malicious vehicles. Then, we prove the scheme through BAN logic, and it has the properties of authentication, anonymity, unlinkability, privacy protection, and traceability. Finally, we compare the computation cost and communication cost with other schemes, and the scheme has been greatly improved.     

一种可证安全的车联网无证书聚合签名改进方案

车联网(VANETs)是组织车－X(X:车、路、行人及互联网等)之间的无线通信和信息交换的大型网络,是智慧城市重要组成部分。其消息认证算法的安全与效率对车联网至关重要。该文分析王大星等人的VANETs消息认证方案的安全不足,并提出一种改进的可证安全的无证书聚合签名方案。该文方案利用椭圆曲线密码构建了一个改进的安全无证书聚合认证方案。该方案降低了密码运算过程中的复杂性,同时实现条件隐私保护功能。严格安全分析证明该文方案满足VANETs的安全需求。性能分析表明该文方案相比王大星等人方案,较大幅度地降低了消息签名、单一验证以及聚合验证算法的计算开销,同时也减少了通信开销。     

Efficient pairing-based batch anonymous authentication scheme for VANET

To solve the efficiency problem of batch anonymous authentication for vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANET), an improved scheme is proposed by using bilinear pairing on elliptic curves. The signature is jointly generated by roadside unit(RSU) node and vehicle, thus reducing the burden of VANET certification center and improving the authentication efficiency, and making it more difficult for attacker to extract the key. Furthermore, under random oracle model (ROM) security proof is provided. Analyses show that the proposed scheme can defend against many kinds of security problems, such as anonymity, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack, collusion attack, unforgeability, forward security and backward security etc., while the computational overheads are significantly reduced and the authentication efficiency is effectively improved. Therefore, the scheme has great theoretical significance and application value under computational capability constrained internet of things (IoT) environments.     

MLAS: Multiple level authentication scheme for VANETs

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an emerging type of network which enables vehicles on roads to inter-communicate for driving safety. The basic idea is to allow arbitrary vehicles to broadcast ad hoc messages (e.g. traffic accidents) to other vehicles. However, this raises the concern of security and privacy. Messages should be signed and verified before they are trusted while the real identity of vehicles should not be revealed, but traceable by authorized party. Existing solutions either rely too heavily on a tamper-proof hardware device, or do not have an effective message verification scheme. In this paper, we propose a multiple level authentication scheme which still makes use of tamper-proof devices but the strong assumption that a long-term system master secret is preloaded into all tamper-proof devices is removed. Instead the master secret can be updated if needed to increase the security level. On the other hand, messages sent by vehicles are classified into two types – regular messages and urgent messages. Regular messages can be verified by neighboring vehicles by means of Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) while urgent messages can only be verified with the aid of RSUs nearby by means of a conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme. Through extensive simulation, we show that our multiple level authentication scheme is much more efficient that those RSU-aided authentication scheme as long as the proportion of urgent messages is less than 100%. The verification delay required can be up to 110 times smaller than other protocols. Our implementation shows that batch verification may not be as efficient as expected. In case without batch verification, the verification delay required by our scheme can even be up to 173 times smaller.     

新的基于变色龙的车载通信安全与隐私保护

在车载自组网（VANET）中许多服务和应用需要保护数据通信的安全,为提高驾驶的安全性和舒适性,一些与交通状况有关的信息就要被周期性地广播并分享给司机,如果用户的身份和信息没有隐私和安全的保证,攻击者就会通过收集和分析交通信息追踪他们感兴趣的车辆,因此,匿名消息身份验证是VANET中不可或缺的要求。另一方面,当车辆参与纠纷事件时,证书颁发机构能够恢复车辆的真实身份。为解决车载通信这一问题,郭等人在传统方案的基础上提出一种基于椭圆曲线的变色龙散列的隐私保护验证协议。虽然此方案较之前方案具有车辆身份可追踪性和高效率性,但分析表明此方案不满足匿名性。对郭等人的方案进行安全性分析并在此基础上做出改进。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">EIAS-CP:</Emphasis> new efficient identity-based authentication scheme with conditional privacy-preserving for VANETs

In VANETs, vehicles broadcast traffic-related messages periodically according to Dedicated Short Range Communication protocol. To ensure the reliability and integrity of messages, authentication schemes are involved in VANETs. As traffic-related messages are time-sensitive, they must be verified and processed timely, or it may cause inestimable harm to the traffic system. However, the OBUs and the RSUs are limited in computation ability and cannot afford vast messages’ verification. Recently, some identity-based authentication schemes using bilinear pairing have been proposed to improve the efficiency of message verification for VANETs. Nevertheless, the bilinear pairing is not suited for VANETs due to its complex operations. The design of an efficient and secure authentication scheme with low computation cost for VANETs still is a rewarding challenge. To settle this challenge, a new efficient identity-based authentication scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme ensures reliability and integrity of messages and provides conditional privacy-preserving. Compared with the most recent proposed authentication schemes for VANETs, the computation costs of the message signing and verification in the proposed scheme reduce by 88 and 93 % respectively, while security analysis demonstrates that our proposed scheme satisfies all security and privacy requirements for VANETs.     

Efficient and Secure Authentication Scheme with Conditional Privacy-Preserving for VANETs

The goal of authentication scheme for Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is to ensure reliability and integrity of message.Due to the timeliness of traffic-related messages and the highly dynamic nature of VANETs,it still is a challenge to solve the three key issues simultaneously,i.e.security,efficiency and conditional privacy-preserving,on the design of authentication scheme for VANETs.To address this challenge,an efficient Conditional privacy-preserving authentication (CPPA) scheme is proposed in this paper.Compared with the most recent proposed CPPA schemes,our proposed scheme markedly decreases the computation costs of the message-signing phase and the message verification phase,while satisfies all security requirements of VANETs and provides conditional privacy-preserving.     

Efficient and secure message authentication scheme for VANET

A new efficient identity-based message authentication scheme for VANET was proposed. The proposed scheme decreased the complexity of cryptographic operations on signature by using elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC) to construct authentication protocol without bilinear pairing and provided the function of conditional privacy-preserving. Security analysis demonstrated that the proposed scheme satisfies all security and privacy requirements for VANET. Per-formance analysis show that compared with the most recent proposed schemes the proposed scheme decreases the com-putation cost and communication cost.     

智能车载自组织网络中匿名在线注册与安全认证协议

随着智能交通系统(ITS)的建立,车载自组织网络(VANETs)在提高交通安全和效率方面发挥着重要的作用。由于车载自组织网络具有开放性和脆弱性特点,容易遭受各种安全威胁与攻击,这将阻碍其广泛应用。针对当前车载自组织网络传输中数据的认证性与完整性,以及车辆身份的隐私保护需求,该文提出一种智能车载自组织网络中的匿名在线注册与安全认证协议。协议让智能车辆在公开信道以匿名的方式向交通系统可信中心(TA)在线注册。可信中心证实智能车辆的真实身份后,无需搭建安全信道,在开放网络中颁发用于安全认证的签名私钥。车辆可以匿名发送实时交通信息到附近路边基站单元(RSU),并得到有效认证与完整性检测。该协议使得可信中心可以有效追踪因发送伪造信息引起交通事故的匿名车辆。协议可以让路边基站单元同时对多个匿名车辆发送的交通信息进行批量认证。该协议做了详细的安全性分析和性能分析。性能比较结果表明,该协议在智能车辆端的计算开销以及在路边基站单元端的通信开销都具有明显优势,而且无需搭建安全信道就能够实现匿名在线注册,因此可以安全高效地部署在智能车载自组织网络环境。     

基于票据的车联网安全和隐私保护方案

随着车联网的发展,车辆通信将在提高行车安全,驾驶效率和舒适度方面发挥重要作用。车辆将访问多种应用,考虑到现有行车安全应用面临的严峻威胁,加之对用户验证、授权和计费的需求,攻击防护安全对于车载自组网来说尤为重要。在车辆使用基于位置的服务或行车安全服务时,攻击者可能会窃听通信内容,获取用户身份信息和位置隐私。为了提高车载自组织网安全,提出了一种采用分布式车辆公钥基础设施(VPKI)对车辆通信安全、位置隐私和身份匿名进行保护的方案。该方案采用票据为应用服务提供匿名访问控制和认证,并且可以解析和撤销不法车辆身份。最后,通过实验分析方案的效率来证明VPKI的可实施性。     

An Improved RFID Authentication Protocol Based on Group Anonymous Model

Aiming at the security and privacy, and authentication efficiency shortages of existing RFID authentication protocol, an improved scheme is proposed based on Alavi et al.’s protocol. Firstly, in order to resist against replay attack, we add the timestamp generator to the reader side and use hash function to encrypt the reader identification, the random number and timestamp generated by the reader; meanwhile, to solve the data integrity problem in the original scheme, the reader matches the decrypted data with the server side message to ensure that it can detect if the data is tampered with by the attacker. Finally, the improved group anonymous authentication model is used to improve the back-end server’s authentication efficiency. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the improved protocol effectively solves the security problems and reduces the back-end server’s authentication time. In addition, this paper simulates the impact of group number on system privacy level and authentication efficiency through experiments. In practical applications, the group number can be adjusted appropriately according to different privacy and efficiency requirements, so the privacy and authentication efficiency of the system will be well-balanced.     

LPPA: Lightweight privacy‐preservation access authentication scheme for massive devices in fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks

Because of the requirements of stringent latency, high‐connection density, and massive devices concurrent connection, the design of the security and efficient access authentication for massive devices is the key point to guarantee the application security under the future fifth Generation (5G) systems. The current access authentication mechanism proposed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) requires each device to execute the full access authentication process, which can not only incur a lot of protocol attacks but also result in signaling congestion on key nodes in 5G core networks when sea of devices concurrently request to access into the networks. In this paper, we design an efficient and secure privacy‐preservation access authentication scheme for massive devices in 5G wireless networks based on aggregation message authentication code (AMAC) technique. Our proposed scheme can accomplish the access authentication between massive devices and the network at the same time negotiate a distinct secret key between each device and the network. In addition, our proposed scheme can withstand a lot of protocol attacks including interior forgery attacks and DoS attacks and achieve identity privacy protection and group member update without sacrificing the efficiency. The Burrows Abadi Needham (BAN) logic and the formal verification tool: Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) and Security Protocol ANimator for AVISPA (SPAN) are employed to demonstrate the security of our proposed scheme.     

A lightweight identity authentication protocol for vehicular networks

In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), vehicles perform a handover procedure in order to connect to the next RSU. In general, the handover procedure comprises two stages, namely searching for an appropriate road side unit (RSU) to connect to and performing an authentication procedure with the selected RSU. Since the vehicles in a VANET typically have a high mobility, frequent handover operations are required, and thus the transmission delay is inevitably increased. Accordingly, this paper proposes an authentication method designated as LIAP (Lightweight Identity Authentication Protocol) to reduce the handover authentication delay. LIAP employs a DSSP (Dynamic Session Secret Process) method to improve the speed and computational efficiency of the authentication process whilst simultaneously concealing the sensitive information of the vehicle. The security analysis results and performance evaluations show that LIAP not only provides an efficient and confidential authentication capability, but also preserves the robustness of the VANET toward malicious attacks.     

Dual-proxy key-based threshold signature scheme for ship ad-hoc network

In order to solve the problem of message authentication under the conditions of the ship ad-hoc network (SANET),a signature scheme that does not depend on trusted certificate authorities and tamper-proof devices (TPD) was proposed by using the threshold proxy signature scheme and the properties of bilinear pairings.The proposed scheme used the dual-proxy key and the threshold signature mechanism to enable the ship nodes calculate the message signature in polynomial time.Moreover,the security of the scheme was also proved under the random oracle model.The performance analysis results show that the proposed scheme can meet the requirement of strong proxy signature under the premise of guaranteeing correctness,and has lower computational cost and communication cost.     

车联网环境下无证书匿名认证方案

通过信息共享,车联网(IoV)为车辆提供各种应用,以提高道路安全和交通效率.然而,车辆之间的公开通信导致了车辆隐私泄露和各种攻击.因而,安全且保护隐私的信息共享方法是非常必要的,并且对车辆间通信的安全性和保密性提出了更高的要求,所以该文提出了一种支持批量验证的非线性对的无证书匿名认证方案.在该方案中,首先,采用无证书签...     

Privacy‐preserving authentication schemes for vehicular ad hoc networks: a survey

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are expected in improving road safety and traffic conditions, in which security is essential. In VANETs, the authentication of the vehicular access control is a crucial security service for both inter‐vehicle and vehicle–roadside unit communications. Meanwhile, vehicles also have to be prevented from the misuse of the private information and the attacks on their privacy. There is a number of research work focusing on providing the anonymous authentication with preserved privacy in VANETs. In this paper, we specifically provide a survey on the privacy‐preserving authentication (PPA) schemes proposed for VANETs. We investigate and categorize the existing PPA schemes by their key cryptographies for authentication and the mechanisms for privacy preservation. We also provide a comparative study/summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the existing PPA schemes. Lastly, the open issues and future objectives are identified for PPA in VANETs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trust based authentication technique for cluster based vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET)

Since Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are vulnerable to various kinds of attacks, there is a need to fulfill the security requirements like message privacy, integrity, and authentication. The authentication technique is said to be efficient if it detects compromised nodes accurately with less complexity, reduced authentication delay, and keying overhead. In this paper, a trust-based authentication scheme for cluster-based VANETs is proposed. The vehicles are clustered, and the trust degree of each node is estimated. The trust degree is a combination of direct trust degree and indirect trust degree. Based on this estimated trust degree, cluster heads are selected. Then, each vehicle is monitored by a set of verifiers, and the messages are digitally signed by the sender and encrypted using a public/ private key as distributed by a trusted authority and decrypted by the destination. This verifies the identity of sender as well as receiver thus providing authentication to the scheme. By simulation results, we prove that the proposed technique provides high security with less overhead and delay.