新型误差可调弦支穹顶模型加载试验研究

弦支穹顶结构是一种由上层网壳结构和下层索杆体系复合而成的结构体系,上层网壳节点的初始安装偏差是影响结构受力性能的重要因素之一。为此,提出了多向误差可调节点的概念,容许与节点相连的网格杆件在水平方向、竖直方向和杆件轴线方向进行空间三维多向调整,进而能够调节节点空间几何位置。设计了一种针对弦支穹顶结构的多向误差可调节点,并对其进行了分级加载试验,结果表明该节点受力在加载过程中始终处于弹性范围以内,验证了其安全性和可靠性。然后,制作了一跨度为3m的节点误差可调弦支穹顶模型,提出了误差可调节点的安装调节流程,分别对节点位置误差未调整和调整的结构进行了静力加载试验,试验结果表明:误差调整后的结构试验位移值比未调整的小,误差调整后的结构杆件轴力分布较合理,且荷载-位移曲线和荷载-轴力曲线都具有较好的线性关系,结构的受力性能得到了改善。     

基于最小二乘方法的索网反射面形状精度调整

根据大射电望远镜索网主动反射面的变形调整要求,提出了基于最小二乘优化模型的迭代调整方法。优化模型以节点载荷增量为设计变量,追求调整后的节点位置相对于设计抛物面的残量平方和最小。线性化残量函数便可得到调整所需产生的位移场。采用基于弹性悬链线解析表达式的悬索单元建立了索网反射面的力学模型,得到了节点载荷增量与节点位移之间的关系;从而可以根据给定的变形场得到对应的调整力增量。数值算例表明所给调整方法具有很好的收敛速度。     

悬索驱动并联机器人的非线性PD控制研究

基于悬链线方程建立了大跨度悬索的索力与索端位移和索长之间的增量关系,同时推导出机器人末端执行器的位移偏差与悬索作用力增量之间的关系,据此构造出系统的动力学方程。采用李雅普诺夫法先对末端执行器上的合力设计反馈控制器,然后结合系统的动力学方程,构造出以索长调整量为控制输入时的非线性PD控制器。数值算例证明了控制算法的有效性。     

铝合金半刚性椭圆抛物面网壳静力稳定性分析

针对目前铝合金单层网壳结构中节点形式过于单一的局面,该文首先研发出了一种新型铝合金半刚性节点--柱板式节点。获得了柱板式节点绕强轴、弱轴和扭转三个方向的弯矩-转角曲线,并将其引入到网壳杆件单元模型中,建立了半刚性节点工字型杆件椭圆抛物面网壳的数值分析模型。在此基础上,考虑节点强轴刚度、节点弱轴刚度、节点扭转刚度及跨度和矢跨比等参数影响,对半刚性节点高强铝合金椭圆抛物面单层网壳进行了弹塑性全过程分析,得到了各参数对网壳极限承载力的影响规律,并详细地考察了网壳失稳时的变形形态。研究发现:网壳失稳时,网壳中的柱板式节点均处于弹性状态,说明柱板式节点有较好的刚度,网壳的失稳为伴随杆件扭转屈曲的局部失稳。     

带工具头超声变幅杆节点定位偏差问题分析

节点位置是变幅杆设计的关键参数,该位置通常用来设置法兰盘,从而实现变幅杆与其他机构的有效连接。传统解析法通常将变幅杆轴线上位移为零的点作为节点,但在试验中发现,用解析法确定的节点位置往往存在较大的振动位移。在解析法的基础上对带工具头变幅杆进行设计,并借助于有限元软件对变幅杆进行分析研究,研究表明带工具头变幅杆的节点位置存在定位偏差,轮廓线与轴线上节点位置不重合,对频率为35kHz 的变幅杆而言,其轮廓线上节点向变幅杆小端偏移1.5mm。试验现象表明,相对轴线节点,在轮廓上的节点位置来设置法兰盘可降低系统能量耗散,提高系统稳定性。     

三维弹性体移动接触边界元法的一类新方案

基于对二维弹性体移动和滚动接触边界元法的前期研究,将其中的协调离散方案推广到三维问题,提出了针对给定移动方向的三维弹性体移动接触的一种边界元协调离散方案。其中在接触面上的位移和面力都能在边界元离散意义下精确满足,因此能保持边界元法在位移计算、特别是应力计算中高精度的优势。该方案将可能接触区分成大小相等的直角三角形单元,每个直角三角形单元有6个节点,其中3个角节点是固定节点,另外在每条边上有一可动节点。可动节点的位置确定于与其接触的另一面上对应单元的固定节点及其连线的位置。在每一瞬时,每个单元可由可动节点连线分成4个三角形子单元,在每个子单元上边界位移与面力线性分布。文中给出了一些算例来验证所提出算法的有效性和高精度。     

悬索结构的初始平衡构型分析

根据悬索悬链线解析表达式推导出悬索长度与索端拉力之间的关系,从而可对悬索进行精确的力学分析以提高求解精度。结合LT中索网主动反射面给出了一种以优化策略求解悬索结构初始平衡构型的方法,该方法以悬索长度为设计变量,引入相应的约束条件,可以解决已知几何形状与边界条件时索网的内力分布问题。数值算例中以单索为例给出了索网主动反射面分析的详细过程。     

灯具模芯表面磁性抛光工具的设计与改进研究

灯具模芯目前主要采用通用万能工具磨床及其辅助工具来实现灯具模芯曲面的加工，抛物面轮廓基本采用人工抛光，不但效率低而且形状精度也难以保证，产品聚光效果迭不到要求，产品指标难以通过欧美检测标准，制约了我国灯具产品的出口，归根到底其关键因素还是反射罩的设计和加工达不到光学要求。本文针对光滑回转面模芯磁性研抛工具设计的不足进行改进设计。     

灯具模芯表面磁性抛光工具的设计与改进研究

灯具模芯目前主要采用通用万能工具磨床及其辅助工具来实现灯具模芯曲面的加工，抛物面轮廓基本采用人工抛光，不但效率低而且形状精度也难以保证，产品聚光效果迭不到要求，产品指标难以通过欧美检测标准，制约了我国灯具产品的出口，归根到底其关键因素还是反射罩的设计和加工达不到光学要求。本文针对光滑回转面模芯磁性研抛工具设计的不足进行改进设计。     

考虑节点刚度的网壳杆件切线刚度矩阵

本文采用Timoshenko梁柱理论,推导出网壳杆件的切线刚度矩阵。该矩阵不仅考虑了两个主轴方向弯曲的耦合作用。而且考虑了节点刚度以及节点体大小的影响,对于位移的高阶项没有任何省略,其精度比C．Oran的切线刚度矩阵有很大程度的提高。通过对一单层网壳结构的算例分析,证明了该分析模型的正确性。     

Design and optimization of an irradiance profile-shaping system with a genetic algorithm method

We develop a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization method and use it in the design of a refractive-beam profile-shaping system. In this application, we employ the GA to determine the shape of one surface of the primary beam profile-shaping element in our system. The GA is instructed to vary the shape of this surface such that the output intensity profile is flat on a spherical surface some distance away. The GA does this while insuring that only a specified area of the output surface is illuminated. The calculation of the intensity profile is based on geometrical optics and is accomplished exclusively through ray tracing, giving this method broad applicability.     

微操作中三维运动定位的目标识别误差矫正

根据形状差异和广义图像误差对微操作定位精度的影响,给出了形状差异的矫正算法。 基于光照度影响图像亮度的事实,导出了矫正广义图像误差的识别调节系数。使用精度±2m操作手控制运动,视觉模型的定位精度在5%左右。通过误差矫正,精度可以继续得到提高,提高的程度与识别调节系数的大小有关,而识别调节比达到初始调节比的60%-80%为宜。     

Uncertainty of Cesium-Beam Time Standards Due to Beam Asymmetry

As a consequence of the spatial phase distribution in the resonators of cesium-beam time and frequency standards, the generated frequency depends on the specific path of the atomic beam. A change of the position of the atomic beam source may result in a beam displacement normal to the beam direction. For a deflection system consisting of a combination of quadrupole and hexapole magnets for two-dimensional beam deflection, the displacement of the center of mass of the beam resulting from a misalignment of the beam source is computed. To this end, the distribution of the beam intensity on the collector is first determined. It is shown that for the cesium-beam time and frequency standard CSI of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PIB), the uncertainty of the position of the center of mass of the beam entails a contribution to the uncertainty of the standard of less than 1 X 10-15. The amount of the displacement of the center of mass of the beam can be determined from the decrease of the beam flux on the collector caused by an adjustment of the beam source.     

基于自适应伸缩因子的变论域模糊PID振动控制方法

针对传统变论域模糊PID控制算法(VUFP)伸缩因子无法自适应调整的问题,建立了基于自适应伸缩因子的变论域模糊PID振动控制方法,从而进一步提升振动控制效果。在传统VUFP算法的基础上,将系统误差及误差变化率作为输入,伸缩因子参数作为输出,提出了伸缩因子自适应调整函数;从非零性、对偶性、单调性、正规性、协调性入手,通过理论证明了所提自适应调整函数的合理性;基于VUFP算法,利用系统误差及误差变化率实现了自适应调整函数参数的实时自适应调整,从而避免了VUFP算法中伸缩因子缺乏模糊规则导致控制效果降低的问题。3层框架理论模型和实验结构的振动控制结果表明:所提控制方法能实现函数型伸缩因子参数的自适应调整,针对框架结构加速度、速度及位移的控制效果均优于PID和VUFP控制算法,为建筑结构振动控制提供了一种新的控制算法。     

全视场外差白光干涉测量技术

为了解决传统白光干涉测量技术中对线性位移机构的位移精度要求过高的问题,本文提出了一种全视场外差白光干涉测量技术。该技术主要通过使用存在差频的白光干涉信号作为光源来实现在大扫描步长和低扫描精度条件下相干峰位置的高精度检测。本文首先建立了白光外差干涉的数学模型,再根据数学模型提供的光强信号特性提出了整体系统设计方案,然后对测量方案的可行性进行了实验验证。最后针对多种误差对算法计算精度的影响进行了理论分析和数据对比。误差分析的结果表明:白光外差干涉测量技术提供更高的测量精度和更好的抗干扰性能,有效地降低了传统白光干涉测量对线性位移机构精度的严苛依赖,为光学自由曲面检测技术提供了更多的可选解决方案。     

Fabrication and shape detection of a catheter using fiber Bragg grating

Considering the spatial position and shape detection properties of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) curve sensor used in the human body, the positioning accuracy of the FBG curve sensor plays a major role in the pre-diagnosis and treatment of diseases. We present a new type of shape-sensing catheter (diameter of 2.0 mm and length of 810 mm) that is integrated with an array of four optical fibers, where each contains five nodes, to track the shape. Firstly, the distribution of the four orthogonal fiber gratings is wound around a nitinol wire using novel packaging technology, and the spatial curve shape is rebuilt based on the positioning of discrete points in space. An experimental platform is built, and then a reconstruction algorithm for coordinate point fitting of the Frenet frame is used to perform the reconstruction experiment on millimeter paper. The results show that, compared with those in previous studies, in 2D test, the maximum relative error for the end position is reduced to 2.74%, and in 3D reconstruction experiment, the maximum shape error is 3.43%, which verifies both the applicability of the sensor and the feasibility of the proposed method. The results reported here will provide an academic foundation and the key technologies required for navigation and positioning of noninvasive and minimally invasive surgical robots, intelligent structural health detection, and search and rescue operations in debris.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40436-019-00284-z.pdf     

Generation of uniform light by use of diode lasers and a truncated paraboloid with a Lambertian scatterer

Uniform illumination was generated by use of a large number of diode laser emitters and a single nonimaging paraboloid with a Lambertian scatterer in the truncation plane. Laser light traverses a path toward the Lambertian surface and back by total internal reflection. An overall efficiency of 69% was demonstrated. Improvements that would increase the efficiency to more than 85% are suggested. The illuminated area is circular, with 14-mm diameter. The spatial nonuniformity of the beam profile is less than +/- 2%.     

Testing aspheric surfaces: simple method with a circular stop

As an extension of the knife-edge test, a noninterferometric method for inspecting circularly symmetric aspheres is proposed in which the test surface is illuminated by a spherical wave. When a small circular stop is placed around the curvature center of the best-fitting sphere, only rays characteristic for the deviation from a perfect sphere remain unobstructed. An image of the tested surface is thereby obtained, showing light and dark regions whose boundaries are correlated to the surface profile, the stop size, and the stop position along the symmetry axis. The experiment has been carried out with a paraboloid.     

Electrical simulation of contact stresses for an eccentrically loaded paraboloid of rotation entering an elastic half-space

A method is proposed for solving three-dimensional contact problems by electrical simulation. There is an analogy between the equations describing the reactive-pressure distribution over the contact area and the charge at the surface of a current-carrying plate. A method is given for determining the indentation by a nonplanar plunger driven by an eccentric load and entering an elastic half-space, for which a special electrical simulator is used. This device is briefly described. The error of the method is estimated. A detailed example is considered for a plunger in the form of a second-degree paraboloid of rotation. The inclination of the plunger affects the reactive-pressure distribution on the contact area. Pressure patterns are given for several angles of inclination.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 57–60, January, 1992.