某三层PE埋地钢管管体的腐蚀原因

通过管体外观检查、土壤环境测试、阴极保护与交直流干扰检测、腐蚀产物分析等方法,对某埋地钢管3PE防腐蚀层缺陷处管体的腐蚀情况及其成因进行了分析。结果表明:防腐蚀层缺陷处管体的腐蚀形貌与交流腐蚀类似,且该管线与电气化铁路交叉穿越,腐蚀点处最大交流电流密度达到100A/m2,发生交流腐蚀的可能性较大。     

埋地金属管道交流干扰腐蚀

建立了埋地金属管道交流干扰腐蚀模拟试验装置,研究了交流电流密度对交流腐蚀行为的影响。利用失重法测试了腐蚀速率,采用体式显微镜观察了试样表面腐蚀产物的沉积,用扫描电镜观察了腐蚀产物的微观形貌,并监测了交流电流随时间的变化。结果表明,利用电阻耦合的方式施加交流干扰,腐蚀的严重程度与交流电流密度直接相关;如果不对交流电源的输出进行调节,交流电流密度会随着致密腐蚀产物的沉积而显著降低;腐蚀产物特性对交流腐蚀严重程度有较大影响。     

埋地钢质管道交流干扰测试与评价

高压交流输电线路及交流电气化铁路对与其临近铺设的埋地钢质管道会引起交流干扰,产生交流腐蚀,并对阴极保护系统的安全运行带来不利影响。因此,埋地钢质管道中交流干扰的检测与评估是必要的。国内外对于埋地金属管道受交流干扰的测试与分析,主要围绕交流干扰电压、交流电流密度、腐蚀速率等参数的测试来开展。在交流干扰及阴极保护有效性评价方面,国外以交流电流密度及交/直流电流密度比为主要参量。本工作通过对交流干扰下的管地电位信号时频特征研究,得出管地电位信号时频特征与交流干扰源频率存在一致性,为检测和判定埋地钢质管道上的交流干扰提供了一定的依据。     

核电厂埋地管道的外腐蚀检测与评价

核电厂埋地管道承担工业介质的输送,采用防腐蚀层和阴极保护联合防护措施来减缓土壤腐蚀。随着埋地管道服役年限增长,管道腐蚀失效风险递增。对某核电厂埋地管道沿线土壤腐蚀性、杂散电流干扰、防腐层缺陷及绝缘电阻、阴极保护电位、管体缺陷开展了检测,并进行了探坑开挖验证,首次对核电厂全厂埋地管道外腐蚀状态进行综合评价,评价结果表明该电厂埋地管道外腐蚀状况可控,大部分管段阴极保护有效,局部管段阴极保护欠保护,并提出了埋地管道的防腐蚀措施和建议,为核电厂运行许可证延寿的申请提供技术支撑,同时也为其他核电厂埋地管道全寿期老化管理提供参考。     

埋地钢质管道交流干扰腐蚀影响因素实验分析

参照埋地管道服役环境,搭建钢质管道交流干扰腐蚀实验平台。采用腐蚀试片失重法,测试钢质管道在土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀速率,研究交流杂散电流干扰环境下杂散电流大小、土壤电导率以及土壤酸碱度对钢质管道腐蚀速率的影响。实验结果表明:杂散电流对钢质管道的腐蚀速率影响最大,土壤酸碱度和土壤电导率对钢质管道的腐蚀速率影响规律复杂。     

高铁动态交流干扰下管道钢的腐蚀行为试验研究

利用电化学测试、表面分析及失重分析技术,研究了模拟高铁动态交流干扰下管道钢的腐蚀行为和规律及阴极保护的有效性.结果 表明,动态交流干扰下,阴极保护电位向负方向偏移,交流干扰增大管道的阴极保护电流密度;动态交流干扰下,随干扰水平增加,管道钢腐蚀程度增加,点蚀坑明显加深.阴极保护明显减缓交流干扰试样的腐蚀程度,腐蚀速率降为...     

漏磁场对鹰潭土壤模拟液中管线钢交流腐蚀行为的影响

目的 探究管体磁化产生的磁场对油气管道交流杂散电流腐蚀行为的影响。方法 采用自行设计试验装置模拟管道真实漏磁场,以开路电位、高频电位测量、动电位极化、电化学阻抗谱、表面分析技术及失重法,研究了鹰潭土壤模拟液中磁化和未磁化的X52管线钢试样交流腐蚀行为的差异。结果 磁化管体的磁场使交流腐蚀电位先负移后正移,交流幅值电位增大,极化电流增加,反应界面电容减小,法拉第电阻增大,交流平均腐蚀速率增大,对腐蚀产物形貌有一定影响,但对腐蚀形貌基本无影响。磁场作用机理分析表明,磁场产生的洛伦磁力驱动反应界面附近腐蚀介质运动而增加反应粒子的扩散速率及减小界面扩散层厚度,从而增大交流腐蚀速率。磁场梯度力在一定程度上抑制了阳极反应,促进了阴极反应。结论 漏磁场使管线钢交流杂散电流腐蚀速率大幅提升,但是不改变其均匀腐蚀的形貌,应提高开展过漏磁内检测的油气管道交流杂散电流评价标准。     

用试片断电法测量埋地管道的断电电位和去极化过程

采用试片断电法测量管道的断电电位来评价埋地管道的阴极保护效果。在室内建立了一个埋地管道外加电流阴极保护系统,用试片断电法测量了管道缺陷处的断电电位和去极化过程,并对测量结果进行分析。结果表明,断电电位应在断电后50～100ms之间读取,按此测量试片去极化过程中形成的电位差值,该值与100mV的比较结果可以判断阴极保护效果。     

埋地管道腐蚀的快速测量法

评价阴极保护系统的有效性是非常重要的，通常推荐用地下构筑物对地的极化电位为-850mV(Cu／CuSO4)来判定。但在某些情况下，常规的断电电位测量是不可能或不准确的。用腐蚀试片可解决简单断电电位测量问题，但所有这些方法只能用断电电位测量阴极保护的有效性，不能测定阴极保护构筑物的真实腐蚀速率。本文介绍一种能直接测量土壤中腐蚀速率的埋地腐蚀电极。该腐蚀电极被固定在管道附近，通过阴极保护断开和接通循环，周期性与管道的阴极保护系统连接，可以高分辨率、高精度地测量土壤腐蚀性，并由阴极保护系统的有效性来控制。     

阴极保护对Q235钢在兰州土壤中耐腐蚀性的影响

采用失重、SEM及XRD法,研究了阴极保护对Q235钢在兰州土壤中埋片4年后耐腐蚀性的影响.结果表明,施加阴极保护后Q235钢的耐蚀性远高于无阴极保护,有阴极保护时试片表面仅发生了较轻微的腐蚀,无阴极保护时Q235钢表面发生了明显的不均匀全面腐蚀和出现了大量的点蚀坑群;腐蚀产物的锈层主要由CaCO3和SiO2(表层)、Fe2O3和FeOOH(中间层)和Fe3O4(内层)组成,Q235钢的耐蚀性及腐蚀形态与钢表面生成的腐蚀产物膜的完整性和致密性有关;Q235钢在现场埋片过程中的阴极反应为氧的去极化反应;土壤中的含水量、C(1)-和CO32-对Q235钢的腐蚀起主导作用.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.