丝光沸石硅铝比对骨架脱硅衍生介孔结构的影响

用水热合成和铵交换法制备系列氢型丝光沸石(H-MOR),通过水热碱蚀与碱溶滤联合处理对H-MOR样品进行选择性脱硅和介孔改性.研究H-MOR骨架Si/Al比对改性沸石的介孔结构、酸性和水热稳定性的影响.N2吸附结果表明,碱处理沸石的介孔率随H-MOR硅铝比减少而增加;典型样品(n(Si) /n(Al) 9.43)具有附加介孔结构,介孔体积可达0.082 cm3/g,最可几孔径为4.6 nm;SEM观察显示,改性沸石的介孔结构源于脱硅产生的结构缺陷,晶内介孔呈无序分布;ICP和EDX分析证实,联合碱处理促进H-MOR晶体选择性脱硅(脱硅率均大于93.1％);水热稳定性和NH3-TPD数据表明,介孔改性丝光沸石较好地保持了前体的结晶性和水热稳定性,其酸性与对应H-MOR沸石相匹配.骨架硅铝比影响改性MOR沸石的介孔率,但与沸石脱硅率无相关性.     

MFI型金属硅酸盐合成、介孔改性与骨架原子脱除行为

采用无机原料合成高硅沸石ZSM-5、FeMFI、TS-1和超高硅SH-ZSM-5(摩尔比Si/Al=402.4),通过骨架Si、金属原子(M=Al、Fe、Ti)抽提对系列H-MFI沸石进行介孔改性.借助XRD、FT-IR、UV-vis、77 K N2吸附-脱附和SEM/EDX技术,研究沸石晶体结构、金属原子嵌入率、介孔率及骨架Si、M脱除行为.结果表明,与前体相比改性沸石Si/M摩尔比降低,高选择性脱硅沸石具有多级微、介孔结构和较高织构介孔率.引入附加介孔使BET比表面积和总孔体积显著增加.同构沸石介孔形成受骨架电荷密度、嵌入金属原子种类、晶体形貌与尺度等因素的影响.骨架原子脱除效率按ZSM-5、FeMFI、TS-1次序递减.聚集态TS-1、SH-ZSM-5因过度脱硅导致相对产率和介孔生成效率下降.     

MFI型硅铁沸石水热合成、介孔改性与结构表征

采用无机铁、硅原料合成不同组成的MFI型硅铁沸石。通过碱酸处理对质子化硅铁沸石进行介孔改性。用X射线衍射、Fourier变换红外光谱、紫外–可见光谱、N_2吸附、扫描电子显微镜和能量色散X射线谱表征沸石的晶体和孔结构性质,探究骨架Si/Fe摩尔比与晶内介孔率和Si、Fe脱除行为的关系。结果表明:合成的硅铁酸盐是结晶性好的Fe~(3+)同构取代MFI型沸石;系列改性硅铁沸石具有较高的结晶度保留率、脱硅选择性、介孔率及二级介孔分布特征。骨架Si/Fe比是影响沸石选择性脱硅和介孔形成的关键因素。起始Si/Fe比为60~120的改性沸石具有更高的介孔率及Si、Fe脱除效率。     

水热碱蚀与碱溶滤联合处理制备介孔丝光沸石

以硅酸钠溶胶和铝酸钠为硅、铝源,采用水热合成和离子交换法制备了质子型丝光沸石(H-MOR)。研究水热碱蚀与碱溶滤联合处理对H-MOR改性样品的介孔结构、晶体形貌、组成及酸性质的影响。结果表明:用初始浸渍液对H-MOR进行水热碱蚀,H-MOR骨架脱硅选择性高,晶体含有均一的筛状介孔;水热碱蚀与一次碱溶滤处理的样品具有尺度分布较窄的槽形介孔,沸石骨架硅铝比降低而介孔率增加;再度进行碱溶滤处理,沸石的最可几介孔尺寸和累计介孔体积进一步增大,而残留抽出物(无定形SiO2–Al2O3)的硅铝比为生成介孔丝光沸石晶相的5倍以上。联合碱处理的丝光沸石样品具有骨架脱硅选择性和介孔率高、介孔分布(4.4~5.7nm)可控的特性,其结晶度、固有微孔结构和酸性质退化程度较低。     

不同硅铝比Al-MCM-41介孔分子筛的表征及催化合成氯乙酸正辛酯

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵( CTAB)为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,乙二胺为碱性介质,当n(TEOS)∶n( NaAl02)∶n(CTAB)∶n(H2NCH2CH2NH2)∶n(H2O)=1∶x∶0.12∶ 3.5∶130,其中x=0.1,0.033,0.02,0.01,0.006 7时,水热法合成了Al - MCM - 41介孔分子筛.通过XRD,N2吸附-脱附,NH3 - TPD和TEM等手段对不同硅铝比(n(Si)/n(Al))的Al - MCM -41介孔分子筛进行了表征.结果表明,当n(Si)/n( Al)由150减小至30时,Al - MCM -41介孔分子筛仍具有典型的六方介孔结构特征,但当n( Si)/n(Al)=10时,样品结构有序性下降.Al - MCM - 41介孔分子筛酸量随着n( Si)/n( Al)减小而增大.将Al - MCM - 41介孔分子筛用于催化合成氯乙酸正辛酯,相同反应条件下,n( Si) /n( Al) =30的Al - MCM - 41介孔分子筛为催化剂时酯化率最高,由此表明,Al - MCM - 41介孔分子筛作为催化剂,反应酯化率不仅取决于样品酸量,也与其晶体结构相关.当Al - MCM - 41介孔分子筛用量为氯乙酸质量的3％,反应温度为120～140℃,n(氯乙酸)∶n(正辛醇)=1∶1.2时,酯化率可达94.34％.     

低硅铝比EU-1沸石的合成与表征

对合成低硅铝比n(Si O2)/n(Al2O3)EU-1沸石过程中的硅源、晶化时间以及硅铝比进行了研究,研究结果表明:硅源选择硅溶胶最合适,硅铝比可以低到20,硅铝比为20的EU-1沸石的晶化时间为65 h即可,延长晶化时间对产品没有太大影响。以标准的EU-1沸石作为参考,对合成的硅铝比为20的EU-1沸石做了X-射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和低温N2吸附-脱附等表征,结果表明:该法合成的硅铝比为20的EU-1沸石具有较好的结晶度,晶体形貌规整,具有适中的比表面积,孔结构发达,微孔和介孔分布比较均一。     

丝光沸石骨架脱硅与介孔改性研究

采用碱溶和酸洗过程对合成的MOR沸石进行骨架脱硅与介孔改性。结果表明,碱溶-酸洗联合处理促进 MOR 骨架选择性脱硅和晶内介孔的形成;脱硅沸石的相对结晶度和产率随介孔率的增加呈下降趋势。辅以酸洗可调整碱处理沸石的硅铝比,改进其酸强度分布和介孔率。     

Beta分子筛改性技术的研究

考察了酸洗、水热处理温度及次数等改性工艺条件对Beta分子筛性质的影响规律,结果表明:Beta分子筛的改性工艺为80℃酸洗2h,650℃水热处理1h。在优化的改性工艺条件下对不同n(SiO_2)∶n(Al_2O_3)(以下简称硅铝比)的Beta分子筛进行了改性研究:改性后Beta分子筛的硅铝比随着Beta分子筛原料硅铝比的增加而增加,相对结晶度受起始原料的影响很小;随着硅铝比的提高,Beta分子筛的表面总酸量均降低;Beta分子筛的硅铝比越大,比表面积越大,孔体积也越大。     

蒸汽相体系下低硅沸石DFT和GIS的合成

采用蒸汽相合成法,在F-作为矿化剂以及乙二胺作为液相的条件下,合成出低硅沸石DFT和GIS。重点考察了氢氟酸(HF)用量和硅铝比(n(Si O2)/n(Al2O3))对低硅沸石DFT和GIS合成的影响,其较佳固相凝胶组成分别为:n(HF)∶n(Si O2)∶n(Al2O3)∶n(H2O)=0.5∶1.0∶0.5∶5.0,n(HF)∶n(Si O2)∶n(Al2O3)∶n(H2O)=2.5∶1.0∶0.5∶5.0。元素分析和热重结果表明,双质子化的乙二胺起到平衡骨架负电荷的作用,结构导向合成出低硅沸石DFT和GIS。HF的用量对合成产物物相有明显影响,少量的HF有利于合成低硅沸石DFT,增加HF的用量则导致低硅沸石GIS的生成。     

用富含介孔的硅基材料合成微孔-介孔复合分子筛

以富含介孔的硅基材料为硅源,四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,NaAlO2为铝源,调节投料硅铝的摩尔比(n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)),通过半固相原位合成法,制备了具有不同晶型的微孔-介孔复合分子筛。采用X射线衍射仪分析样品组成,扫描电镜观测样品晶体形态,使用容量吸附分析仪测量样品孔结构。结果表明,所得样品具有微孔-介孔复合结构,在较低硅铝摩尔比条件下(n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=20~50),产物主要为β微孔-介孔复合分子筛;硅铝摩尔比较高时(n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)200),合成产物为ZSM-5微孔-介孔复合分子筛。     

Exploring suitable ZSM-5/MCM-41 zeolites for catalytic cracking of n-dodecane: Effect of initial particle size and Si/Al ratio

In this study, various ZSM-5/MCM-41 micro/mesoporous zeolite composites have been prepared by alkalidesilication and surfactant-directed recrystallization of ZSM-5. The effects of particle size and Si/Al ratio of initial ZSM-5 zeolites on the structure and catalytic performance of ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites are studied. The results of XRD, TEM N₂-adsorption-desorption, NH₃-TPD and in situ FT-IR revealed that ordered hexagonal MCM-41 mesopores with 3-4 nm pore size were formed around ZSM-5 crystals, and the specific surface area and mesopore volume of composites increased with increasing the Si/Al ratio of initial ZSM-5. Catalytic cracking of n-dodecane (550 ℃, 4 MPa) showed that the ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites obtained from the high Si/Al ratio and nano-sized initial ZSM-5 zeolites exhibited superior catalytic performance, with the improvement higher than 87% in the catalytic activities and 21% in the deactivation rate compared with untreated zeolites. This could be ascribed to their suitable pore structure, which enhanced the diffusion of reactant molecules in pores of catalysts.     

沸石孔结构对植物油催化裂化性能的影响

制备出硅铝比相近但介孔体积逐渐增加的超稳Y（USY）沸石，进而制备成微球状催化剂。本文在固定流化床装置上，考察了两种植物油的催化裂化性能。小桐子油的评价结果表明，催化剂中USY沸石的介孔体积越大，汽柴油收率越高；汽油族组成中烯烃收率越高，芳烃收率越低，汽油辛烷值和抗爆指数也越低；采用铵交换和水热改性制备介孔体积为0.142cm³/g的USY沸石催化剂的裂化产物中，汽柴油总收率为62.21%（质量分数），焦炭收率最低，汽油研究法辛烷值达到90.5；大豆油的催化裂化反应规律与小桐子油的一致，中等介孔催化剂裂化得到的汽油研究法辛烷值达到92.2。研究结果表明，采用催化裂化工艺，利用适当介孔的USY沸石催化剂，可以将植物油高效转化为车用轻质燃料，并且得到高辛烷值的汽油。     

气相低浓度甲苯在超稳Y分子筛的吸附-脱附性能

为提高Y分子筛对可挥发性有机废气的选择性吸附能力,采用高温水热处理技术对NaY分子筛进行骨架脱铝制备超稳Y分子筛(USY),并在固定床反应器中考察了USY在水汽存在下动态吸附低浓度甲苯的性能。结果表明,随着USY分子筛骨架Si/Al比的增加,虽然其微孔孔体积和比表面积发生了下降,但形成了较多的中孔结构。并且骨架硅含量增加后,USY对非极性的甲苯分子选择性吸附能力明显增加,当Si/Al为22左右,在相对湿度50%下,单位面积甲苯吸附量要比水吸附量大5.6倍。热重脱附研究表明,经过改性后,甲苯脱附温度可从NaY的300℃下降到超稳Y分子筛的160℃,具有优良的热再生性能。     

Synthesis and characterization of LTA zeolite with uniform intracrystal mesopores directed by bridged polysilsesquioxane monomer

An ordered mesoporous LTA zeolites (MLTA) have been synthesized in presence of the bridged polysilsesquioxane monomer (BS-1) as mesoporogen. The relatively well-defined small-angle X-ray diffraction peaks and nitrogen sorption isotherms with narrow pore size distribution centered at around 2.2 nm both indicated the presence of uniformly mesopores in MLTA samples. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations further confirmed that the uniform and partially interconnected intracrystal mesopores were randomly distributed throughout the globular particles with rugged surfaces. Interestingly, removal of the BS-1 resulted in uniform mesopore diameters that are nearly consistent with the molecular size of BS-1 (1.8 nm). ²⁹Si MAS NMR revealed that the BS-1 was linked to MLTA zeolite crystal surface through 2 Si–O bonds and 3 Si–O bonds before calcinations. Nitrogen sorption analysis showed that the mesoporosity in MLTA samples could be adjusted by adding different amounts of BS-1 in starting gels. Relative to conventional mesoporous materials, one obvious feature of MLTA is that the resultant mesopores were structured by the bridged polysilsesquioxane monomer instead of commercial polymers or micelles, which broad the routes in synthesizing of various mesoporous materials with controllable pore size distribution, adjustable mesopore volume, and large surface area.     

Mesoporous beta zeolite obtained by desilication

Zeolite beta crystals (Si/Al = 35) synthesized in fluoride medium were treated in aqueous 0.2 M NaOH solution for mesopore formation by selective extraction of framework silicon. A 16 parallel-batch reactor was used to study the influence of the treatment time and temperature on the physico-chemical properties of the zeolites, which were characterized by ICP-OES, XRD, N₂ adsorption at 77 K, SEM, TEM, DRIFTS, and in situ ATR-IR. Alkaline treatment of H-beta within the optimal window of Si/Al ratios identified for other zeolite families leads to extensive silicon extraction at mild treatment conditions. This originates substantial mesoporosity and presumably improved transport, but negatively impacts on the microporous and acidic properties of the resulting sample. Consequently, the alkaline-treated beta zeolites show lower catalytic activity in the acid-catalyzed liquid-phase benzene alkylation than the purely microporous parent material. The relatively low stability of framework aluminum in BEA, compared to MFI and MOR, is detrimental for the controlled mesopore formation by Si dissolution, since aluminum cannot optimally exert its pore-directing role.     

Production of Propylene from Ethanol Over ZSM-5 Zeolites

In this work, we studied the conversion of ethanol to propylene over ZSM-5 zeolites. The catalytic performance of H-ZSM-5 (Si/Al₂ = 30, 80, and 280) and ZSM-5 (Si/Al₂ = 80) modified with various metals was investigated. H-ZSM-5(Si/Al₂ = 80) afforded high propylene yield, which indicates that a moderate surface acidity favored propylene production. Zr-modified ZSM-5(80) gave the highest yield (32%) of propylene at 773 K. Furthermore, the catalytic stability of the zeolite was improved by the modification of zirconium. The surface acidity and the presence of metal ions played important roles on the production of propylene.     

Aromatic Transformations Over Mesoporous ZSM-5: Advantages and Disadvantages

Catalytic behavior of mesoporous ZSM-5 was investigated in toluene disproportionation, toluene alkylation with isopropyl alcohol, and p-xylene alkylation with isopropyl alcohol to understand the effect of the presence of mesopores. Three ZSM-5 zeolites (conventional one and two mesoporous differing in the mesopore volume) having similar Si/Al ratio were synthesized and characterized as for their acidity (internal and external) as well as their micropore/mesopore volume. No substantial differences among three samples were observed as for the type and concentration of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites as well as their location in zeolite channels or on external surface of zeolite crystals. Conversions of toluene and p-xylene increased with increasing volume of mesopores in ZSM-5 zeolite while the selectivity to individual products depended on the type of reaction. In general, selectivity to sum of xylenes in toluene disproportionation, sum of isopropyltoluenes in toluene alkylation and to 1-isopropyl-2,5-dimethylbenzene in p-xylene alkylation increased due to a shorter contact time molecules spent in mesoporous ZSM-5 catalysts. In contrast, para-selectivity decreased as diffusion pathways were shorten due to the presence of mesopores.     

超稳Y型分子筛的骨架硅铝比对甘油气相脱水反应的影响

以铵交换和高温水热处理法制备了不同硅铝比的超稳Y型分子筛（USY）,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、氮气吸附脱附和吡啶红外等技术对USY进行了表征。以USY为催化剂,考察了USY的骨架硅铝比对气相甘油脱水制丙烯醛的影响。X射线衍射和扫描电镜结果表明,铵交换和高温水热处理只是提高USY的硅铝比,相对结晶度略有降低,而对Y型分子筛的结构和形貌没有影响。氮气吸附-脱附和吡啶红外结果表明,随USY骨架SiO₂/Al₂O₃比提高,总酸量和B酸酸量逐渐降低,L酸酸量有所增多,介孔孔体积和平均孔径有所增大。气相甘油脱水反应结果表明,催化剂织构性质对甘油转化率和丙烯醛选择性的影响大于酸性的影响,因而SiO₂/Al₂O₃比为29的USY催化剂的反应性能最好,甘油转化率和丙烯醛收率分别达到了84.5%和51.8%。     

具有介孔结构丝光沸石的合成与表征

基于丝光沸石骨架结构固有的晶体缺陷特征,提出诱导晶体结构缺陷和由结构缺陷衍生晶内介孔的研究方案。采用三元有机超分子胶束模板剂和两段变温晶化水热法,制备出丝光沸石基多级介孔材料。通过粉末X射线衍射、77K氮吸附–脱附、场发射透射电子显微镜、氨程序升温脱附对合成的介孔材料的晶相、形貌、介孔特征和水热稳定性进行了表征。结果表明：所合成的典型丝光沸石具有较高的相对结晶度,介孔比表面积和介孔体积分别为152.7m2/g和0.163 cm3/g;晶体内介孔在3～50 nm区间呈多级分布;其酸性质与微孔丝光沸石相匹配;水热稳定性较有序介孔材料MCM-41有显著提高。与聚集态纳米沸石组装介孔材料不同,合成的介孔丝光沸石晶体表面上介孔排布密度和尺寸分布缺乏均一性,故而由体相结构缺陷诱导形成的附加介孔呈显著无序状态。