High Power Klystrons

This paper will review the evolution of high power klystrons and their applications in supplying rf energy for linear accelerators. Other types of possible rf sources were considered for SLAC, and the reasons for the selection of klystrons will be given. A brief review of klystron types in use for various accelerators will also be given, but the emphasis will be on the work done by Stanford and its subcontractors in developing klystrons capable of achieving peak powers in excess of 20 MW and average powers of 20 kW for use with the two-mile Stanford linear accelerator.     

高温高压高CO_2环境中橡胶O型圈的腐蚀损伤实验研究

以氢化丁腈橡胶O型密封圈为对象,模拟橡胶密封件的工作环境,在压力25 MPa、温度120℃、实验周期168 h、气相组成5 vol%CO2、95 vol%N2的条件下,进行O型密封圈高温高压腐蚀实验。从材质、结构、组分、物理性能和断口形貌几方面对其进行实验前后的对比分析,研究橡胶密封件在高温高压高含CO2环境中的腐蚀损伤行为。实验结果显示:橡胶O型圈腐蚀后物理性能下降,且承压状态下的腐蚀损伤程度比自由状态下弱,应以承压状态下的分析结果作为橡胶密封制品应用时的主导参考;橡胶材料腐蚀后其分子结构和填料会受到破坏,造成橡胶材料性能下降;未服役的橡胶O型圈的拉伸断口多为韧性断口,而橡胶材料在服役时发生腐蚀老化,腐蚀后的拉伸断口多为脆性断口。     

高稳定性高可靠性耐辐照新型热电偶

新研制的镍铬硅/镍硅镁热电偶合金及其铠装热电偶具有高稳定性、高可靠性及良好的耐辐照性能。它的性能远优于常规的镍铬/镍铝(K 型)热电偶,某些性能也优于 Nicrosil/Nisil(N 型)热电偶。这种新型热电偶合金及其铠装热电偶可在要求高精确度的科研部门及要求高可靠性的核的或非核的工业部门中应用。     

快速强流光电管线性电流的提高

本文对影响平板型光电管线性电流的主要因素进行了分析,指出了提高管子耐压是提高线性电流的关键问题,并对光电管线性电流进行了理论计算。经过实验,采取措施,普遍提高了光电管的耐压,在1.5kV下,最大线性电流可达14.8A,实测值与理论值能较好地符合。在3kV下,可达20A以上。     

高速高精度模数变换器的动态测试

利用数字信号处理技术，研制了一个基于ＰＣ的ＡＤＣ动态测试系统，可对高速高精度ＡＤＣ的主要动态特性进行测试。本文介绍了测试方法，系统组成和为适应高精度高速度ＡＤＣ测试采取的措施。     

High Energy Electron Accelerators

The Cambridge Electron Accelerator is now in full-scale operation for research at energies up to 6 Bev, five times higher than earlier electron accelerators. The machine, a synchrotron, uses a ring of 48 alternating gradient magnets in a circle 236 feet in diameter. Electrons are accelerated by RF fields produced in a set of sixteen resonant cavities spaced around the orbit. The frequency used is 476 Mc/s, the 360th harmonic of the orbital frequency. Injection of 30-Mev electrons is accomplished by using a linear accelerator operating at 2855 Mc/s. The main machine accepts and-accelerates to maximum energy beam currents of up to 1.2 x 1012 electrons/sec. The quality of the beam is fully as good as that from a linear accelerator. The CEA laboratory operates five days a week on a three-shift basis and has a staff of 160 people.     

A High Z Scintillator

Thallium Chloride, activated with iodides, has been found to scintillate. Photopeaks for the Cs137 .662 Mev gamma energy have been obtained with several crystals, while many other TICI crystals, prepared with different iodides of varying low concentration show smaller scintillation response. Pulse height varies with the activators used. The consistently largest output to date is measured for TICI(Be,I). A maximum pulse height of 2.5% relative to Nal(TI) has been measured. The best resolution value is 42% at .662 Mev for Cs137. The gamma ray excited luminescence agrees remarkably well with the low temperature Intrinsic luminescence of TICI at 4650 ?. A scintillation decay time of 0.2 microseconds is obtained. Having good mechanical and thermal shock resistance, high density and the highest atomic number of any scintillator known to date, Iodide activated TICI promises to be an Important new scintillator. The scintillation efficiency and decay time are sufficient for consideration in high energy counters and spectrometers.     

高温高压试验回路的主换热器设计

高温高压试验回路是一项援外工程。本文叙述了该回路中主换热器的结构设计、传热和应力分析。为了降低该设备膨胀节中的应力，在设备制过程中，在膨胀节上成功地采用了预应力技术。     

High temperature component design

High temperature component design requires the consideration of constructive aspects prior to design and dimensioning work. In the high temperature range of more than 800°C special importance is attached to the failure modes “creep fatigue”, “ratcheting” and “creep buckling”. Comprehensive examinations of existing design rules considering these failure modes with regard to possible applicability for HTR-conditions have been completed. Corresponding calculations have pointed out that there is a promising potential for safe component design even for extreme temperature load conditions. These results have additionally confirmed that available elastic methods often cannot be used and would lead to very conservative approximations. Thus the improvement of simplified verification methods as well as the improvement of relevant constitutive equations is required in view of further development work in the field of high temperature component design.     

High Counting Rate Spectrometer

A signal processing system is proposed, capable of accepting a counting rate which is limited only by the charge collection time of the detector and by the time of the sample-hold circuits employed. This system has not been assembled. The concept is presented in order to stimulate interest and development by others.     

High Power Cockcroft-Walton Generator

To utilize the full current capability of the regular or symmetrical cascade generator, the conventional selenium rectifiers have to be replaced by a series-connection of silicon diodes which are rather sensitive to overvoltages and overcurrents. The problem of the application and protection of silicon diodes in high voltage generators had to be overcome in connection with the design of an air-insulated 770-kV dc power supply with a rated current of 180 mA dc for the ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA, LTD., Chalk River, Ontario and also for a 2 MV, 30 mA test facility.     

High power pulsed lasers

Pulsed high power lasers can deliver sufficient energy on inertial fusion time scales (0.1–10 ns) to heat and compress DT fuel to fusion reaction conditions. Several laser systems have been examined for application to the fusion problem. Examples are Ndglass, CO₂, KrF, and I₂, etc. A great deal of developmental effort has been applied to the Ndglass laser and the CO₂ gas laser systems. These systems now deliver >10⁴ kJ and >20×10¹² W to inertial fusion targets. The Nova Ndglass laser is being constructed to provide >200 kJ and >200×10¹² W of 1 m radiation for fusion experimentation in the mid-1980s. For inertial fusion target gain, >100 times the laser input, it is expected that the laser must deliver 3–5 MJ of energy on the 10–20 ns time scale. This paper reviews the developments in laser technology and outlines approaches to construction of a 3–5 MJ driver.     

基于高能X射线散射的高原子序数物质探测方法

针对核材料的探测问题,利用其高原子序数（Z）的特性,提出了基于散射能谱解析识别物质原子序数的方法。该方法通过对X射线与物质相互作用所产生的散射光子的测量和分析来进行物质识别,这些光子包括正电子湮没光子、轫致辐射光子和康普顿散射光子,携带了物质原子序数的信息。蒙特卡罗模拟计算结果表明,该方法能够分析核素的原子序数,尤其对核材料等高Z物质的分析更为有效。采用LaBr₃(Ce)探测器测量了基于7MeV电子直线加速器的多个样品的散射能谱,结果表明,该方法能有效区分高原子序数物质。     

Heat Transfer Performance of High Temperature and High Velocity Hydrogen Flow inside Circle Tube

In order to investigate the thermo-hydraulic characteristics of working fluids in the coolant channel of nuclear thermal propulsion reactors, the flow and heat transfer performance of high temperature and high velocity hydrogen in the circle tube was studied by the numerical calculation method. Comparing with the experimental data, it is found that the pressure-based coupled algorithm, SST k-ω turbulence model and hydrogen property model are reasonable and feasible to simulate the flow and heat transfer performance of hydrogen at high temperature and high velocity. The calculated values agree well with the experimental data, and the numerical simulation model is correct. Based on the analysis of flow and temperature field of the base case, the effects of thermal parameters on the flow and heat transfer performance of hydrogen were also studied. The increasing inlet mass flow rate enhances heat transfer performance and the increasing heat flux weakens it. The methods and results can provide some references and guidance for the study of the flow and heat transfer performance of gaseous fluid under high temperature and high heat flux, and thermal design and simulation of nuclear thermal propulsion reactor.     

High order diamond differencing schemes

We present a generalization if the diamond differencing scheme to high-order spatial orders in one- and two-dimensional Cartesian geometries. Unlike existing variable-order nodal schemes our approach reduces to the conventional low-order diamond differencing scheme in the linear case and feature super convergence characteristics at all orders. This approach is demonstrated on one- and two-dimensional benchmark problems and is compared to spherical harmonics reference solutions.     

High Current DC Ion Beams

The beam systems which have been developed for use in high energy injection experiments in thermonuclear research are described. An attempt is made to compare the quality of these beams (not the relative merit of the injection systems). Problems peculiar to the production of intense dc beams are discussed.     

KLOE高分辨电磁量能器

本文描述了ＫＬＯＥ高分辨电磁量能器的设计和结构，着重介绍了获得铅和闪烁光纤取样量能器优良性能的关键技术。为了研究这种量能器的性能，建造了２ｈ和一个全尺寸的量能器模块，其中两个小模块分别是一桶部模块和一个端盖模埠，本文给出了这三个模块的实验结果。     

谈谈高整体容器

阐述了高整体容器当今受重视的原因，并对几种高整体容器进行比较，介绍了国际上几类高整体容器构造和特性，高整体容器的试验方法，最后对我国研发和制造高整体容器提出了意见和建议。     

High current superconductors for DEMO

In the assumption that DEMO will be an inductively driven tokamak, the number of load cycles will be in the range of several hundred thousands. The requirements for a new generation of Nb₃Sn based high current conductors for DEMO are drafted starting from the output of system code PROCESS. The key objectives include the stability of the DC performance over the lifetime of the machine and the effective use of the Nb₃Sn strand properties, for cost and reliability reasons. A preliminary layout of the winding pack and conductors for the toroidal field magnets is presented. To suppress the mechanism of reversible and irreversible degradation, i.e. to preserve in the cabled conductor the high critical current density of the strand, the thermal strain must be insignificant and no space for micro-bending under transverse load must be left in the strand bundle. The “react-and-wind” method is preferred here, with a graded, layer wound magnet, containing both Nb₃Sn and NbTi layers. The implications of the conductor choice on the coil design and technology are highlighted. A roadmap is sketched for the development of a full size prototype conductor sample and demonstration of the key technologies.