阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针对2A12-T4铝合金 FSLW接头力学性能的影响

搅拌针上螺纹分布情况会对搅拌摩擦焊接头内部材料流动行为产生重要影响,进而影响接头成形及力学性能. 采用锥形螺纹搅拌针和阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针进行2A12-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接焊试验,对比分析了两种搅拌针下搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头横截面形貌、显微组织、拉剪性能及接头断裂位置. 结果表明,两种搅拌针下接头横截面形貌均呈现“碗状”. 然而,在阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针焊接下搭接界面后退侧出现特有的“括号”形貌. 相对于锥形螺纹搅拌针,阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针下的接头热力影响区与热影响区晶粒分布相差不大,但焊核区晶粒细化程度更加明显;接头在焊接速度80 mm/min下可获得最大拉剪性能,其值为10.39 kN. 阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针下接头界面后退侧出现的“括号”形貌阻碍了裂纹向焊核区进一步扩展,断裂模式表现为拉伸断裂.     

根部螺纹搅拌针对搭接接头钩状缺陷和性能的影响

选用3 mm厚的7075–T6铝合金为研究对象,研究了根部带有螺纹的搅拌针对搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头钩状缺陷及拉剪载荷的影响. 结果表明,搅拌针上的螺纹可明显改变焊接过程中的材料流动;塑性材料在搭接面上部集中,挤压搭接界面,焊后搭接接头的钩状缺陷向下弯曲;搭接面处焊核区的宽度较搅拌针的直径明显增大. 因搅拌针端部无螺纹,焊接速度较大时接头底部会由于材料无法及时填充而产生孔洞缺陷. 随着搅拌头焊接速度的升高,搭接接头的拉剪载荷先上升后下降,最高载荷在焊接速度为40 mm/min时取得,为23.333 kN.     

镁/镀锌钢板CMT熔钎焊连接机制分析

采用CMT焊对AZ31B镁合金和HDG60镀锌钢异种材料进行熔钎焊.在试验中,采取了搭接焊的方式,通过调整焊接参数得到最佳焊接成形.使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDAX)、电子探针、X射线衍射(XRD)及拉伸试验对焊接接头微观连接机制及性能进行研究.结果表明,镁和镀锌钢能够形成良好的搭接接头.焊接接头可以分成焊缝区、结合界面、熔合区.结合面主要有Al,Zn,Mg三种元素,主要相有Al₁₂,Mg₁₇,Mg₂Zn₁₁,Al₇Zn₃及少量的MgFeAlO₄复合氧化物.Zn和Al元素对镁钢连接起着关键作用,Zn在焊接接头形成过程中仍有一定的流动作用.在拉伸试验中,焊接接头试样几乎都断裂在熔合区,抗剪强度可达218 MPa.     

铝/钢搅拌摩擦点钎焊工艺优化及性能分析

采用大直径无针搅拌摩擦点焊方法对DP590钢和6061铝合金进行点焊(钢上铝下),利用剪切试验、扫描电镜及能谱仪对接头的断口形貌和力学性能进行研究。结果表明,搅拌头旋转速度为1 000 r/min,搅拌头压入深度为0.2 mm,停留时间为90 s时,接头的抗剪载荷可达到13.24 kN。在合适的工艺参数下,铝锌钎料的添加可对铝钢焊接界面起到良好的润湿作用,可促进铝和钢之间的冶金结合,从而提高了接头的抗剪载荷。     

6061-T6铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊疲劳性能分析

对6061-T6铝合金点焊接头进行单点疲劳试验,确定6061-T6铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的疲劳断裂原因,得出6061-T6铝合金的S-N曲线以及条件疲劳极限.通过对载荷水平为1.5 kN的6061-T6 RFSSW疲劳试样进行金相分析以及断口扫描分析,得到了6061-T6铝合金疲劳断裂原因以及疲劳断口特征.结果表明,6061-T6点焊接头中的钩状缺陷和上下板结合处缺口尖端的应力集中是造成疲劳破坏的主要原因,疲劳裂纹始于上下板搭接处焊点的钩状缺陷外边缘,即缺口尖端处;在焊接过程中,应通过优化工艺参数尽量减小钩状缺陷的尺寸以及降低缺口处的应力集中,从而提高焊点的疲劳寿命.     

铝/钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊焊接性分析

采用自行设计的无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊方法对6061铝合金和DP600镀锌钢进行点焊(钢上铝下),利用扫描电镜、能谱仪及拉伸试验对接头的微观组织和力学性能进行研究.结果表明,搅拌头旋转频率为1200 r/min、预热时间为6 s和搅拌针长度为3.2 mm时,接头抗剪载荷可达11.2 kN.接头表面平整美观无匙孔;接头由搅拌区和扩散区组成,搅拌区内钢以弯钩状分布嵌入铝基体,形成牢固的机械连接;扩散区内铝和钢依靠界面上的金属间化合物连接,连接方式为冶金结合.接头断裂位置为扩散区化合物层与铝基体界面处,断口呈河流状的解理台阶,属于脆性断裂.     

2195-T8铝锂合金板材摩擦搅拌焊接头组织与力学性能

采用圆柱状搅拌针及带螺纹圆柱状搅拌针,进行了5 mm厚度2195-T8铝锂合金板材的摩擦搅拌焊接,研究了旋转速度及焊接速度对接头拉伸性能的影响,并检测了接头组织。采用圆柱状搅拌针(旋转速度1000 r/min)进行焊接,当焊接速度不当时,产生贯穿焊缝的连续孔洞,导致接头强度较低。采用带螺纹圆柱状搅拌针进行焊接(焊接速度120 mm/min)时,可消除上述孔洞缺陷,且随旋转速度由700 r/min增加至1100 r/min,接头强度增加。焊核区晶粒发生再结晶,但晶粒尺寸分布不均匀;从焊核区顶部至底部,晶粒尺寸降低;紧邻热机影响区的焊核区晶粒尺寸小于中心焊核区。焊核区T1 (Al₂CuLi)相和q￠ (Al₂Cu)相完全溶解,而热机影响区所有q￠相及大部分T1相溶解。另外,在焊核心区形成较多位错。     

基于Ti中间层的AZ31镁合金/6061铝合金电阻点焊研究

通过添加钛箔中间层,研究了镁/铝合金异种金属电阻搭接接头的微观组织与力学性能。研究结果表明,添加0.2mm厚度钛箔中间层可以大幅提高镁/铝异种金属电阻点焊接头的结合强度,接头的最大拉剪力随焊接电流的增大先增大后减小;当焊接电流为14kA时,最大拉剪力达到最大为2.2kN。铝钛界面处有TiAl₃生成,接头断裂在镁侧热影响区上,经过换算接头的剪切强度能够达到156MPa。通过SEM和EDS分析,添加钛中间层阻断了镁合金和铝合金的相互扩散,钛中间层阻碍了Mg-Al金属间化合物的生成,从而大大提高接头的结合强度。     

附加超声对6061-T6铝合金/Q235钢搅拌摩擦焊搭接工艺优化

采用超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊接工艺实现了6061-T6铝合金和Q235钢异种金属的有效连接,考察了超声能量对焊缝成形、接头组织、力学性能以及焊接载荷的影响.结果表明,施加超声能量可以显著改善焊缝表面成形,增加铝/钢界面区和焊核区的宽度.超声振动细化了焊核区和热力影响区的晶粒组织,改变了搭接接头的断裂机制和断裂位置,提高了...     

铜/钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊搭接工艺

采用SKD61模具钢搅拌头对2 mm厚铜/钢异种金属进行搅拌摩擦焊搭接,分析了搭接接头微观组织和力学性能. 结果表明,当搅拌针与钢母材直接接触时,随焊接过程的进行搅拌针不断磨损甚至发生断裂. 焊核区前进侧出现流线区域,在搭接界面结合处形成机械冶金结合. 显微硬度测试显示,铜侧焊核区硬度最高,在搭接界面处硬度分布呈中间高两边低的趋势,接头厚度方向搭接界面处硬度最高. 形成良好结合的搭接接头在拉剪试验中断裂于铜侧热影响区,拉伸断口存在大量韧窝,呈典型韧性断裂模式.     

Si,Mg对铝/钢熔钎焊焊接接头力学性能的影响

采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG熔钎焊方法,分别采用4043,5356铝合金焊丝对5052铝合金/镀锌钢异种金属进行了搭接焊.通过扫描电镜（SEM）,能谱仪（EDS）,X射线衍射仪（XRD）对铝/钢连接界面、接头断裂行为及断口形貌进行了分析,发现5356铝合金焊丝焊接接头的润湿角要大于4043铝合金焊丝焊接接头的润湿角,合金元素Si既可改变界面反应层金属间化合物的形态同时还可显著减少Fe₂Al₅层的厚度.拉伸试验发现5356铝合金焊丝焊接所得接头主要断裂于界面反应层,属于脆性断裂;4043铝合金焊丝焊接所得接头主要断裂于熔合区,是以韧性断裂为主的混合断裂.通过对4043铝合金焊丝焊接所得接头进行显微硬度测试,发现热影响区组织的显微硬度明显低于其它区域的显微硬度,这导致4043铝合金焊丝焊接接头主要断裂于熔合区.     

铜对钢/铝激光-MIG复合焊接头组织及性能的影响

采用激光-MIG复合焊方法研究了铜对SYG960E超高强度度钢/6061铝合金焊接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,与MIG焊相比,激光-MIG复合焊有利于改善焊缝成形及焊接质量.钢/铝界面层具有双层结构,靠近铝焊缝侧为针状的FeAl₃金属间化合物,而靠近钢母材侧为条状的Fe₂Al₅金属间化合物.铜对钢/铝界面层及接头的力学性能具有显著的影响.添加铜后可以有效地减小界面层厚度和裂纹敏感性,降低钢/铝接头的最高硬度,明显提高接头的抗拉强度,接头强度可以提高110%,这主要与铜抑制界面层生长和改善界面层中Fe-Al金属化合物的脆硬性有关.     

Joining of Al 6061 alloy to AISI 1018 steel by combined effects of fusion and solid state welding

The joining of a 6-mm thickness Al 6061 to AISI 1018 steel has been performed by the combined effects of fusion and solid state welding. The process is derived from friction stir welding (FSW) but with an adjustable offset of the probe location with respect to the butt line. Metallographic studies by optical microscopy, electron probe microscopy, and the utilization of the X-ray diffraction technique have been conducted. It was found that the intermetallic phases Al₁₃Fe₄ and Al₅Fe₂ exist in the weld zone. The tool was significantly worn during welding and is broken after traveling 100 mm at a rotational speed of 917 rpm. The wear of the tool significantly affects the structure of the weld, and the tool breakage was detected by the incorporated acoustic emission (AE) sensors. It appears that the joining of an Al 6061 alloy to AISI 1018 steel with a sound heterogeneous weld microstructure is feasible using this process, and the tool breakage can be detected by the AE sensing technique.     

Effects of resistance spot welding parameters on microstructures and mechanical properties of dissimilar material joints of galvanised high strength steel and aluminium alloy

Abstract

Intermediate frequency resistance spot welding has been adopted to join dissimilar materials of H220YD galvanised high strength steel and 6008 aluminium alloy. The effects of welding current and welding time on microstructures and mechanical properties of the welded joints were investigated. A thin intermetallic compound layer composed of Fe₂Al₅ phase and Fe₄Al₁₃ phase formed at the steel/aluminium interface. The interfacial intermetallic compound layer has higher nanohardness compared with the aluminium alloy nugget and galvanised steel. With increasing welding current (4–11?kA) and welding time (50–300?ms), the nugget diameter increased, the interfacial layer structure became coarser and the tensile shear load of the welded joints had an increased tendency. The maximum tensile shear load reached 3309?N at 9?kA for 250?ms. Crack initiated at the interfacial intermetallic compound layer of the tensile shear specimens, then propagated through the interfacial layer principally, and meantime through the aluminium alloy fusion zone near the interface partially.     

Laser welding technologies: high power diode laser application examples

The successful results presented in the literature on friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium–steel joints ignore the appearance and formation of defects on the joint as reference points for evaluation. It also increases the controversy about the presence of intermetallic compounds of the type Fe_xAl_y, and the lack of information about its origin. The objective of this study is to determine appropriate parameters for obtaining aluminium–steel joints free of defects, and their relationship to the formation of deleterious phases during FSW. Consolidated welded joints were obtained and the microstructure resulting from these welded joints of aluminium alloy 6063-T5 and AISI steel SAE 1020 was determined. A tungsten carbide tool (WC-14Co) was used at rotation and weld speeds of 300 rpm and 150 mm min^? 1, respectively. The results highlight the importance of heat input in obtaining aluminium–steel joints with adequate surface appearance and penetration. The microstructural analysis reveals the formation of seven regions in the welded joint, highlighting the thermo-mechanically affected zone on the steel, a band of ultra-fine grains of ferrite and the absence of intermetallic compounds on the aluminium–steel interface.     

包覆钎料铝-钢螺柱焊接头组织及性能

采用包覆钎料感应加热方法,以AlSi钎料作为焊缝填充金属,对Q235钢螺柱和6061铝合金进行钎焊.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析等表征方法,对接头的组织、成分和相组成等进行了分析.结果表明,AlSi钎料与铝母材反应充分,Si元素扩散至铝母材形成针叶状的共晶组织,焊缝近钢侧生成一条狭窄连续的Fe-Al金属间化合物,并沿垂直于铝基体的方向生成出胞状晶,金属间化合物层由Fe2Al5和FeAl3的混合相组织组成.力学性能测试表明,接头的抗剪强度最大为65 MPa,近钢侧金属间化合物的显微硬度值较高,接头断裂在金属间化合物区域,属于延性断裂.     

Interfacial characterization of resistance spot welded joint of steel and aluminum alloy

The dissimilar material resistance spot welding of galvanized high strength steel and aluminum alloy had been conducted. The welded joint exhibited a thin reaction layer composed of Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13 phases at steel/aluminum interface. The welded joint presented a tensile shear load of 3.3 kN with an aluminum alloy nugget diameter of 5.7 ram. The interfucial failure mode was observed for the tensile shear specimen and fracture occurred at reaction layer and aluminum alloy fusion zone beside the interface. The reaction layer with compounds was the main reason for reduction of the welded joint mechanical property.     

Preparation of bimetallic nano-composite by dissimilar friction stir welding of copper to aluminum alloy

Butt friction stir welding between pure copper and AA5754 alloy was carried out. Reinforcing SiC nano- particles were utilized in friction stir welded (FSW) joints to decline the harmful effects of intermetallic compounds. Tensile tests, micro-hardness experiments, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were applied to studying the properties of welded joints. The joints with a travel speed of 50 mm/min and a rotation speed of 1000 r/min showed the best results. The presence of nano-sized SiC particles reduced the grain size of aluminum and copper in the stir zone (SZ) from 38.3 and 12.4 μm to 12.9 and 5.1 μm, respectively. The tensile strength of the joint in the presence of reinforcing SiC nano-particles was ~240 MPa, which is ～90% of that for the aluminum base. Furthermore, the highest microhardness of the weld zone was significantly increased from HV 160 to HV 320 upon the addition of SiC nano-particles. The results also showed that raising the heat generation in FSW joints increased the amount of Al₄Cu₉ and Al₂Cu intermetallic compounds.     

转速对6061铝合金/纯铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊技术对4 mm厚6061-T6铝合金和纯铜进行连接,研究转速对铝铜异种金属接头组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,当焊接速度为30 mm/min、搅拌头转速在1 200~1 800 r/min的范围内,可以获得表面成形良好、无缺陷的铝铜异种金属接头。大量破碎的铜被搅入焊核区,形成了组织结构复杂的区域。通过EDS和XRD分析,在焊核区内发现了Al_2Cu、Al_4Cu_9和Al Cu金属间化合物。在界面处,铝和铜发生相互扩散形成金属间化合物层,随着转速的提高,化合物层逐渐变厚。由于晶粒细化、固溶强化作用以及金属间化合物的生成,异种接头的焊核区平均显微硬度值高于铝铜两侧平均硬度,并且在焊核区出现硬度峰值点。随着转速的增加,接头抗拉强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,所得最优接头抗拉强度为183 MPa,达到铜母材的71.8%,断裂位置位于铝侧热影响区,断裂方式为韧性断裂。     

基于单片机控制的Q890D钢/6061铝合金MIG焊接头组织与性能

选取TI公司开发的MSP430F149单片机为控制核心的MIG焊过程控制系统,研究焊接电流、焊接速度、焊接方向&焊枪角度和钢侧坡口角度等对Q890D钢/6061铝合金焊缝成形的影响,并在优化焊接工艺下分析焊接电流和焊接速度对Q890D钢/6061铝合金MIG焊接头界面区组织和接头力学性能的影响。结果表明:Q890D钢/6061铝合金适宜焊接方向为右焊法,适宜的焊枪角度为10°,适宜的钢侧坡口角度为45°,焊丝位置宜处于钢侧坡口中部,适宜的焊接电流和焊接速度分别为105 A和50 cm/min;不同焊接电流和焊接速度的Q890D钢/6061铝合金MIG焊接头的断裂位置都处于界面区,而MIG焊过程中界面区形成的靠近钢侧的(Fe,Cu)2Al5和靠近铝侧的(Fe,Cu)4Al13相的双层金属间化合物层结构有助于改善焊接质量。