我国户用生物质炉灶的发展和应用

回顾了我国户用生物质炉灶的发展历程,介绍了我国生物质炉灶的推广应用现状和技术水平,分析了生物质炉灶性能测试标准和评价方法;阐述了应用生物质炉灶技术开发CDM项目的发展现状、开发方法以及未来发展的巨大潜力;最后提出了生物质炉灶技术应用发展的建议。     

发展中国家农村民用炉灶的温室气体和污染物排放因子研究

在发展中国家，农村民用炉灶是消耗生物质能的主要设备。为了确定民用炉灶的温室气体和其它污染物的排放因子，从上世纪90年代开始，国际社会选择中国、印度等发展中国家进行了一系列测试。文中对这些测试结果进行了总结和比较。研究表明，除了个别燃料和炉灶组合，生物质能源在节能炉灶中的CO2排放因子都有所降低，而不完全燃烧产物的排放因子比传统炉灶高。     

多功能型煤炉灶的制作与应用

为了解决家用型煤炉灶存在的使用寿命短,用途单一及资煤等问题,我们试制成功多功能型煤炉灶．该炉灶已推广一百多台,使用效果良好,受到用户的好评．1多功能型煤炉灶的结构和部件外形尺寸多功能型煤炉灶的结构见图1．日至多功能型煤炉灶结构示意图1－水嘴;2－控热括极;3－     

一体化炉灶用能评价体系及节能技术研究

在调研了目前国内外一体化炉灶结构设计及用能方式的基础上,结合传热学理论,提出了一套完整的适合一体化炉灶特有结构和应用范围的热力学分析计算方法。然后通过传热实验,了解了其传热的基本特性,既验证了炉灶用能评价计算方法的准确性,又为能量分配和结构改进提供了基础数据。并在此基础上,对现结构炉灶进行了结构改进和热能分配的优化。该用能评价体系及节能改造方法为一体化炉灶工艺设计提供了理论依据,具有重要工程指导意义。     

中、美、印3国生物质炉灶测试方法比较研究

清洁能源的高效利用是国际关注的话题,研究和制定生物质炉灶的测试标准是生物质炉灶可持续发展的基础工作。文章对国际上主要的3种生物质炉灶性能测试方法进行了介绍,研究比较了操作程序、性能指标计算、污染排放测试与重复性测试等方面的差异,并从理论上分析了这些差异对测试结果产生的影响。根据分析比较结果,对我国的生物质炉灶性能测试标准提出了改进建议。     

DF—C系列柴煤组合灶

江苏省大丰县沼气办公室研制成功了DFC系列柴煤组合炉灶。一、性能特点 DF—C系列柴煤组合炉灶,是工厂生产成型炉灶,它具有美观大方,易装易拆,方使用,卫生节能,造价低廉,应用面广等特     

一种燃用散状烟煤的半煤气炊暖两用炉灶

我国目前已有四千万城乡居民用上了工厂生产的节柴省煤炉灶。这标志着我国民用炉灶已由过去的手工泥砌进入了工厂化生产的时代。 近几年来,工厂化生产的民用炊暖两用炉灶多采用以空气或以空气和水蒸气的混合     

蒸汽二次风节能炉具

论述了蒸汽二次风技术的原理和在节能炉具中的应用;结合具体实例对节能炉灶的热性能进行了试验研究,采用二次进风技术使炉灶的热效率从10%提高到50%,可以节省大量的燃料.文章指出,在我国广大的农村地区,推广节能炉灶可获得显著的经济效益,特别是在山区农村推广节能炉灶技术,社会效益更为显著.     

燃料含水率对于生物质半气化炉性能影响研究

生物质能源的清洁利用作为解决能源短缺的有效途径,受到了国际上越来越多的关注。目前,世界各国的生物质炉灶热效率测试方法中均未规定燃料的含水率,为了探究燃料的含水率对于生物质炉灶性能的影响,文章采用一台生物质半气化炉对不同含水率的生物质燃料进行测试,对最终所得的炉灶热性能及污染情况进行比对。结果显示,燃料含水率越高,炉灶火力强度越低,排放的一氧化碳、颗粒物及多环芳烃等污染物越少。     

全球清洁炉灶发展及与中国的合作

国际社会对户用清洁炉灶非常重视。"全球清洁炉灶联盟(Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves,GACC)",作为"克林顿全球计划"的一部分,由联合国基金会牵头开展,主要目的是提高使用清洁炉灶和燃料、保护环境和健康的意识,资助促进健康、环境和其它解决方案的实施的活动。中方宣布加入全球清洁炉灶联盟,对促进和繁荣我国的节能炉具产业是一个新的契机,尤其对节能清洁生物质炉具和生物质成型燃料产业的发展带来了更多的发展机遇。     

具有智能化特征的安全稳定分析与控制决策技术

安全稳定预警与控制辅助决策是智能电网调度技术支持系统不可缺少的应用类功能。在分析安全稳定分析与控制决策计算工作特点的基础上,提出安全稳定分析与控制决策支持智能化的主要特征：自动化和自适应性。介绍了自动化的安全稳定分析计算技术,包括输入数据准备、任务执行和输出结果的自动化处理;阐述了自适应电网运行工况、外部环境和硬件运行状态的安全稳定分析技术,包括调整应用功能的输入数据和妥善处理安全稳定性交互影响,以及根据分析计算任务要求动态优化调度计算资源。这些技术已用于安全稳定综合防御系统,提高了分析结果的适应性和分析计算的效率,在电网运行规划、计划安全校核、超短期安全态势预测、调度操作安全校核和在线分析与控制等电网调度运行管理中发挥作用。     

过热器再热器爆漏事故的原因分析及对策

过热器、再热器爆漏事故严重影响了锅炉机组的安全性和经济性,而造成过热器、再热器爆漏事故的主要因素有超温爆管、磨损、高温腐蚀、热疲劳、质量失控等。通过对这些因素的主要原因和爆口特征的分析,提出了一些过热器、再热器爆漏事故的防治措施。     

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials and their applications

Wettability of a material’s surface plays a significant role in how fluids interact with such surfaces. Wetting behavior is universal but can vary depending on the chemical nature of the solid and liquid phases. Plants and animals adapt to their environment by having evolved special properties. These properties are such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic surface has a strong affinity to water and spreading of water on such surface is preferred. The degree of hydrophilicity of the substance can be measured by measuring the contact angle between the liquid and solid phases. Hydrophobic materials are known as non-polar materials with a low affinity to water, which makes them water repelling. A contact angle of less than 90° indicates hydrophilic interaction where as an angle greater than 90° indicates a hydrophobic interaction. More recently, superwetting such as superhydrophilicity has been receiving an increased focus in the literature due to its potential significance. Superhydrophilic surface has a contact angle of less than 5°.

The fabrication of hydrophilic materials can be carried out in two main ways: depositing molecules on surfaces or modification of surface chemistry. Both methods have been successful historically in achieving their intended purposes. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials can be produced with many fabrication methods such as layer-by-layer assembly, laser process, the solution-immersion method, sol-gen techniques, chemical etching, and Hummer’s method.

The applications of such an important property are significant. For example, hydrophilic surfaces can be used in anti-fogging applications, biomedical, filtration, heat pipes, and many others. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials have been successfully applied in many sectors, such as: (I) the removal of petroleum from aqueous solutions, (II) applied to plastic, ceramics, and mesh to contribute to the oil removal from aqueous solutions, (III) hydrophobic layers have a strong self-cleaning effect on plastics, heat pipes, metals, textiles, glass, paints, and electronics, (IV) hydrophobic layers improve the anti-freezing behavior of heat pipes which prevents unwanted build-up and (V) they function as a water and dust protecting coat on electronics.

The presence of this property is historic but there is still a huge potential for development for its applications in many sectors such as water treatment, heat transfer applications, biomedical devices, and many more.     

The roles of science and technology in energy and environment research and development

Countries are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of science and technology in relation to national development and the necessity of formulating a concise science and technology policy. The need to strengthen and orient the scientific and technological infrastructure in line with national development goals, through more effective use of an available qualified work force and the higher education system, is becoming widely recognized. Consequently, appropriate methods of assessing the impact of science and technology on national development are needed so that efforts are concentrated on areas potentially having substantial impacts. Numerous planning studies have been undertaken to this end, particularly by international organizations such as UNESCO, UNIDO, OECD and IEA. This study examines the inter‐relationships of the disciplines of science and technology with energy and environment research and development (R&D) activities, particularly for developing countries. The connections between these topics are discussed along with some basic methods that can be used to exploit the relations. Some illustrative examples are presented. It is anticipated that the present study will serve as a preliminary step for more comprehensive work by providing an example of the utilization of formal methods in formulating science and technology policy for energy and environment R&D. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

能源的开发利用与节能

在节能与环保问题成为当今全球性重要研究课题的情况下,笔者对中国能源的现状、新能源开发问题和在用车辆的环保节能问题进行了研究探讨。认为我国应加大开发可再生能源、核能源的力度,开发城市生活垃圾的新能源,找出在用柴油车实现环保节能的一些新措施。     

火电厂TSI安装调试及常见故障诊断和处理

火电机组TSI探头的安装与调试是一个较为复杂和精细的工作.是火电厂热控安装不可或缺的最重要的组成部分.文章对各种测量探头的原理进行了分析,理论结合实际,将原理图和现场安装图进行对照,通俗易懂.对这些TSI探头在实际安装时应注意的细节问题做了详尽的阐述,同时对试车过程中出现的问题进行了分析并提出了处理措施.对火电机组汽轮机本体热工仪表安装工作有一定的指导意义.     

水泵、节温器综合试验台的设计与应用

本文介绍了水泵、节温器综合试验台的设计与应用,论述了本试验台的设计依据、主要特点、构成及功能、实际应用等内容。本综合试验台的创新点在于：在该试验台上不仅可以完成发动机水泵的性能试验,还可以完成节温器性能和可靠性试验;而且更好的模拟了节温器在发动机上的实际使用状况,完美的将两者结合在一起,利用被试水泵作为供水泵完成了相配套的节温器试验内容。     

生物柴油与石化柴油的理化特性及质量标准比较

通过对生物柴油与石化柴油的低温流动性、雾化蒸发性、燃烧性、动力性、安定性、腐蚀性、清洁性、润滑性等理化性能指标和国内外的生物柴油质量标准的比较分析,得到两者的差异,为生物柴油的分级和质量标准的制定开拓了思路。     

Defect and impurity diagnostics and process monitoring

The review focuses on four areas of defect and impurity diagnostics: (i) the determination of parasitic resistances, (ii) quantum efficiency analysis including light-beam-induced current measurement systems which use spectrally resolved currents to determine local recombination in solar cells, (iii) methods to determine the recombination properties in solar cell precursors and (iv) techniques suitable for the recognition of the type of impurity or defect, which is responsible for increased recombination. In general, emphasis is on those methods, which are capable of delivering spatially resolved information. The use of the specific metastability features of a defect for its identification is exemplified. In addition, carrier lifetime spectroscopy methods utilising the temperature or the injection dependence of defect recombination are outlined.     

铁道机车车辆轮轨的摩擦磨损与节能降耗

阐述了铁道机车车辆轮轨摩擦磨损的现状;研究了内燃机车车轮、闸瓦和钢轨的消耗数量及相应的维修费用;指出了采用适当的新技术之后,在节能降耗方面会产生显著的经济效益。