高效深磨的三种解析热模型

表达了三种高效深磨的热模型，分别是圆弧热源模型、均匀热源模型和三角形热源模型。用实验方法和理论计算方法研究了在高效深磨条件下磨削区的最高磨削温度。为了用高效深磨方式研究低合金钢的磨削性能，进行了平面磨削实验，测得了高效深磨条件下磨削区的最高磨削温度，并与用本模型计算结果进行了比较，发现实验结果与采用本模型理论计算结果基本一致，证明了该磨削热模型是正确的。     

工程陶瓷高效深磨温度场的有限元仿真

运用有限元法对工程陶瓷氧化铝及部分稳定氧化锆进行了高效深磨磨削温度场的仿真研究。基于磨削温度的实验和传热学理论,得出了工程陶瓷工件的磨削热分配比;得出了干磨及湿磨两种状态下工程陶瓷磨削温度场的分布。分析了磨削温度梯度对工程陶瓷热裂纹的影响。表明随着砂轮线速度增加,磨削温度场温度梯度增大;随着磨削深度增大,不同材料的磨削温度梯度变化不同。磨削温度梯度与磨削热裂纹的产生有一定的对应关系．     

40Cr钢高效深磨磨削力试验研究

通过对40Cr钢在高效深磨条件下磨削力的试验研究，分析了不同工况对磨削力变化的影响，提出了40Cr钢高效深磨工艺参数的优化方案。试验结果表明，40Cr钢在高效深磨条件下，磨削力随磨削深度的变化呈波浪式的起伏而非线性关系，随砂轮线速度的提高而明显减少。同时证明，高效深磨条件下能获得比普通磨削大得多的比材料磨除率和较好的工件表面质量。     

大切深磨削温度场的理论解析

本文推导了基于半无限体表现移动倾斜面热源模型的大切深磨削非稳态温度场，通过计算，结果表明：缓进给磨削温度达到似稳态温度所需时间比高效大切深磨削温度达到似稳态温度所需时间长得多，切深对工件已加工表面磨削温度和磨削弧区内工件表面磨削温度分布有重要的影响。     

平面磨削中工件温度场的直接测温

平面磨削中工件温度场采用红外成像的电荷偶合装置(CCD)测量。在高空问、瞬时条件下红外辐射(IR)温度测量一直是沿磨削试件一侧进行测定试件表面和次表面的温度。用斜面磨削的方法，使磨削深度持续增加，获得了随材料磨除率而改变的磨削温度的变化。这些测量结果与用传统的恒磨除率磨削试验具有良好的相关性。确定了最高温度的位置和值，包括温度梯度。讨论了确定磨削热模型测量的含意及工件的烧伤苗头的预测。     

高效深切磨削温度的研究

指出了高效深切磨削技术的最新发展。并对高效深磨中的磨削温度的计算模型,计算方法,测量技术做了研究。对高效深磨中磨削温度的最新研究成果给予了描叙。最后对今后的研究给予了展望。     

缓进给磨削热模型及能量分配比率

介绍了在磨削过程中的主要限制因素之一-热损伤。通过分析和掌握影响磨削温度的多种因素,计算了磨削温度的关键因素-能量的分配。分析了工件在缓进给磨削中的磨削热,并建立了二维传热模型,详细介绍了磨削区中的最高温升模型、工件表面的热流量模型以及能量分配比率模型,得出了产生热损伤的最高临界温度及其影响因素。     

低温冷却磨削机理的研究

磨削是各种加工材料获得精确尺寸和表面完整性的主要加工方法，但在加工过程中，由于磨削区温度过高，经常导致工件表面热损伤、微裂纹和产生残余拉应力，严重影响工件表面质量和完整性的提高。本文通过采用低温CO2和液态氮为磨削冷却介质，有效地控制磨削区温度。实验结果表明，与干磨削和油冷却磨削相比，液态氮低温冷却磨削力、比磨削能、磨削区温度明显降低，工件表面质量和完整性显著提高，同时明显提高了砂轮的使用寿命和减少了冷却液对环境地污染。     

浅切磨削传热模型及能量分配比率

热损伤是磨削过程中的主要限制因素之一，针对影响磨削温度的因素，分析并计算了浅切磨削温度的能量分配，并据此对浅切磨削的能量分配比率进行分析。建立了二维传热模型、磨削区的最高温升模型、工件表面的热流量模型以及能量分配比率模型，分析了产生热损伤的最高临界温度及其影响因素，为估计砂轮磨削过程中的能量分配和磨削区温度提供了计算方法。     

基于神经网络的高效强力砂带磨削温度的研究

磨削温度高是产生磨削烧伤的主要原因，建立一个合理准确的磨削温度在线预测系统，对满足核电高压容器的高效深磨质量要求至关重要，为此建立了基于神经网络的高效深切磨削温度预测模型，并与热电偶法测得的温度进行了试验比较，发现此预测模型能达到较高的预测精度，表明了此方法有较大的实用性。     

Temperatures in deep grinding of finite workpieces

This paper investigates the diverse thermal effects generated in high efficiency deep grinding (HEDG). Using a new thermal model of circular arc contact with transient analysis, the transient behaviour of the maximum contact temperature has been analysed for various grinding conditions. It is found that steady state conditions can be achieved for the conditions of sufficient workpiece length and high workspeeds. The effect is important for the understanding of the deep grinding process and for the prediction of satisfactory grinding conditions. HEDG conditions also have very apparent effects on the depth of heat penetration to the workpiece. The parameters investigated include mean contact angle, Peclet number and the heat source distribution. Experimental results are presented for specific energy, energy partition and mean temperature for high efficiency deep grinding.     

Three Dimensional Finite Element Simulation of Transient Heat Transfer in High Efficiency Deep Grinding

3D Finite Element simulations have been carried out to investigate transient heat transfer under high efficiency deep grinding (HEDG) conditions. The results have been compared to those obtained from 2D analytical models and experimental measurements. It has been found that the steady-state heat transfer condition can be readily obtained in HEDG after the maximum contact length is achieved and that side wall convective cooling has little effect on the grinding temperatures for thin steel plates. The temperature distribution on the workpiece across the grinding width in cylindrical grinding shows obvious slopes and film boiling of grinding fluid may occur at the trailing edge of grinding width. Good agreement has been found between the FE results and experimental observations. 3D FE simulation and 2D analytical modelling predict quite similar values for the maximum temperatures on the finished surface of the workpiece.     

Burn threshold prediction for High Efficiency Deep Grinding

Burn threshold diagrams are useful for the prediction of thermally induced grinding damage and were originally developed to describe the conventional shallow cut grinding regime. With the development of new high stock removal grinding processes such as High Efficiency Deep Grinding (HEDG), the prevention of thermal damage to the workpiece is of particular concern. The principle of HEDG is based around the change in thermal characteristics of the grinding process at high Peclet numbers, whereby less heat is partitioned to the workpiece. Conventional burn threshold diagrams are valid for Peclet numbers below 50, well below the values expected in HEDG. This study presents a modified approach to the construction of burn threshold diagrams which takes account of the change in thermal partitioning with Peclet number. The approach has been validated through grinding trials over a range of specific material removal rates.     

Investigation of the heat partitioning in high efficiency deep grinding

The grinding heat partitioning in the high efficiency deep grinding (HEDG) process has been investigated. The ratios of heat partition to the different heat sinks, i.e. workpiece, chips, fluid and grits, have been calculated, based on both theoretical analysis and experimental data. The heat partitioning ratio to the grinding chips increases with the material removal rate and takes most of the grinding heat away from the grinding zone under HEDG conditions where very high material removal rates apply. The heat partition to workpiece decreases when increasing the material removal rate. Cooling fluid is especially important for the conditions of creep feed grinding when using low feed rates, with over 90% of heat convected away by the grinding fluid. Under HEDG conditions, only 5–10% of the grinding heat is taken away by the grinding fluid. Very high material removal rates can be achieved with good surface integrity, when using an optimised selection of process parameters.     

A study of the convection heat transfer coefficients of grinding fluids

By using hydrodynamic and thermal modelling, the variation of the convection heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) of the process fluids within the grinding zone has been investigated. Experimental measurements of CHTC for different grinding fluids have been undertaken and show that the CHTC depends on the grinding wheel speed and the fluid film thickness within the contact zone. The film thickness is determined by grinding wheel speed, porosity, grain size, fluid type, flow rate and nozzle size. The CHTC values are compared for a wide range of grinding regimes, including high efficiency deep grinding (HEDG), creep feed and finish grinding.     

Thermal Analysis of Grinding

Thermal damage is one of the main limitations of the grinding process, so it is important to understand the factors which affect grinding temperatures. This paper presents an overview of analytical methods to calculate grinding temperatures and their effect on thermal damage. The general analytical approach consists of modeling the grinding zone as a heat source which moves along the workpiece surface. A critical factor for calculating grinding temperatures is the energy partition, which is the fraction of the grinding energy transported as heat to the workpiece at the grinding zone. For shallow cut grinding with conventional abrasive wheels, the energy partition is typically 60%-85%. However for creep-feed grinding with slow workspeeds and large depths of cut, the energy partition is only about 5%. Such low energy partitions are attributed to cooling by the fluid at the grinding zone. Heat conduction to the grains can also reduce the energy partition especially with CBN abrasives which have high thermal conductivity. For High Efficiency Deep Grinding (HEDG) using CBN wheels with large depths of cut and fast workspeeds, preheated material ahead of the grinding zone is removed together with the chips, thereby lowering the temperature on the finished surface. Analytical models have been developed which take all of these effects into account. Much more research is needed to better understand and quantify how grinding temperatures affect the surface integrity of the finished workpiece.     

High Efficiency Deep Grinding of a Low Alloy Steel with Plated CBN Wheels

High efficiency deep grinding (HEDG) of a low alloy steel (51CrV4) has been carried out on an Edgetek 5-axis CNC grinding machine, using electroplated CBN wheels. The initial tests were conducted in a surface grinding mode over a wide range of grinding conditions, to evaluate the levels of specific grinding energy, workpiece surface integrity and wheel wear. The burn threshold conditions for the ground workpiece surface have been proposed in terms of a critical heat flux which is shown to vary with material removal rate. Cylindrical grinding in HEDG mode has also been carried out based on the knowledge obtained from the surface grinding. It has shown that the HEDG technology can be transferred successfully to the field of cylindrical grinding to achieve very high specific material removal rates in excess of 400mm³/mm.s. The successful application of HEDG to cylindrical components depends on the appropriate selection of grinding parameters and also the grinding fluid supply strategy. Thermal modelling of the HEDG process combined with surface integrity studies, has shown that under cylindrical grinding conditions a significant reduction in grinding fluid supply is possible even when operating within the HEDG regime.     

Thermal analysis of high efficiency deep grinding

Regimes of deep grinding range from creep grinding conducted at low workspeeds to High Efficiency Deep Grinding (HEDG) at fast workspeeds. At intermediate depths of cut, grinding is likely to be impossible due to high temperatures and damage to the workpiece and wheel. Analytical techniques for the determination of temperatures in deep grinding processes are discussed. An explanation is proposed for why it is possible to work efficiently at these two extremes of removal rate without experiencing the severe problems experienced in the intermediate range. Methods are required for determining the transition conditions so that process engineers can select process conditions for efficient material removal and high quality of manufactured products using high efficiency deep grinding. This paper provides a method for order of magnitude estimation of temperatures. It is proposed that the angle of inclination of the contact plane is an important parameter for the achievement of high workspeeds. It is argued that workpiece melting provides an ultimate boundary for energy dissipation within the workpiece.     

Comparison of numerically and analytically predicted contact temperatures in shallow and deep dry grinding with infrared measurements

Contact zone thermal models of the grinding process are an important tool for the proper selection of process parameters to minimize workpiece damage while improving process efficiency. Validating contact zone thermal models with experimental measurements is difficult due to the high-speed and stochastic nature of the grinding process. In this work an infrared imaging system is used to validate two numerical thermal models, which are then compared to an established analytical contact zone thermal model. The two numerical thermal models consist of a shallow grinding model and a deep grinding model, where the deep grinding model takes the contact angle into account while the shallow grinding model does not. The results show that at small depths of cut both the numerical models and the analytical model perform well; however, as the depth of cut is increased the numerical models’ accuracy increases as compared to the analytical model. The increase in accuracy may be a result of the 2D solution of the numerical models as compared to the 1D solution of the analytical model. Additionally, it was found that the contact angle has very little effect on the contact temperatures. This work also reinforces Rowe's analytical work, using experimental and numerical results, which indicated that the workpiece temperatures are reduced by grinding at higher Peclet numbers for a given material removal rate.