温室气体核算国家标准即将出台 为全国碳排放权交易市场启动奠定基础

2014年12月10日,国家发改委正式发布《碳排放权交易管理暂行办法》,积极推动建立全国碳排放权交易市场。为此,今年我国计划完成《发电企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南》、《水泥生产企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南》等10项碳排放核算国家标准的制订、审查、报批和发布工作,为2016年即将启动的全国碳排放权交易市场做好技术准备。"目前这项工作正由全国碳排放管理标准化技术委员会(TC 548)的秘书处承担单位中国标准     

基于碳交易机制的制造业最优投资路径分析

碳排放权的限额-贸易机制是人类为解决温室气体排放问题提出的一项重要政策措施。在二氧化碳排放的配额交易市场中,碳排放权的交易价格是市场体系的核心要素之一,起到核定成本调整供求的作用,影响企业的最优化行为结果。通过建立二阶随机模型,研究了制造业企业面对碳排放权交易价格不确定性时的减排科技最优投资路径和最优碳排放权交易量,并利用伽马分布生成碳排放权交易价格的预测情景,使用SAA方法对二阶随机模型进行近似解求解,得到排放权交易机制下减排科技的最优投资路径。     

元素碳含量检测在燃煤发电企业温室气体排放核算中的应用

元素碳含量检测是保障单位热值含碳量核算准确的必要步骤,对燃煤发电企业温室气体排放核算尤为重要。为深入理解元素碳含量检测对碳排放核算的影响,采用不重复抽样分析方法,就元素碳检测对单位热值含碳量的影响、元素碳检测推行存在的障碍进行定性分析,并提出了推动元素碳检测发展以及解决元素碳执行过程相关问题的建议。研究表明,元素碳检测的推广有利于发电企业合理争取碳排放权交易利益,并不会给企业带来过多经济负担。     

基于Agent-CET模型的电力企业碳减排交易机制研究

研究电力行业碳排放交易有利于解决电力市场交易的协调和模拟问题,有助于完善和指导我国碳排放交易（CET）制度。分析了CET制度对电力企业碳排放量的影响,定义了电力市场和碳排放权交易市场各交易商Agent的角色和功能,并构建了基于Agent的CET模型,从发电技术转化、碳排放权交易和相关市场模拟3方面开展了CET模型的实施研究。结果表明,基于Agent的CET模型比传统的建模方法更具优势,通过综合考量市场参与者的风险偏好、期望、参与时间等要素,能够将单一的电力市场和碳排放权交易市场联系起来形成多市场、多代理模拟,从而促进电力企业科学评估电力市场各主体策略的动态调整和碳交易状况。     

企业碳排放信息披露的标准化探讨

近年,我国各地碳交易市场建设步伐迅速,在全国7个试点省市碳排放权交易市场已大体建成,运作亦趋于成熟,计划2017年建立全国统一的碳市场.但纵观如何从以下到上相结合的方式开展碳市场建设,由于标准"打架"、统一的碳排放权交易会计处理信息规范、碳排放信息披露义务与方法方式的准则和规范尚未建立、碳信息披露不充分等因素影响制约,在一定程度上将大大约束企业参与碳排放权交易发展的积极性,以企业为市场主体的活力相对滞后.本文从标准化方面进行了探讨分析.     

政策

正国务院:将自愿减排项目纳入全国碳市场据报道,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于深化生态保护补偿制度改革的意见》(以下简称"《意见》")。《意见》提出,全面实行排污许可制,在生态环境质量达标的前提下,落实生态保护地区排污权有偿使用和交易。加快建设全国用能权、碳排放权交易市场。健全以国家温室气体自愿减排交易机制为基础的碳排放权抵消机制,将具有生态、社会等多种效益的林业、可再生能源、甲烷利用等领域温室气体自愿减排项目纳入全国碳排放权交易市场。(证券时报)     

浅谈火力发电厂燃煤成本的管理

火力发电的生产过程是由一次能源（煤）转换为二次能源（电）的过程。燃煤既是能源转换的前提,又是发电生产的原料。燃煤发电厂俗称“煤老虎一从成本结构上看,燃料消耗占总成本的60％以上,燃煤的成本是发电成本的主要因素,而且目前情况看,发电厂燃料成本的比重呈逐年上升的趋势。因此企业要降低发电成本,必须做好燃煤成本的管理,燃煤成本具体分为采购成本、管理成本、发电标准煤耗率、厂用电率等,下面就这几项因素分别谈谈强化管理,降低燃煤成本的措施。     

能源计量为国内开展碳排放权交易提供基础技术保障

正据《联合国气候变化框架公约》组织统计,截至2015年3月,中国参与国际碳排放权交易市场注册项目已达50%,成为国际交易市场最大的卖方。随着2017年全面建立的全国碳排放权交易系统的启用,将更加有利于建设符合中国国情的碳市场交易体系,并为今后能源计量工作提供广阔的发展空间。     

基于看涨期权的制造商碳排放权交易策略研究

针对碳排放权价格的不确定性,引入看涨期权策略,构建制造商主导的两级供应链博弈模型,利用Kuhn-Tucker条件求解。比较制造商以即时价格与以期权购买碳排放权策略的决策。研究表明,制造商只以期权形式购买碳排放权。碳价格对碳排放权期权购买量影响较小。碳价格较大时,碳排放权期权策略下制造商利润比即时价格购买策略的利润高,零售商和供应链利润也会提高。当碳排放权期权成本小于阈值,制造商采用期权策略可实现供应链企业利润的改善。     

“电力煤质技术”专栏征文启事

<正>煤炭成本占整个火力发电成本的70%左右,电力用煤的煤质技术关乎电厂的安全、经济运行,多年来一直受到各方面的关注和重视,为有效促进燃煤发电行业科学、安全、洁净、高效用煤,《发电与空调》期刊计划从2015年开始增设"电力煤质技术"专栏,主要刊登燃料管理技术、煤质分析技术、煤炭掺配掺烧技术、煤炭深     

基于层次分析法的燃煤发电企业低碳综合评价

根据燃煤发电企业低碳综合评价构建原则确立评价指标体系,然后基于层次分析法构建三层次指标体系结构模型,同时结合专家经验分层次确定不同指标间的重要程度关系,利用层次分析法软件确定各个指标权重,在明确指标基准值取值方法后,计算每一个指标得分并进行标准化,采用加权评分法对指标量化结果进行合成运算,实现燃煤发电企业低碳发展的综合评价。以区域内某2个电厂为例,比较低碳综合水平并对结果进行分析,最后结合分析结果对国内燃煤发电企业低碳发展给出相应的建议。     

Sustainable multi-period electricity planning for Iskandar Malaysia

This paper presents the current situation and projected planning of the electricity generation sector for Iskandar Malaysia by implementing a model to optimise the cost, utilise the usage of available renewable energy sources, and achieve carbon dioxide reduction targets. This Mixed Integer Linear Programming model was developed with the main objective of minimising the total cost of electricity generation, taking into consideration energy demand, reserve margin, electricity generation, peak and base generation, resource availability, and CO₂ emission. Data for the year 2013 were forecasted until 2025 to illustrate the analysis for this study, and are represented via four scenarios. This optimal model is capable of balancing types of fuel and switching coal plants to natural gas power plants. It also enhances the use of renewable energy (RE) to meet CO₂ emission targets. The model is further integrated with several other considerations related to energy systems, such as suitability of power plants as peak or base plants, RE resource availability, intermittency of solar power, losses during transmission, fuel selection for biomass, decision to retrofit existing coal power plant to NG power plant, and construction lead time of power plants. The results for this study determined that the optimal scenario is Scenario 3 (CS3). This research proves that Iskandar Malaysia can reduce CO₂ emission by 2025 via utilisation of RE. This model is generic and can be applied to any case study, which would be useful for assisting government policy-making.     

Practice on Ultra-low Emission and Energy Efficient Technologies in Coal-fired Power Plants

Restructuring of China’s energy mix is accelerating due to factors such as energy security, economic cost, climate change and environmental pressure. Efficient and clean utilization of coal-generated power therefore plays an increasingly important role in solving energy and environmental problems in China. Coal-fired power plants, with Shenhua Guohua Sanhe as one of the pioneers, followed trend of this era and adopted multiple ultra-low emission and energy efficient technologies, striving to be an industry leader in environmental protection, profitability and innovation. As a result, coal-fired power plants have seen ultra-low emissions of air pollutants and record-high energy efficiency, opening up a new era of more efficient and cleaner coal generation. By the end of 2015, Shenhua Group had had 45 ultra-low emission coal units, providing strong support for implementing of the national policy on ultra-low emission and energy efficient retrofit of coal-fired power plants across China.     

Near-Zero Air Pollutant Emission Technologies and Applications for Clean Coal-Fired Power

Coal is the dominant energy source in China, and coal-fired power accounts for about half of coal consumption. However, air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants cause severe ecological and environmental problems. This paper focuses on near-zero emission technologies and applications for clean coal-fired power. The long-term operation states of near-zero emission units were evaluated, and synergistic and special mercury (Hg) control technologies were researched. The results show that the principle technical route of near-zero emission, which was applied to 101 of China’s coal-fired units, has good adaptability to coal properties. The emission concentrations of particulate matter (PM), SO₂, and NO_x were below the emission limits of gas-fired power plants and the compliance rates of the hourly average emission concentrations reaching near-zero emission in long-term operation exceeded 99%. With the application of near-zero emission technologies, the generating costs increased by about 0.01 CNY∙(kW∙h)^–1. However, the total emissions of air pollutants decreased by about 90%, resulting in effective improvement of the ambient air quality. Furthermore, while the Hg emission concentrations of the near-zero emission units ranged from 0.51 to 2.89 μg∙m⁻³, after the modified fly ash (MFA) special Hg removal system was applied, Hg emission concentration reached as low as 0.29 μg∙m⁻³. The operating cost of this system was only 10%–15% of the cost of mainstream Hg removal technology using activated carbon injection. Based on experimental studies carried out in a 50 000 m³∙h⁻¹ coal-fired flue gas pollutant control pilot platform, the interaction relationships of multi-pollutant removal were obtained and solutions were developed for emissions reaching different limits. A combined demonstration application for clean coal-fired power, with the new “1123” eco-friendly emission limits of 1, 10, 20 mg∙m⁻³, and 3 μg∙m⁻³, respectively, for PM, SO₂, NO_x, and Hg from near-zero emission coal-fired power were put forward and realized, providing engineering and technical support for the national enhanced pollution emission standards.     

碳政策下货运企业运营成本比较分析

考虑两种碳政策：碳交易、碳税,研究其对货运物流企业运营成本的影响。以总成本最小为目标,考虑车辆油耗与其载货重量的关系以及减少固定碳排放需要付出一定的机会成本,构建两阶段车辆路径优化模型,并设计遗传算法求解。数值分析显示两种碳政策的实施均增加了企业的经营成本,但促使企业减少碳排放;货运企业可以从两方面减少碳排放：1）减少固定碳排放,例如减少办公能耗与员工出差等;2）优化车辆性能,降低车辆的百公里综合油耗与提高车辆排放标准。     

燃煤电厂烟气中Hg的生成、治理、测试及排放特征研究

燃煤电厂是大气Hg排放的主要来源之一，基于文献调研，分析了燃煤电厂烟气中Hg的来源及生成、燃烧后现有设备协同脱Hg技术和吸附剂喷射脱Hg技术、主要离线测试方法、超低排放实施前后燃煤电厂烟气Hg排放特征等，指出燃煤电厂实施更严格的烟气Hg排放控制是非常有必要的，且改性活性炭、改性飞灰喷射脱Hg技术将是未来应对更严格Hg排放限值的主流技术。研究结果可为燃煤电厂烟气Hg排放控制提供参考。     

Modelling carbon trading and refrigerated logistics services within a fresh food supply chain under carbon cap-and-trade regulation

Carbon cap-and-trade regulation is widely adopted to reduce carbon emissions. Under this regulation, we propose a carbon trading mechanism considering refrigerated logistics services in a fresh food supply chain. In addition to supplying fresh food, the supplier offers refrigerated logistics services and overstocked carbon emission permits to the retailer. We study the decisions on the price of emission permits traded within the supply chain, the retail price and the price of refrigerated logistics services in different carbon trading options, without carbon trade, inner carbon trade, inner and outer carbon trade. Pricing strategies for fresh food, emission permits and refrigerated logistics services are provided for supply chain members. We also reveal the relationship between carbon trading and refrigerated logistics services, and investigate their joint influence on the supplier–retailer cooperative relationship. In addition, it is shown that with the implementation of a transfer payment mechanism, supply chain members are motivated to participate in the carbon trading mechanism, which has advantages including improved resource utilisation and more competitive supply chains.     

燃煤发电系统能源高效清洁利用的基础研究综述

能源在现代社会经济发展中的作用日益显著,我国的资源特性决定了燃煤发电将长期在我国能源体系中占据主导地位。大容量、高参数的燃煤发电系统是实现煤炭能源高效清洁利用最可行的技术途径之一,是确保国家电力供应的最主要方式。针对我国燃煤发电系统在能源结构变化及参数提高背景下面临的理论和技术双重需求,总结了高参数燃煤发电机组在关键单元、过程和系统耦合方面高效、清洁运行的新理论和新方法的研究进展,使燃煤发电机组能够在高效热功转换的同时实现污染物超低排放。