Effects of current on nanoparticle reinforced magnesium alloy welding joints

Abstract

Effects of welding current on macromorphologies, microstructures and mechanical properties of nano-SiC particles strengthening activating flux tungsten inert gas welded AZ31 magnesium alloy joints were investigated by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer observations and microhardness and tensile tests. The results showed that SiC particles mainly dwelled in the centre and bottom zone of welding pool. Moreover, with the welding current increasing, the mechanical properties of the welding joints were improved by the increased SiC particles in welding pool, the depth/width ratios of weld pool and the refined α-Mg grain size. However, the α-Mg grains coarsened and the mechanical properties of joints decreased due to excessive heat input in welding process when welding current over 115?A.     

Influence of pulse impact on properties of liquid phase pulse impact diffusion welding SiCp/AlSi7Mg and its welding mechanism

Abstract

The influence of pulse impact on the microstructure and properties of welded joints of aluminium matrix composite SiC_p/AlSi7Mg by liquid phase pulse impact diffusion welding (LPPIDW) and its welding mechanism had been studied. It showed that during LPPIDW, under the effect of pulse impact, the interface state between SiC particle and matrix was prominent, the initial pernicious contact state of reinforcement particles had been changed from reinforcement (SiC)/reinforcement (SiC) to reinforcement (SiC)/matrix/reinforcement (SiC), and the harmful microstructure or brittle phase was restrained from the welded joint. Moreover, the density of dislocation in the matrix neighbouring to and away from the interface was higher than that of its parent composite and the dislocation entwisted each other intensively. Furthermore, the deformation mainly occurred in the matrix grain and the matrices around SiC particles engendering intensive aberration offered a high density nucleus area for matrix crystal in favour of forming nanograins, which improved the properties of welded joints distinctly, resulting in welding the composite successfully. Consequently, the tensile strength of the welded joints was up to 179 MPa, which was ～74˙6% of the strength of SiC_p/AlSi7Mg (as stir cast), and its corresponding radial deformation was less than 3%, suitable for the demand of deformation of welded specimens.     

Preparation of bimetallic nano-composite by dissimilar friction stir welding of copper to aluminum alloy

Butt friction stir welding between pure copper and AA5754 alloy was carried out. Reinforcing SiC nano- particles were utilized in friction stir welded (FSW) joints to decline the harmful effects of intermetallic compounds. Tensile tests, micro-hardness experiments, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were applied to studying the properties of welded joints. The joints with a travel speed of 50 mm/min and a rotation speed of 1000 r/min showed the best results. The presence of nano-sized SiC particles reduced the grain size of aluminum and copper in the stir zone (SZ) from 38.3 and 12.4 μm to 12.9 and 5.1 μm, respectively. The tensile strength of the joint in the presence of reinforcing SiC nano-particles was ~240 MPa, which is ～90% of that for the aluminum base. Furthermore, the highest microhardness of the weld zone was significantly increased from HV 160 to HV 320 upon the addition of SiC nano-particles. The results also showed that raising the heat generation in FSW joints increased the amount of Al₄Cu₉ and Al₂Cu intermetallic compounds.     

铝钢点焊铆接复合连接技术

提出了一种点焊与铆接复合进行铝钢连接的技术,即在待焊试样区域预制工艺孔,将铆钉铆入孔中,利用铆接力实现试样的预连接.然后使用点焊机在铆接位置进行点焊,实现铆接与点焊的复合连接,称为"点铆焊".文中分析了该方法的力学性能、微观组织、断裂模式,并同纯点焊与纯铆接进行了比较.结果表明,点铆焊的抗拉强度比纯点焊提高了23.8%,比纯铆接提高了28.7%,失效前吸收功比纯点焊提高211%,比纯铆接提高67%.虽然在点铆焊过程中也会产生脆性金属间化合物,但这些区域并不是主要的承载部位,点铆焊为塑性断裂模式.     

HC340/590DP钢板激光焊可行性分析

HC340/590DP双相钢在氧化性介质中具有优良的耐蚀性能和高温力学性能,其塑性和韧性较高,且不可淬硬,焊接性能较好。通过分析其化学成分、力学性能和焊接性,利用激光焊技术的1k W激光发生器、激光头、光学系统、机器人、控制系统、夹具系统和外围周边集成等组成的系统进行大量试验、检测及焊接过程控制,确定焊接参数为:焊接速度40 mm/s、功率1 k W、光斑直径0.6~0.8 mm,获得的焊接接头既能焊透又不塌陷,表面成形较好,熔宽合适,确保试件的焊接接头性能满足实际需要,达到生产化的目的。     

Optimization of welding conditions for curvilinear joints

Welding conditions in welding curvilinear joints were optimized. The arc welding of structured panels with a thickness of 0.7 mm with curvilinear welded joints is used as an example to show the solution of the direct task of heat conductivity by the source method. The optimum distribution of the arc power along the length of the curvilinear welded joint with a constant width is determined.     

SiCp/6061 Al复合材料等离子弧焊工艺参数对焊缝组织及性能的影响

采用等离子弧焊接工艺研究铝基复合材料SiCp/6061Al的焊接性,借助X射线衍射、扫描电镜等手段分析接头组织,着重探讨了在填加和不填加合金化填充材料Ti的情况下,焊接电流、焊接速度对焊缝显微组织及焊接接头力学性能的影响机理,研究表明,在未填加材料Ti时,焊接工艺参数的改变并不能抑制有害相Al4C3的生成,只能改变其尺寸和数量;在填加填充材料Ti时,焊缝熔池中增强相的种类及分布是影响焊接接头性能的主要因素;适当调整焊接工艺参数有利于焊缝中心形成完全以新生颗粒TiC,TiN和AlN为增强相的完全原位反应区;同时减小新旧增强相共存区域的宽度,并消除增强相SiC颗粒的偏聚现象,从而提高了焊接接头的力学性能.     

2219铝合金不同气氛下TIG焊焊接接头组织性能

为研究氦弧TIG焊焊缝质量,对比分析了2219铝合金氦弧TIG焊与氩弧TIG焊焊缝成形及组织性能.结果表明,在背部熔宽相同的条件下,氦弧TIG焊焊缝正面熔宽、下塌量及热影响区宽度均小于氩弧TIG焊,氦弧TIG焊与氩弧TIG焊焊缝的微观组织及第二相组织基本相似,焊缝区晶粒为等轴晶,热影响区晶粒为粗大的板条状,组织为粗大的α铝基体与金属间化合物Al₂Cu及少量的共晶组织,焊缝区的第二相组织明显多于热影响区,无法发挥弥散强化的作用.氦弧TIG焊与氩弧TIG焊焊接接头的断裂方式均为韧性断裂,抗拉强度基本保持一致,氦弧TIG焊焊接接头的断裂总延伸率高于氩弧TIG焊,维氏硬度高于氩弧TIG焊焊缝的硬度.     

焊丝成分对6082-T6铝合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响

采用ER5356和ER5087焊丝对12 mm厚6082-T6铝合金进行熔化极惰性气体保护焊(MIG)后,通过显微硬度测试、拉伸力学性能测试、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM)等研究焊丝成分对焊接接头力学性能与显微组织的影响。结果表明:采用ER5087焊丝焊接的6082-T6铝合金焊接接头焊缝区晶粒更细小;抗拉强度、屈服强度、断后伸长率以及焊接系数均高于ER5356焊丝焊接的6082-T6铝合金焊接接头的;两种焊丝焊接的6082-T6铝合金焊接接头的硬度最低区域与拉伸断裂位置均在距离焊缝中心10~15 mm处的热影响区,该区域β″强化相聚集长大、粗化,导致析出相强化作用减弱,成为焊接接头性能最薄弱区域。     

铝合金双光束/单光束激光-TIG复合焊

针对4mm厚5A06铝合金,分析了双光束光纤激光-TIG复合焊的焊缝成形特点、气孔率、匙孔动态特征及接头力学性能,并与单光束光纤激光-TIG复合焊对比。结果表明,在获得相同焊缝背面熔宽条件下,与单光束激光-TIG复合焊相比,双光束激光-TIG复合焊的焊缝背面成型连续性、均匀性更优且熔宽波动较小,焊缝气孔率降低50%以上,激光匙孔开口面积平均值更大,波动变异系数更小;双光束激光-TIG复合焊接头抗拉强度、断后伸长率、显微硬度、组织与单光束激光-TIG复合焊结果差别不大。     

Laser brazing of a dissimilar joint of austenitic stainless steel and pure copper

In many industries, there are applications that require the joining of stainless steel and copper components; therefore, the welding of dissimilar stainless steel/copper joints is a common process. For this investigation, the optimal brazing conditions and suitable filler metals for laser brazing of stainless steel/copper lap joints were studied. Tensile shear force increases with increases in the laser spot diameter or in the laser irradiation angle, which is associated with increased bonding width; however, as bonding width approaches 2 mm, tensile shear force reaches a saturated value due to fracturing at the HAZ of the Cu base plate. In order to obtain joints with high tensile shear strength, laser brazing was optimized by using Cu–Si-based filler metal under the following conditions: laser power, 4 kW; spot diameter, 3 mm; laser irradiation angle, 80°; irradiation position shift, 0.6 mm; brazing speed, 0.30 m/min; and filler metal feed speed, 0.30 min. Concerning filler metals, it was found that the Ni–Cu type showed relatively large tensile shear force even at high welding speeds in comparison with those of the Cu–Si, Cu, Cu–Ni, Ni–Cu and Ni types, respectively.     

One‐sided,double arc,pulsating current flux welding

Results are presented of the investigation of the distribution of the residual welding stresses in welded joints in pipes with a diameter of 720 mm, wall thickness of 8 mm, produced from 13G1SU steel, after welding operations and the effect of ultrasound impact treatment on the redistribution of stresses is investigated.     

Static tensile strength characteristics of fillet welding lap joints assisted with bonding

A series of tensile tests were carried out on fillet welded lap joints assisted with bonding for investigating the static tensile strength characteristics of the joints from the viewpoints of stress reduction effect around the welded part due to bonding. It was confirmed that the mechanical properties of epoxy resin bonding used in this study were not deteriorated by heating to less than 150°C. When the fillet welded lap joints with bonding were assembled, the bond layer 20 mm from the weld toe was subjected to heating to over 150°C. In other words, the mechanical properties in that region deteriorated. The strengths of the elastic limits of specimens with welding and bonding were higher than those of specimens with only welding by from 60 to 100 MPa. The ultimate tensile strengths of them were almost the same because they were broken at the base plate. The strains around the weld toe and the root of specimens with welding and bonding were smaller than those of specimens with welding by around 13% in the elastic region. The strengths of specimens with only bonding were 170 MPa, which could be explained by a theory of elastic stress distribution. Even if the bond layer 20 mm from weld toe of the specimens with welding and bonding was thermally damaged, the possibility was confirmed that the residual bond layer had around 100 MPa in strength. It could be concluded that the strength of the residual bonding assisted to decrease the stress around the welded part of the specimens with welding and bonding.     

Friction stir welding of duplex stainless steels

Duplex stainless steels are successful in a variety of applications such as the food industry, petrochemicals and plants for desalination of seawater, where high corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength are required. However, the beneficial microstructure may change during fusion welding steps, and it can compromise the performance of these materials. Friction stir welding is a solid-state process avoiding typical problems concerning solidification such as solidification cracks, liquation and segregation of alloying elements. Superduplex stainless steels can avoid unbalanced proportions of ferrite and austenite, formation of secondary deleterious phases and grain growth of ferrite in the heat-affected zone. Consolidated friction stir welded joints with full penetration 6 mm thick were obtained for UNS S32101 and S32205 duplex and S32750 and S32760 superduplex stainless steels. The friction stir welds were submitted to tensile tests indicating an improvement of strength in welded joints, showing increased yield and tensile strength for all studied cases. Regarding the microstructural characterization, an outstanding grain refinement was observed in the welded joint, achieving grain sizes as small as 1 μm. This refinement was associated with the combination of microstructural restoration mechanisms in the dual-phase microstructure promoted by severe deformation associated with a high temperature during the welding process.     

热输入对超高强钢DP1000激光焊接接头微观组织和断裂机制的影响

利用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察超高强双相钢DP1000激光焊接接头微观组织的变化,通过显微硬度的测试、拉伸试验研究其不同热输入下焊接接头的力学性能.结果表明,随着热输入的增加,由回火区和两相区组成的软化区的组织发生了明显的变化,软化区内平均硬度值减小,其宽度尺寸增加,导致拉伸试样的断裂位置发生变化.当热输入不高于52 J/mm,焊接试样的抗拉强度是母材的97.75%,软化区宽度最大约为506 μm,断裂发生在母材上;当热输入达到72 J/mm,软化区宽度约为621 μm,断裂发生在软化区内.     

Application of switch back welding to V groove MAG welding

The formation of stable back beads in a root pass weld during one side multi-layer welding is important to achieve high quality welded metal joints in MAG welding. The authors employed the switch back welding method for V groove joints without backing plates. In this switch back welding method, the torch moves forward and backward with an oscillation frequency of 2.5 Hz. In order to achieve this welding, personal computers control the conventional welding robot, the power source characteristic and the wire feeder unit. During the forward, the torch is weaving on the V groove gap without the weld pool. If the weaving width becomes wider than the proper width, the tip of the wire becomes high and a good back bead cannot be obtained. The weaving width is adjusted so as to get the proper width in the switch back welding. The suitability of the welding conditions for each root gap was verified by observation of the arc, the weld pool and the external appearance of back beads. A good back bead was obtained under V groove welding in 2–4 mm gap.     

耐磨铝硅铜合金的双面搅拌摩擦焊

对10 mm厚的铝硅铜合金进行了双面搅拌摩擦焊接,研究了焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能.研究表明,铸态金属晶粒和硅粒子在双面搅拌摩擦焊接过程中得到细化,硅颗粒分布均匀化.反面焊道比正面焊道的晶粒细化和硅粒子均匀化作用更明显.异向焊接的接头强度较低,所有接头均断在焊缝的前进侧.同向焊接的接头强度较高,接头断裂位置取决于焊接参数.选用搅拌头旋转频率为950 r/min、焊接速度为10mm/min的参数焊接时,同向接头表面成形好、内部无缺陷,其强度可达母材的87.4%.     

等离子弧焊Q345B和430不锈钢异种接头的微观组织与性能

摘要： 采用等离子弧焊对3 mm厚的Q345低合金钢与430不锈钢进行异种钢焊接,并对接头微观组织、力学性能及耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明,当转弧电流为100 A时,等离子弧焊Q345B/430异种钢接头的焊缝组织为均匀分布的马氏体及针状铁素体,焊接接头综合性能优良。随着电流的增大,焊缝组织转变为粗大板条马氏体及铁素体。两侧热影响区组织均发生一定程度的粗化,且Q345B侧热影响区出现魏氏组织。焊接接头于焊缝处显微硬度最大,不同转弧电流条件下异种钢显微硬度分布趋势大致相同。不同转弧电流下,焊接接头抗拉强度均与430不锈钢相近,且均断裂在靠近焊缝的430母材侧,转弧电流为100 A时接头抗拉强度最大值427 MPa。焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能与焊接电流呈负相关趋势。 创新点： 试验结果为铁素体低合金钢与铁素体不锈钢异种钢接头的应用提供了工艺数据与支撑。     

Laser pressure welding of Al alloy and low C steel

Abstract

This study was performed to obtain fundamental knowledge concerning the development of laser pressure welding technology for the joining of dissimilar metals. Laser pressure welding of Al alloy A6061 and low C steel SPCC sheets was carried out to investigate the effects of the roller pressure, laser beam scanning speed and irradiation position on the tensile shear and peel strength of welded joints. The interfaces of the joints were observed and analysed by SEM and EDX, and the formation phases on the peeled surfaces were identified with XRD. It was revealed that prevention and suppression of oxidation during welding was extremely important to the production of a sound joint with good mechanical properties. The highest tensile strength and the highest peel strength of joints were obtained at a laser power of 1·8 kW, laser scanning speed of 30 Hz, laser irradiation position at the centreline, roller pressure of more than 245 MPa and welding speed of 0·5 m min^?1 in an Ar atmosphere. The fracture occurred not in the welded zone but in the A6061 base alloy specimen.     

Hybrid laser-arc welding of aluminium alloys

Special features of laser welding of aluminium alloys with laser and arc heat sources are investigated. Advantages and shortcomings of these methods are noted. Experiments were carried out to combine laser and arc heat sources for welding aluminium alloys. Equipment for hybrid welding is described. The technological parameters influencing the external formation of the welded joints are determined. Specific conditions for welding 1424 aluminium alloys with a thickness of 4.0 mm are presented. High-quality welded joints were produced by hybrid laser-arc welding in 1424 alloy with a thickness of 4.0 mm.