利用Monte Carlo方法预测精馏塔板上气泡尺寸分布及相界面积

精馏塔板上气泡尺寸分布是计算精馏塔板效率以及设计和操作精馏塔的关键参数，但对它的预测受到理论不完善、实验测试手段落后及求解计算困难等方面的限制。本文以Kolmogoroff各向同性湍流理论为基础并结合格率理论，利用计算机图形处理技术对气泡的尺寸分布现象进行观察，分析气泡的聚并和破裂机理。通过已建立的气泡破裂和聚并速率模型，得到精馏塔板上气泡粒数衡算方程。针对气泡粒数衡算方程求解的复杂性，本文采用了Monte Carlo模拟技术来简化气泡粒数衡算方程的求解。求解结果与实验数据相吻合并显示气泡尺寸分布为对数正态分布，这与其他研究者的结论相一致。由所求得的气泡尺寸分布可以进一步计算出气泡的Sauter平均直径以及气液相界面积。     

精馏塔板相界面积的粒数衡算模型

通过对气液湍流系统中气泡的动力学行为进行分析推导出气泡破碎速率与聚并速率的表达式,在此基础上建立了描述气泡分散特性的粒数衡算模型.求解粒数衡算方程可以计算精馏塔板上气泡的粒度分布以及气液相界面积,模拟计算的结果与实验测量的数据相当一致,证明可以利用粒数衡算模型较准确地预测气液湍流系统的分散性质.     

鼓泡床中的气泡尺寸分布

根据气泡聚并和破裂速率模型,提出一个描述鼓泡床中气泡尺寸分布的总体平衡(Population Balance)模型。该模型可预计鼓泡床中气泡尺寸分布随床高的变化。对空气-水体系的模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好。     

基于相群平衡模型的浮选气泡聚并模拟

气泡尺寸分布直接影响气浮分离效率,而聚并是导致气浮池内气泡尺寸变化的主要因素。首先用实验方法测量气浮接触区气泡尺寸分布,然后用计算流体力学方法对气泡/水两相流动及气泡聚并进行模拟,最后通过对实验和数值模拟结果进行对比建立基于相群平衡模型的浮选气泡聚并行为的模拟方法,分别运用Luo、Free molecular和Turbulent聚并模型对气浮接触区气泡聚并行为进行模拟。结果表明:Turbulent聚并模型计算所得气泡尺寸分布与实验值最接近,适合模拟接触区气泡聚并;气泡平均直径随高度升高先变大后保持不变,气泡聚并主要发生在接触区中下部;气泡的加入增强了接触区流动混乱程度,上部产生对称涡流,中下部呈由边壁向中心的水平流动。     

CCD法测量精馏设备中气泡尺寸分布

气泡的尺寸及其分布是精馏操作,精馏设备设计的重要参数,因此精确的测量气泡的尺寸是每一个研究者所追求的目标。为此人们开发出多种测量气泡尺寸的方法,这些方法各有其优缺点以及适用范围。对主要的气泡尺寸的测量方法进行了总结,并应用CCD法对精馏塔中的气泡尺寸分布进行了测量。     

预测精馏塔板相界面积的时间Monte Carlo方法

采用时间Monte Carlo模拟技术,利用随机试验的方法计算精馏塔板上气泡的稳态粒度分布,预测的结果与实验测量的数据相当一致,证明时间Monte Carlo方法不仅计算简单,应用方便,而且能够较准确地预测精馏塔板的相界面积,是一个很有发展前景的方法.     

气浮接触区气泡聚并行为的数值模拟

在气浮接触区内,聚并会导致气泡直径增大,对分离效果产生影响。采用相群平衡模型对接触区气泡聚并行为进行数值模拟,研究了气泡聚并发生的原因及来液流量、回流流量对气泡聚并的影响。首先分别应用Schiller-Naumann、Grace和Tomiyama3种曳力系数模型进行模拟,所得气泡直径均与实验值吻合,无明显差异,选定Schiller-Naumann曳力系数模型对气浮中两相流动进行模拟。通过对模拟结果进行分析,表明回流入口周围上下行流过渡区域存在较大速度梯度,是导致气泡聚并的关键因素。最后研究了来液流量和回流流量对接触区气泡尺寸的影响,接触区上部气泡直径随回流流量增大而明显增大,原因在于增大回流流量使得过渡区域速度梯度升高,气泡聚并频率提高;而来液流量对气泡尺寸基本无影响。     

气固摆动流化床的气泡运动特性

气泡现象是气固流态化的基本现象之一，了解摆动床气泡特性对推动流态化技术的海上应用具有重要意义。采用二维床及B类玻璃球颗粒的摆动床，通过对图像进行分析，研究了气泡在摆动过程中不同时间段的上升特点；提出了“热区图”方法，发现在较高表观气速时存在气泡聚集方向转换“滞后”于床体姿态转换的现象，原因为颗粒所受科氏力使其向摆动反方向聚集，抑制气泡聚集方向的转换；对IOP曲线的分析结果表明，气泡在床内分布位置、气泡平均尺寸及气泡生成与破裂频率等时均特征介于倾斜床与直立床之间；操作气速增加会使摆动床内气泡平均尺寸及气泡生成破裂频率都增加；摆动幅值增加只会使气泡生成与破裂频率明显增加；摆动周期对两者的影响均不明显。     

基于气泡数密度模型的气体穿越液池过程气泡特性数值模拟

采用考虑了气泡破碎和聚并的平均气泡数密度(ABND)输运方程,并与计算流体力学(CFD)中的湍流双流体模型相结合,建立CFD-ABND耦合计算模型。运用该模型对含固体颗粒气体通过冷却管穿越液池过程中液池内的气泡尺寸和气液界面浓度进行数值模拟。定量获得了液池内气泡尺寸和气液界面浓度分布,并分析了气速变化对其影响规律。结果表明:所建立的CFD-ABND模型能够对液池中的气泡尺寸及气液界面浓度分布等气泡特性进行较好预测;在靠近冷却管外壁面附近区域形成较大尺寸气泡和较高气液界面浓度;液池内隔板的存在有助于气液扰动,使液池内总体的气泡尺寸得到有效降低及气液界面浓度得到提升。     

精馏塔板上气液相界面积的测量与预测

利用现代的电子光学测试仪器和计算机图像处理技术较准确地测量了精馏塔板上鼓泡液体中气泡的粒径分布和相界面积.同时，还从理论上分析了湍流液体中气泡变形与破碎的机理，提出了预测气液相界面积的多相湍流动力学模型.模拟计算结果与实验测量数据的比较证明，此模型有较高的准确性，而且形式简单，应用方便.     

Measurement of bubble size distribution using a flying optical probe technique: Application in the highly turbulent region above a distillation plate

A flying optical probe technique has been developed and employed to measure bubble size above sieve trays in an air-water facility simulating cross-flow distillation (CRODIS). Despite the highly turbulent conditions occurring in the flows investigated, successful measurements were made of bubble size distributions at a series of levels above the trays. Using this technique, experiments are carried out on the CRODIS facility covering a range of gas and liquid flowrates and several tray configurations and the results are presented in this paper. Gas flowrate, sieve hole size and weir height were found to exhibit a significant effect on bubble size distribution, whereas liquid flowrate was shown to have negligible influence.     

鼓泡破泡一体化高效精馏塔盘流动特性与CFD模拟

就痕量精馏中塔板传质效率低、需强化气液传质的问题,研究者提出了新型鼓泡破泡一体化高效精馏塔盘,通过在筛板上泡沫层高度范围内设置一层破泡装置,打破大气泡,减小气泡体积,强制界面进行更新,从而提高传质效率。采用双欧拉模型分别对鼓泡破泡一体化塔盘和筛板进行了气液流场的数值模拟,并对模型进行了验证。对比两种塔板的计算结果可以看出：在相同操作条件下,破泡装置将大气泡破裂成无数小气泡,使高气含率区域面积较普通筛板进一步增大,且气含率梯度变化更均匀;增加破泡装置后,在相同气速条件下气泡上升速度下降,气体在液层中的滞留时间延长,使鼓泡层高度增加,可显著提高传质效率,且降低了气体雾沫夹带量;破泡装置还明显改善了气相的纵向分布,气含率由塔板底部向上逐渐增大且存在明显分界;破泡装置附近湍动较剧烈,气泡破碎喷出的气体会进一步撕裂液膜,气体破碎作用会抑制气泡聚并,促进界面的快速更新更有利于传质过程的进行。研究结果可对工业塔板设计和优化提供指导。     

乙醇脱水塔内两相和三相共沸精馏

研究了乙醇脱水塔内的两相共沸精馏和汽液液三相共沸精馏过程。利用Aspen plus模拟软件对乙醇脱水塔内4种工况的精馏曲线、共沸剂浓度分布、回流量和再沸器能耗进行了分析比较。结果表明,苯做共沸剂时,脱水塔内两相共沸精馏和汽液液三相共沸精馏的精馏曲线、共沸剂浓度分布、回流量和再沸器能耗相近,脱水塔精馏曲线都跨越了精馏边界,并且共沸剂在塔内大多数板上都有较高浓度分布。而环己烷做共沸剂时,两相共沸精馏工况和汽液液三相共沸精馏工况条件下的脱水塔内精馏曲线、共沸剂浓度分布、回流量和再沸器能耗有较大差别。汽液液三相共沸精馏工况条件下,环己烷在塔内大多数板上有较高浓度分布,起到较好的脱水作用,而两相共沸精馏工况条件下脱水塔内共沸剂仅分布在塔顶几块塔板上,塔内多数板上没有起到共沸剂作用。     

Aspects of distillation column design for high turn-down applications in nitrogen rejection units

This paper deals with the special problems which arise in the design of the trays used in the distillation columns of a plant for recovering natural gas liquids and rejecting nitrogen from natural gas — a NGL-NRU plant. Process requirements dictate that the trays must operate efficiently over an extraordinarily wide operating range which can be as large as 20:1. A novel bubble cap tray is described which incorporates several features to extend the range of efficient operation. Some of the key design considerations which must be taken into account are outlined.     

Overall efficiency evaluation of commercial distillation columns with valve and dualflow trays

The main objective of this work is to establish appropriated ways for estimating the overall efficiencies of industrial distillation columns with valve trays with downcomer and dualflow trays. The knowledge of efficiencies has fundamental importance in the design and performance evaluation of distillation columns. Searching in the literature, a tree of alternatives was identified to compose the tray efficiency model, depending on the mass transfer models, the liquid distribution and vapor flow models on the tray, the liquid entrainment model, the multicomponent mixture equilibrium model, the physical properties models, the height of froth on the tray model and the efficiency definition. In this work, different methods to predict the overall efficiency of distillation columns with valve and dualflow trays were composed and compared with data from three commercial distillation columns under different operating conditions. The models were inserted in the Aspen Plus 12.1 simulator, in Fortran language, together with tray geometrical data, fluid properties and operating data of the distillation columns. For each column, the best thermodynamic package was chosen by checking the temperature profile and overhead and bottom compositions obtained via simulation against the corresponding actual data of industrial columns. A modification in the fraction of holes evaluation that is jetting parameter of the Garcia's hydraulic model of dispersion above the tray was proposed. This modification produced better results than the original model to predict the fraction of holes that are jetting and in the efficiency of dualflow trays and similar results to Garcia model in the efficiency evaluation of valve trays. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

Investigation of ethyl acetate reactive distillation process

In this paper, an extensive study of ethyl acetate synthesis by homogeneously catalyzed reactive distillation is presented. Reactive distillation is a promising operation whereby reaction and separation take place within a single distillation column. The synergistic effect of this combination has the potential to increase conversion, improve selectivity and facilitate separation tasks. The feasibility of ethyl acetate synthesis is examined using the reactive distillation lines diagram. A completely rate-based simulator DESIGNER developed within the framework of a large European research project is used in order to predict concentrations, temperatures and other important process variables. In order to validate theoretical predictions, a set of reactive distillation experiments is performed in a glass tray column with 80 bubble cap trays. The concentrations and temperature profiles computed by DESIGNER agree well with the experimental data.     

Transesterification of methyl myristate in a continuous reactive distillation column: simulation and experiment

The transesterification of methyl myristate with isopropanol to methanol and isopropyl myristate is presented. This reactive system is suitable for reactive distillation and is used for the investigation carried out in this paper. A simulation model for the steady state and dynamic simulation of the reactive distillation processes was developed. For the validation of this model experiments were carried out. Based on dimensioning calculations, a 6 meter high reactive distillation column (0.1 m i.d.) with 22 bubble cap trays and a total liquid holdup of about 10 litres was constructed and built up. The stationary results obtained from the column show a good comparison between the simulated and the experimental concentration and temperature profiles. The experimentally determined dynamic time constants and sensitivities of the temperature profile of the column could be reproduced very well by the simulation tool developed.     

Mechanism and analytical models for the gas distribution on the SiC foam monolithic tray

Silicon carbide (SiC) foam material has been applied as monolithic tray for distillation column in our previous study. A systematic understanding of the gas distribution process on the foam tray should help to the design of commercial application. In this article, local gas holdup distribution and bubble size distribution are used to measure the gas distribution. The local gas holdup is tested by the conductive probe and the number of test point is counted in different local gas holdup. The bubbles are captured by the high‐speed camera to measure the bubble size. Bubble size is calculated as ellipsoidal bubble and counted with different pore sizes. Furthermore, a three‐stage process model is put forward to explain the uneven distribution of gas phase, and verified by the experimental values. The results show that the structure and the thickness of SiC foam is the decisive factor for the gas distribution performance. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4509–4516, 2015