Battery energy storage systems: Assessment for small-scale renewable energy integration

Concerns arising due to the variability and intermittency of renewable energy sources while integrating with the power grid can be mitigated to an extent by incorporating a storage element within the renewable energy harnessing system. Thus, battery energy storage systems (BESS) are likely to have a significant impact in the small-scale integration of renewable energy sources into commercial building and residential dwelling. These storage technologies not only enable improvements in consumption levels from renewable energy sources but also provide a range of technical and monetary benefits. This paper provides a modelling framework to be able to quantify the associated benefits of renewable resource integration followed by an overview of various small-scale energy storage technologies. A simple, practical and comprehensive assessment of battery energy storage technologies for small-scale renewable applications based on their technical merit and economic feasibility is presented. Software such as Simulink and HOMER provides the platforms for technical and economic assessments of the battery technologies respectively.     

基于微电网技术的新型节能电梯系统

介绍一种新型的电梯系统,主要采用直流微电网拓扑设计、可再生能源发电技术以及基于双向直流变换器的蓄电池一超级电容混合储能装置,并利用能量管理器监管系统的运行。借助上述技术,系统中的电梯有能力脱离电网独立运行。因此,该系统不仅具有明显的节能环保优势外,还有较强的停电应对能力。     

Power flow control model of energy storage connected to smart grid in unbalanced conditions: a GSA-technique-based assessment

A gravitational search algorithm (GSA)-based power flow control (PFC) model for energy storage related to smart grid under unbalance conditions is proposed in this paper. Source side and load side power transfer capability is considered to be increased by this proposed algorithm and it offers several conveniences such as the improved predicting capability, degradation in complexity as well as the randomization and so on. The smart grid incorporates the combination of the microgrid (MG) such as renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, grid and load. Here, a renewable energy source of the photovoltaic (PV) system and energy storage of fuel cell (FC) is considered and AC load is utilized. In the proposed method, the controller parameters of the power controller are optimized by the GSA technique based on the variation of active and reactive power of the system. The better power flow under unbalanced load conditions with subject to the minimum power variation is ensured by the optimization process. The proper control signals to the voltage source inverter (VSI) system are generated by this proposed method. Then, the proposed method is implemented using the MATLAB/Simulink platform and a comparison analysis with the existing techniques presents the performance of the proposed method.     

Renewable energy scenario in Telangana

ABSTRACT

This article presents an analysis of the current situation of renewable energy in Telangana, India, and predicts the future of renewable energy resources in the state. In India, maximum power is generated using conventional energy sources such as coal and mineral oil. They highly pollute the atmosphere. If new power plants are to be set up, then the import of highly volatile fossil fuels is inevitable. Though nuclear energy is a good alternative to reduce fossil fuel consumption, it is equally hazardous to human life. Hence, the energy world should think of judicious use of renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, ocean, biomass, and geothermal energy. The R&D activities carried out in India in the past three decades have shown good progress in finding a feasible solution to the problem of searching new renewable energy resources. Telangana is the state committed to use the renewable resources in a better way to fulfil its electrical energy needs. This article also analyses the current energy needs of the state and forecasts energy consumption and production in the future with the aim of finding whether the state can continue on the path of development and augment its renewable energy resources.     

A general methodology for optimal load management with distributed renewable energy generation and storage in residential housing

In the US, buildings represent around 40% of the primary energy consumption and 74% of the electrical energy consumption [U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2012. 2011 Buildings Energy Data Book. Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy]. Incentives to promote the installation of on-site renewable energy sources have emerged in different states, including net metering programmes. The fast spread of such distributed power generation represents additional challenges for the management of the electricity grid and has led to increased interest in smart control of building loads and demand response programmes. This paper presents a general methodology for assessing opportunities associated with optimal load management in response to evolving utility incentives for residential buildings that employ renewable energy sources and energy storage. An optimal control problem is formulated for manipulating thermostatically controlled domestic loads and energy storage in response to the availability of renewable energy generation and utility net metering incentives. The methodology is demonstrated for a typical American house built in the 1990s and equipped with a single-speed air-to-air heat pump, an electric water heater and photovoltaic (PV) collectors. The additional potential associated with utilizing electrical batteries is also considered. Load matching performance for on-site renewable energy generation is characterized in terms of percentage of the electricity production consumed on-site and the proportion of the demand covered. For the purpose of assessing potential, simulations were performed assuming perfect predictions of the electrical load profiles. The method also allows determination of the optimal size of PV systems for a given net metering programme. Results of the case study showed significant benefits associated with control optimization including an increase of load matching between 3% and 28%, with the improvement dependent on the net metering tariff and available storage capacity. The estimated cost savings for the consumer ranged from 6.4% to 27.5% compared to no optimization with a unitary buy-back ratio, depending on the available storage capacity. Related reduction in CO₂ emissions were between 11% and 46%. Optimal load management of the home thermal systems allowed an increase in the optimal size of the PV system in the range of 13–21%.     

Validity of decision criteria for selecting power-to-gas projects in Poland

Renewable energy sources ultimately intend to become the only power source in modern economies. In the coming years, new generation systems based on renewable energy sources (RESs), new energy transmission systems, and new management systems will be introduced for the electricity and gas sectors. As RESs work irregularly, proper management is crucial for the reliable operation of the electrical grid. Their utility will depend mainly on energy storage capacity. Power-to-gas (P2G) technology, where electrical energy is converted into, e.g., hydrogen or methane, will become an essential solution. The forthcoming transformation will require substantial financial and technical investments. Decision-makers should consider many factors (e.g., social responsibility, location, distance from gas and electrical grids, and solar and wind resources). The implementation of individual projects should be carried out carefully. Poorly planned projects work inefficiently in terms of costs and technical aspects. This paper aims to identify the conditions necessary for implementing P2G projects. Multi-Criteria approaches based on chosen benchmarks can help to select optimal P2G projects.In the paper, the weights of the proposed decision criteria, such as investment cost, investment return time, substrate resources, environmental attraction and social acceptance, were determined based on the stakeholder surveys using the chosen elements of the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method. The proposed approach allows considering differing viewpoints and establishing the validity of each of them indirectly. The applied approach based on the AHP method, the validity of technical, economic and environmental criteria was determined based on both the preferences of experts in the field of energy and transportation as well as the energy end-users. As a result of the analysis, two dominant factors were selected: access to substrates and economic efficiency - meaning that a deep analysis of substrates resources should precede the work on P2G projects.     

Decentralised power generation in rural India

A comparison of a few resource-technology combinations suitable for decentralised power generation in rural areas from the view point of the unit cost of electricity produced has been undertaken. The cost of the extension of grid electricity to rural areas has also been compared with the cost of decentralised power generation using renewable sources of energy. In several situations the decentralised power generation using renewables has been found to be cost effective.     

Environmental benefits of energy poverty alleviation,renewable resources,and urbanization in North Africa

Addressing energy poverty via expanding renewable energy sources and advancing sustainable development strategy is a crucial goal for developing nations. Therefore, the study aims to investigate relationships between carbon dioxide emission, renewable and nonrenewable energy resources, economic growth, urbanization, and energy poverty in the North African region, namely: Tunisia, Sudan, Morocco, Libya, and Egypt from 1993 to 2021, by employing Panel PMG ARDL and Granger causality approaches. According to empirical results, addressing energy poverty (access to electricity), economic growth, and using renewable and nonrenewable energy sources worsen the environment. Two-way causal relationships are founded between environmental deterioration and other variables: economic growth, energy resources, and urbanization. Based on the findings, policymakers should step up their efforts to promote green urbanization and alleviate energy poverty through renewable energy sources.     

Energy minimization strategies and renewable energy utilization for desalination: a review

Energy is a significant cost in the economics of desalinating waters, but water scarcity is driving the rapid expansion in global installed capacity of desalination facilities. Conventional fossil fuels have been utilized as their main energy source, but recent concerns over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have promoted global development and implementation of energy minimization strategies and cleaner energy supplies. In this paper, a comprehensive review of energy minimization strategies for membrane-based desalination processes and utilization of lower GHG emission renewable energy resources is presented. The review covers the utilization of energy efficient design, high efficiency pumping, energy recovery devices, advanced membrane materials (nanocomposite, nanotube, and biomimetic), innovative technologies (forward osmosis, ion concentration polarization, and capacitive deionization), and renewable energy resources (solar, wind, and geothermal). Utilization of energy efficient design combined with high efficiency pumping and energy recovery devices have proven effective in full-scale applications. Integration of advanced membrane materials and innovative technologies for desalination show promise but lack long-term operational data. Implementation of renewable energy resources depends upon geography-specific abundance, a feasible means of handling renewable energy power intermittency, and solving technological and economic scale-up and permitting issues.     

Evaluating the ancillary services market for large-scale renewable energy integration in China's northeastern power grid

The installed renewable energy capacity in China is the largest in the world. However, the curtailment of renewable energy remains problematic. To alleviate this problem, a pilot for integrating the ancillary service market for renewable energy in China's northeastern power grid began in 2017. Before this time, a compensatory ancillary service cost mechanism was implemented, in which thermal plants not providing ancillary service paid the costs of the thermal plants providing ancillary service under government supervision. The pilot ancillary service market allowed thermal plants providing ancillary service to make independent quotes. Renewable energy plants were included in those paying the ancillary service costs. We examine the effects of the ancillary service market in the context of large-scale renewable energy integration. The results show that this market has given rise to competing interests between renewable energy and thermal plants. Therefore, measures must be taken to improve the ancillary service market, including eliminating the ancillary service bidding limits, establishing a renewable auction mechanism, and transforming the spot market.     

Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems for industrial halls: Achieving economic benefit via lowering energy demand

Industrial halls are characterized with their relatively high roof-to-floor ratio, which facilitates ready deployment of renewable energy generation, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, on the rooftop. To promote deployment of renewable energy generation, feed-in tariff (FIT) higher than the electricity rate is available in many countries to subsidize the capital investment. FIT comes in different forms. For net FIT, in order to maximize the economic benefit, surplus electricity generation at each hour is desirable.One way to achieve surplus electricity generation is by increasing generation capacity, which is synonymous to higher capital investment. In fact, surplus electricity generation can also be achieved by lowering the energy demand of the building. This particularly the case for industrial halls, which are usually subject to high energy demand for space conditioning in order to remove the excess heat gain due to the many power-intensive processes.Building energy performance simulation tools can be used to explore the different building design options that could lower the energy demand. In this paper, single-objective optimization on investment return will be deployed to study the cost effectiveness among different options in lowering energy demand. It will be demonstrated with a case study of a warehouse.     

Clean energy transition in the Turkish power sector: A techno-economic analysis with a high-resolution power expansion model

The Turkish power sector achieved rapid growth after the 1990s in line with economic growth and beyond. However, domestic resources did not support this development and therefore resulted in a high dependency on imported fossil fuels. Furthermore, the governments were slow off the mark in introducing policies for increasing the share of renewable energy. Even late actions of the governments, as well as significant decreases in the cost of wind and especially solar technologies, have recently brought the Turkish power sector into a promising state. A large-scale generation-expansion power-system model (TR-Power) with a high temporal resolution (hours) is developed for the Turkish power generation sector. Several scenarios were analyzed to assess their environmental and economic impacts. The results indicate that a transition to a low-carbon power grid with around half of the electricity demand satisfied by renewable resources over 25 years would be possible, with annual investments of 3.97–6.88 billion in 2019 US$. Moreover, TR-Power indicates that the shadow price of CO₂ emissions in the power sector will be around 17.1 and 33.8 $/per tCO2 by 2042, under 30% and 40% emission reduction targets relative to the reference scenario.     

Wind energy potential,development and current trends in India: a review

The demand for electricity is increasing day by day in the world. In a developing country such as India, the electricity demand is increasing at a terrifying rate as compared to the meagre supply. At present, the Indian power industry is mostly based on fossil fuel. Nowadays, wind energy has emerged as a renewable energy source which has a huge power generation capacity. India is one of the leading producers of wind energy but has the potential to generate even more energy through it. This paper presents a review of wind energy resources, its potential, development and current trends in India. A wind turbine can be easily set up as it takes less space as compared to other power stations and can be easily located at places such as deserts, remote areas, offshore, etc.     

Distensible air accumulators as a means of adiabatic underwater compressed air energy storage

In the near future, the electricity industry is likely to face historically significant changes. The onset of distributed generation, micro and smart grids will change the entire structured industry. An influx of intermittent renewable generators will make traditional grid balancing notably more difficult. The novel concept of underwater compressed air energy storage is a potentially promising solution that may be used to meet these challenges, especially during the current period of electrical infrastructure renewal and modernisation. Early results from a Lake Ontario Pilot Study point to the potential viability of the concept.     

光伏发电对蓄电池的基本要求及理想储能方法

太阳能光伏发电系统需要储能蓄电池。对于独立功放发电系统需要蓄电池是可以理解的;对于并网光伏发电系统,为了减少太阳能发电对电网稳定性的影响,对电网有功分量的补偿只有依靠蓄电池或者其他储能装置。什么是太阳能光伏蓄电池?在光伏界还没有一个统一的认识,于是各蓄电池生产厂家纷纷推出自己的所谓太阳能光伏蓄电池,这些蓄电池能够符合太阳能光伏储能的基本要求吗?究竟什么是太阳能光伏蓄电池?对于太阳能光伏发电系统,理想的储能元件应该具备什么技术要求?本文试图通过分析解答以上问题。     

The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: A major role in China's renewable energy future

Because the IMAR is China's second largest coal producing region and the entire nation depends on over half of its energy demand from coal, the issue about more coal becoming part of the energy supply is of grave concern to the region and central government. In addition to that, China has been building more structures that demand more and more energy. The options for energy in China are to dig for more coal, discover oil and gas or import these fossil fuels. However, consideration for the environment and climate change along with concern for national security has forced China to consider a non-fossil fuel option: conservation and efficiency along with renewable energy power generation.IMAR has vast regions and areas where wind and solar have already been installed. By 2009, almost 1 GW of renewable energy systems had been installed and operating in all of China. Most of the energy was generated by hydroelectricity, though wind power - a rapidly technology in China- accounted for almost one fourth. More GWs of energy are possible along with geothermal and related renewable power sources such as the run of river and bio-mass. Major energy companies in the region are now advancing and exploring these renewable energy options along with western companies as joint ventures that create new industries, create jobs and lessen both IMAR and China's dependency on fossil fuels.     

Characterizing flexibility in power markets and systems

The increasing share of variable renewable energy sources creates a need for flexibility resources in the power system operations. This paper presents suggestions for characterizing flexibility, including dimensions of time, spatiality, resource type, and risk in power systems. We present interrelations between these flexibility dimensions, products, services, and suitable market designs. In light of this, we discuss TSO–DSO coordination and optimal flexibility resource allocation.     

Toward sustainable energy usage in the power generation and construction sectors—a case study of Australia

To be sustainable in energy usage in the future, there are two aspects that need to be considered: the energy supply or generation and the consumption side, including the closely linked construction and building industries which consume a large amount of energy. Essential requirements for energy efficiency are to produce less greenhouse gas emissions and to rely more on renewable energy sources for future sustainability. Policies for mitigation of the environment impact are having effects on both the supply and demand. While the former requires more alternate sources in smart grids and improved technologies for carbon capture and storage, the latter involves the reduction of energy wastes and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as prerequisites to green certification within the construction and building sector. Thus, access to sustainable, affordable, and secure energy is one of the major global strategic priorities to maintain and improve public health, sustain economic growth, and mitigate the effects of climate change. Toward this goal, many countries, including Australia, are investing in clean, efficient, reliable energy systems for a prosperous and environmentally sustainable future. Hence, exploring various options to ensure energy security by diversification of energy sources is an important step in meeting the future requirements and delivering clean energy to different industry sectors. This paper discusses options to manage the use of energy sources in the power generation and construction industries. Options for mitigation of environmental impact and for achievement of sustainable energy usage, such as building design with BIM, are discussed.     

State-of-the-art research on micro grid stability: a review

The usage of renewable energy resources (RES) in energy is receiving great attention as a solution to the problem of a shortfall in electrical energy. Application of RES in a generation system is done with diverse outlines, amongst others in a micro grid system. Employment of micro grid systems offers numerous benefits both for the consumer as well as for the utility provider. Voluminous micro grid expansions are carried out in more than a few countries, because it offers healthier power quality and furthermore it is ecologically friendly. Even though its adoption is growing steadily, there are still several hurdles to proficiently design, regulate, and operate micro grids when linked to the grid, and as well when in the islanded mode, and wide-ranging investigation activities are on-going to confront the issues. It is essential to consider across-the-board opinions of the micro grid amalgamation in a power system network. This paper presents a review of issues in relation to micro grid stability and offers an account of study in areas related to micro grids.     

Survey on communication architectures for wind energy integration with the smart grid

Communication systems are needed to integrate generated power from wind farms with the electrical grid. This paper provides a comprehensive review of available communication technologies, protocols and objectives related to wind energy and electrical grid integration. This paper summarizes the communication system solutions for wind generation. A major obstacle is an absence of unified communication architectures and standards.