熔融盐处理技术对粗燃气成分影响实验研究

为考察熔融盐对粗合成气成份的影响,在固定床内进行了熔融盐粗燃气成份调整实验。在350~500℃温度范围内,考察了温度、流速、挡板开孔直径、气泡停留时间等操作条件对粗燃气成份的影响。研究结果表明,所有实验工况下,熔融盐均能有效的吸收粗燃气中的CO2,得到的合成气中CO2体积分数在2%附近,熔融盐处理技术能有效增加合成气中H2体积分数,降低CO体积分数,改善合成气品质。温度、流速、气泡停留时间对H2和CO的体积分数影响明显。熔融盐粗燃气成份调整适合作为气化、热解制备合成气的后续工艺,提升燃气品质。     

熔融盐对合成气成分影响模型

气化粗合成气主要成分为CO、CO2、H2,经过变换和重整后在催化剂作用下可以合成不同的化学品。熔融盐可吸收粗合成气中的CO2,并实现H2/CO在1.5～2.9之间调整。熔融盐合成气成份调整过程是一个传质与化学反应同时进行的非平衡、耦合过程。从球体扰流方程和反应动力学方程出发,通过量纲分析推导出合成气组分与操作条件的关系,对固定床内熔融盐对合成气成份调整过程进行了分析。熔融盐合成气成份调整的限制过程为气体从气泡表面向熔融盐内部的传质过程。温度升高、气泡直径减小、停留时间增加有利于合成气中H2百分比增加;然后对模型进行了实验验证,实验结果与理论结果吻合良好。     

熔融盐电镀金属钛的探讨

金属钛具有优良的性能。然而,由于其价格昂贵,限制了其应用。因此,在各种廉价金属表面电镀钛正日益受到人们的重视。采用熔融盐体系电镀金属钛。介绍了熔融盐体系电工艺及参数的选择,概述了电镀钛的操作过程,提出了熔融盐中电镀钛需进一步研究的问题。     

热管式熔融盐蒸汽发生器的设计方法

对熔融盐蒸汽发生器的类型进了介绍,由于熔融盐引起的热应力、冻堵等,会造成熔融盐蒸汽发生器的泄漏等安全事故,提出了一种热管式熔融盐蒸汽发生器并对其进行设计方法探索,该蒸汽发生器由上下锅筒及高温热管构成,其管程走水/水蒸汽,壳程走熔融盐,能改善其结构热应力、熔融盐流动阻力。最后展望了熔融盐蒸汽发生器的研究方向。     

高温多元混合熔融盐的热重分析研究

本文对高温条件下多元混合熔融盐进行热重分析。实验中,将高温条件设定为600℃。选择了成本较低,且具有良好储热性与导热性的钾基二元盐、钠基二元盐。在钠基二元盐的基础上,分别添加了硝酸钙、碳酸钾、氯化钠;在钾基二元盐基础上,添加碳酸钠。分别对其进行TG测试。基于此,本文对不同比例下的二元盐、四元纳基盐进行TG测试。实验结果表明：碳酸钾+硝酸钾、碳酸钠+硝酸钠、碳酸钠+硝酸钠+硝酸钙的熔点分别为300.7～302.2℃、300.7～302℃、292.8～293.5℃;分解温度分别为650℃、652.3～676.8℃、638.8～659.7℃。另外,碳酸钠+亚硝酸钠+硝酸钠的熔点为223～270℃;硝酸钠+亚硝酸钠、碳酸钠+硝酸钠+碳酸钾、碳酸钠+硝酸钠+氯化钠、碳酸钠+硝酸钠+碳酸钙、碳酸钠+硝酸钠+碳酸钾+硝酸钾分解温度分别为647.6～650℃、674～682.6℃、616.9～650.8℃、650.3℃、630～635℃。     

熔融盐电沉积金属及合金

从熔融盐中可电沉积出在溶液中不能电沉积出的金属及合金。文中综述了熔融盐电沉积金属及合金的方法与特性及电沉积研究进展。     

熔融盐电镀铝的研究进展

综述了无机熔融盐电镀铝的各种熔盐组成及相关参数。探讨了无机熔融盐电镀铝的反应机理和铝枝晶的抑制，并介绍了无机熔融盐体系电镀铝的应用和发展前景。     

熔融盐高储热材料的研究进展

储热技术是太阳能热发电行业的关键技术,而熔融盐是储热行业的主导材料。对储热材料的概念和类型做了介绍。概述了太阳能热发电在国内外的发展趋势,对比了碳酸盐、氯化盐、硝酸盐作为储热材料的优缺点,重点综述了熔融盐及其与其他材料（如金属、膨胀石墨、陶瓷等）的复合熔盐的研究进展,提出了避免孤立研究储热材料和开发多种复合技术的新思路。     

熔融盐斜温层混合蓄热单罐系统及其实验研究

经济型的蓄热系统设计对聚焦式太阳能热发电的市场竞争力影响效果非常明显,一个比较有效的方法就是采用斜温层蓄热。在斜温层蓄热单罐设计理念的基础上,提出了一种熔融盐斜温层混合蓄热单罐系统,该单罐的中段为斜温层显热蓄热,上部为高温壳管式相变换热器,下部为低温壳管式相变换热器。斜温层保障高低温熔融盐液在同一单罐内上下隔开,而高、低温壳管式相变换热器既增加了蓄热容量,又简化了熔融盐液的注入和出料结构。初步实验测定了该混合蓄热单罐系统的有效蓄热量,证实了其斜温层在放热与吸热循环运行中能稳定保持,并表明了该系统具有潜在的应用前景。     

Organo-zincate molten salts as immobilising agents for organometallic catalysis

The combination of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride with ZnCl₂ affords ionic mixtures with different melting point temperatures depending on the zinc molar fraction. RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃ immobilised in the low melting mixture (60°C) promotes the 1-hexene hydrogenation (turnover frequencies up to 44 min^–1) and the recovered solid catalyst phase can be reused several times.     

有机熔盐电镀铝的研究进展

在有机熔盐电镀铝体系的构成、物理和电化学性质的基础上,对卤化烷基吡啶类、卤化烷基咪唑啉类、氯化烷芳基铵盐类电镀铝及铝合金的研究现状进行了阐述,并对这3种有机熔盐电镀铝体系的优缺点进行了归纳总结。最后,指出了有机熔盐电镀铝体系的应用前景和发展方向。     

混合硝酸熔盐的制备及其性能研究

采用静态法以硝酸钾、硝酸钠为二元基元和添加剂构成多元混合硝酸熔盐。通过DTA热分析、重量法、阿基米德法、激光闪射法等对熔盐的熔点、熔化热、密度、导热系数、热稳定性等性质进行了表征；同时研究了8种金属材料在熔盐中的耐蚀性。实验结果表明：加入添加剂能降低熔点、增加熔化热、提高热稳定性。当添加4% additive-X（无机硝酸盐系列加少量硅系列产品）时混合熔盐热稳定性与热物性最优，且熔盐对金属材料腐蚀性小，是一种未来太阳能热发电领域理想的传热蓄热介质。     

Cathodic refining in molten salts: Removal of oxygen, sulfur and selenium from static and flowing molten copper

The removal of nonmetallic impurities, including oxygen, sulfur and selenium, from molten copper (cathode) was achieved by constant voltage electrolysis in molten BaCl₂ and CaCl₂ alone, or the eutectic mixture of the two at temperatures slightly higher than the melting point of copper. At the applied voltages (2.1 2.9 V), the cathodic refining occurred without provoking the decomposition of the chloride salts, demonstrating the cathodic ionization of impurities to be responsible. Further evidence supporting this mechanism came from SEM, EDX and preliminary voltammetric studies. To increase the mass transfer of the impurities in the molten copper during the refining process, a novel recessed channel electrode (RCE) was used. The results have demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of using this technology in terms of space, time and yield of product, offering considerable advantages over a simple electrorefining cell.     

Dissolution and formation of polyacrylonitrile in low‐temperature molten salts

The solubility and the polymerization of polyacrylonitrile in low‐temperature molten salts was investigated. It was found, that the polymer dissolves in eutectic mixtures of molten sodium thiocyanate and potassium thiocyanate (NaSCN/KSCN) as well as in the molten hydrate lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄*3H₂O). The polymer can be regenerated by cooling the melt or diluting with water. The chemical interaction between the molten salt and the polymer was investigated by ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy. These measurements show that the dissolution of the polymer in molten KSCN/NaSCN is accompanied by the splitting of the the hydrogen bonds. Starting from acrylonitrile, the formation of polyacrylonitrile by a radical polymerization in a molten salt becomes successful. The polymerization of acrylonitrile in an eutectic mixture of KSCN/NaSCN results in the formation of atactic polyacrylonitrile with high molecular weight. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 2113–2117, 2000     

熔盐电解氧化铈相关物质的分解电压

分解电压是探索电极过程机理和实际电解过程中电位控制的重要依据。计算了氧化铈在CeF3-LiF-MF2（M=Ba,Ca）熔体中石墨阳极上的理论分解电压。在石墨阳极上,阳极生成碳氧化合物的理论分解电压较小,反应较易发生;在惰性阳极下,理论分解电压按氧化铈、三氟化铈、氟化锂、氟化钡、氟化钙的顺序依次增大,氧化铈将优先发生分解反应。两种电极条件下,氧化铈的分解电压随温度升高而降低,随氧化铈浓度降低而增大,当氧化铈浓度过低时,容易发生阳极效应。     

Effects of additive NaI on electrodeposition of Al coatings in AlCl3-NaCl-KCl molten salts

Effects of NaI as an additive on electrodeposition of Al coatings in AlCl₃-NaCl-KCl(80-10-10 wt-%)molten salts electrolyte at 150°C were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry,chronopotentiometry,scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Results reveal that addition of NaI in the electrolyte intensifies cathodic polarization,inhibits growth of Al deposits and increases number density of charged particles.The electrodeposition of Al coatings in the AlCl₃-NaCl-KCl molten salts electrolyte proceeds via three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation which however exhibits irrelevance with NaI.Galvanostatic deposition results indicate that NaI could facilitate the formation of uniform Al deposits.A compact coating consisting of Al deposits with an average particle size of 3μm was obtained at a current density of 50 mA?cm^?2 in AlCl₃-NaCl-KCl molten salts electrolyte with 10 wt-%NaI.XRD analysis confirmed that NaI could contribute to the formation of Al coating with a preferred crystallographic orientation along(220)plane.     

Density of molten salt hydrates—experimental data and an empirical correlation

The density of molten sodium salt hydrates which are suitable for energy storage applications has been determined by using a modified Sprengel pycnometer. The variation of density as a function of temperature shows linear behaviour. An empirical generalised correlation between reduced parameters of density and temperature is reported. This correlation predicts the density of salt hydrate melts of Na, Ca, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr and Fe ions from the density at the melting point, within an accuracy of ± 0.5 percent, for temperatures from the melting point to about 40 K above the melting point.     

Ionic mobilities of monovalent cations in molten salt mixtures

For a better understanding of the mechanism of electrical conductivity of ionic melts, additive binary systems yield more heuristic information than pure melts do. Thus, mobility isotherms of monovalent cations with a common anion are discussed. The difference in external and internal mobilities is explained. The methods for determining transport numbers of individual ionic species in mixtures are briefly mentioned. The profiles of the isotherms of the internal mobilities of monovalent cations in common anion binary systems may be classified into two types. In most of the binary melts a crossing of the isotherms occurs. Interpretation of the ionic mobilities reversal is given based on molecular dynamics simulation as well as experimental data, which is a clue for elucidation of the mechanism of ionic transport in molten salts.