VFTO作用下变压器绕组的谐振分析

为了研究气体绝缘变电站中陡波前过电压对变压器的影响,以多导体传输线理论为基础、以匝为单元建立了变压器绕组的单输入多输出端口模型,并详细推导了该模型中传递函数的求解。通过对变压器绕组的幅频特性分析,研究了绕组中的谐振情况并对谐振可能发生的位置进行了定位。仿真结果与试验结果相符,说明了该方法的可行性和正确性。     

阶梯电压下变压器匝间绝缘局部放电试验研究

对于变压器绕组而言,轻微匝间放电的发展可能会造成匝间短路甚至更严重的后果。因此,对变压器绕组匝间局部放电的发展进行深入研究具有重要意义。在实验室内构建了变压器匝间绝缘局部放电试验平台,参照500 k V电力变压器线圈绝缘处理工艺要求,设计并制作了匝间绝缘局部放电试验模型线圈,采用逐级升压法对模型线圈施加试验电压,利用数字式局部放电检测仪进行局部放电信号采集,在室温下对变压器匝间绝缘局部放电特征量和二维图谱信息进行了系统的研究。得出了不同加压持续时间下脉冲最大幅值、脉冲平均幅值、脉冲重复频率和脉冲功率的变化特征以及二维图谱的相位分布信息。     

GIS母线结构及参数对VFTO波形的影响

在绝缘结构设计阶段,对变压器线圈内特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)分布进行仿真需要了解侵入线圈内的VFTO的波形特性。为此从理论上分析了SF6气体绝缘变电站(GIS)中的VFTO从开关到变压器线端的传输特性。分别针对连接变压器的无分岔母线和有分岔支路母线结构,采用传输线等效电路模型和戴维南等效定理,推导出到达变压器线端的VFTO波形的解析公式;分析了VFTO波形基本特征及其主要频率分布;讨论了母线长度、波阻抗、变压器入口电容等电路参数对VFTO波形的影响。PSCAD电磁暂态仿真软件计算结果验证了理论分析和解析公式的正确性,表明了该方法不仅物理意义明确,而且使用方便,计算效率高,对工程设计具有实际意义。     

Analysis of steep-fronted voltage distribution and turn insulationfailure in inverter-fed form-wound AC motor

As a potential source of turn insulation failure, the steep-fronted voltage at the motor terminal generated by pulsewidth modulation drive switching or cable ringing is not uniformly distributed among the coils of the windings and among the turns of the coils. This paper presents a detailed electromagnetic analysis of the parameters of a transient model of coil and coil group which includes iron loss, skin, and proximity effects. The finite-difference method is applied to solve the model for the interturn and intercoil voltage distributions. The simulation is compared to a simplified lattice diagram analysis and to test results. A turn insulation surge-withstanding capability study is then presented with a flexible insulation test system that models the repetitive steep-fronted voltage stress and temperature stress     

Resonant behavior of EHV transformer windings under system originated oscillatory transient over voltages

Grid connected EHV transformers experience various terminal disturbances when in service. The present work attempts to investigate the voltage stresses that may develop on the transformer insulations under a variety of terminal disturbances. A number of standard and non-standard wave shapes like lightning impulse, chopped lightning impulse, steep-front long tail switching surge and oscillatory transient over voltages have been simulated and impressed on the terminals of a 400 kV EHV power transformer operating in the Indian power grid to ascertain how the winding insulations are stressed under these disturbances. Relevant section of the Indian power grid and the transformer has been modeled using Alternative Transient Program (ATP). It has been established that oscillatory system transients can trigger natural resonate frequencies of the transformers causing high voltage stresses on the insulations. Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) analysis of the oscillatory voltage response of the windings confirmed the presence of resonant frequencies indicating forced resonance. Some remedial measures involving winding design modifications have been suggested in the paper to overcome the problem.     

VFTO下变压器绕组的EMTP模型

为开展VFTO对变压器影响的研究,先由变压器绕组的S参数计算所需的电压传输函数,然后通过矢量匹配法对电压传输函数进行有理函数逼近,再应用多点Pade逼近降阶,在此基础上实现电路形成了变压器绕组的通用宽频EMTP电路模型。该模型的仿真结果与实测结果吻合,表明该方法简单、准确。     

A Modeling Method for Transformer Windings Under VFTO Based on S-parameters

To study the Very Fast Transient Over-voltage (VFTO) distribution in transformer windings in gas insulated substation (GIS), a systematic methodology based on S-parameters is presented for establishing high-frequency model of transformer windings. Firstly, voltage transfer functions are derived from S-parameters which are calculated or measured from transformer windings. Secondly, voltage transfer functions are fitted with rational functions by the vector fitting method and then the rational transfer functions are order-reduced by optimal Pade-approximation algorithm. Lastly, the resultant voltage transfer functions are synthesized by network technology. Computational results are consistent with simulation results of Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) and confirm the feasibility and validity of proposed methodology.     

特快速瞬态过电压和雷电冲击作用下特高压GIS绝缘特性

随着电压等级的提高,气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)的额定雷电冲击(LI)耐受电压和特快速瞬态过电压(VF-TO)水平的差异越来越小,由VFTO引起的绝缘事故也日益严重。为研究特高压GIS在VFTO下的绝缘耐受水平,设计了VFTO模拟产生装置,研究了不同气压下SF6棒-板和球-板间隙在VFTO和雷电冲击下的绝缘特性。实验结果表明:稍不均匀电场间隙在VFTO下的击穿电压高于雷电波;对于高气压下棒-板间隙,负极性VFTO下的击穿电压和伏-秒特性曲线位于雷电波之下;雷电冲击下棒-板间隙极性效应在一定的气压下会出现反转现象。分析表明:在不同冲击波前和振荡波尾的VFTO和雷电波作用下SF6气体间隙击穿特性的差异与放电过程中空间电荷行为的差异有关。     

GIS用电子式电压互感器的VFTO抑制方法研究

针对GIS中隔离开关操作产生的特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)导致有源电子式互感器采集卡损坏的问题,提出了一种新的VFTO抑制措施。首先研究电子式互感器中电容分压器的幅频特性,并推导出有源电子式互感器在高频条件下的分压比,通过计算得到作用于电子式互感器二次侧采集卡上的过电压幅值。进一步提出了在电子式互感器的电容分压器上插入同轴金属圆柱筒的方法,提高了电容分压器高频分压比,降低了VFTO的二次侧输出电压值。仿真结果表明,该方法大幅降低了VFTO作用于采集卡上的过电压,从而对采集卡形成保护,提高了电子式互感器运行的稳定性。     

Studies on the impact of capacitor bank switching on grid connected transformers

Switching events in power system generate transients. These transients have unfavorable impact on grid connected EHV transformers due to their complex oscillatory wave shapes embodying wide spectrum of frequencies. One or more of these frequency components can often excite the natural resonant frequencies of the transformer windings while travelling through transformers and may result severe internal voltage amplification and development of abnormal voltage stresses on the transformer insulation. While designing insulation for grid connected EHV transformers, adequate considerations must therefore be given to the voltage stresses which are likely to develop on the insulation during such occurrences of oscillatory transient overvoltages. In this paper, the authors have analyzed the stresses developed in the windings of a 400/220/33 kV grid connected transformer operating in the National Power Grid of India by model based studies when natural frequencies of the windings are triggered by oscillatory transient overvoltages originated from deliberate switching of static capacitor banks at substation.     

变压器绕组的特快速暂态建模

为了研究陡波前过电压对变压器的影响,从短路导纳参数出发,提出了一种建立变压器绕组高频集中电路模型的方法.该方法首先由短路导纳参数计算绕组各匝的电压传递函数,并利用矢量匹配法对得到的电压传递函数进行有理函数逼近;其次,对得到的有理函数形式的传递函数利用多点Pade逼近进行阶数缩减,得到变压器绕组电压传递函数的降阶模型;最后,运用网络综合技术建立变压器绕组的高频电路模型.该电路模型仅由R、L、C和理想变压器构成,其模型参数可以根据电压传递函数的极点和留数非常方便地得出.通过对电路模型的仿真结果与实际测量结果进行比较,验证了本文方法的正确性.     

基于网络函数的VFTO下变压器绕组响应的计算

提出了一种基于网络函数的VFTO下变压器绕组响应计算的有效方法。该方法首先用由网络分析仪测量得到的散射参数计算所需的电压传输函数,然后通过矢量匹配法对电压传输函数进行有理函数的拟合,最后,利用与拟合的电压传输函数对应的指数形式的激励响应和输入信号进行时域递归卷积,以获得电压响应。与实测电压响应比较的结果表明:利用传输函数仿真计算得到的结果与测量结果吻合。这说明该方法简单、准确。     

罗氏线圈型电子式互感器抗VFTO方案探讨

为解决气体绝缘变电站有源电子式电压互感器在开关操作时因受到快速暂态过电压的影响而导致采集卡损坏的问题,提出一种新型的电子式电压互感器抑阻措施。通过建立电路模型,推导出作用于电子式互感器采集卡上的快速过电压幅值,提出通过增加电子式互感器外壳接地以降低外壳过电压;在电子式互感器一次、二次引出端增加电感元件;同时要求电子式互感器采集卡与一次设备外壳空间距离大于快速暂态过电压的空气击穿距离等措施。该方法可有效避免电子式互感器采集卡损坏的问题,提升电子式互感器抗干扰能力。     

匝间耐压试验中的异常现象分析

目前通用的匝间耐压试验仪采用脉冲波形比较法来检测绕组的阻抗对称、平衡情况。即具有一定波前时间和规定峰值的脉冲电压交替施加于被试品和参照品后,利用脉冲电压在两者中引起的衰减波形的差异来区别电机绕组匝间绝缘故障,其差异程度反映了线圈间绝缘故障的严重程度并通过匝间耐压试验中几种异常现象进行分析。     

特快速暂态过电压作用下变压器绕组内置MOV动态保护特性

特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)是由气体绝缘变电站开关操作产生的一种陡波前过电压,它的直接入侵会对变压器绕组的纵绝缘造成极大危害.本文通过理论分析、数值计算和实际测量研究了VFTO作用下变压器绕组并联MOV的保护特性.本文首先建立了变压器绕组的多导体传输线模型(MTLs),推导了基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)的求解迭代公式,通过应用矢量匹配法逼近传输线频变阻抗,解决了时域有限差分法难以处理参数频变效应的问题.然后,建立了变压器绕组并联MOV的多导体传输线模型,并推导了基于FDTD求解该模型的迭代公式.最后,研究了一个连续式变压器绕组模型,测量并计算了该模型在VFTO作用下并联MOV前后的电位分布.对测量结果与计算结果的分析和比较不仅验证了所采用的计算模型和计算方法的正确性,同时也证明了在VFTO作用下用MOV保护变压器绕组的可行性.     

VFTO对GIS中电子式互感器的电磁干扰研究

针对气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备（GIS）中特快速暂态过电压（VFTO）引起的电子式互感器电磁兼容问题,首先建立了基于逻辑判断的VFTO电磁骚扰源系统模型,对互感器端过电压信号的幅频特性进行了仿真分析,通过对比实验数据验证了系统模型的正确性;然后建立了GIS管道和电容分压型电子式电压互感器的三维模型,对VFTO产生的辐射干扰进行了仿真分析,辐射电磁场计算结果与已有文献报道的误差为8.3%。此外,通过优化互感器的物理结构进一步研究了VFTO辐射干扰的抑制措施,仿真结果表明所提措施的抑制率达到了72.4%。     

Streamer propagation under impulse voltage in long point-plane oilgaps

A 67 mm point-plane gap immersed in transformer oil, at atmospheric pressure, stressed with a 1/180 μs impulse, has been studied by recording gap current and light emission. Time-resolved images were obtained by use of an image converter camera. Minimum breakdown voltages were twice as high for negative as for positive points. All streamers at these and higher voltages were supersonic, with negative streamer velocities ⩽50 km/s. The speed of the positive streamer gradually increased to 19 km/s with increasing voltage, where it saturated. At high stresses the propagating positive streamer has been observed to switch to a faster mode which propagates with speeds in the 65 to 200 km/s range. Positive streamers were bush shaped to 2× the minimum breakdown voltage, the branching diminishing with increased voltage. Negative streamers were coarsely bush shaped or usually tree shaped. For both polarities, light emission consisted of a background light, with superposed pulses corresponding to 15 ns wide current pulses of up to 10 A. The pulses are caused by very bright, brief re-illuminations of single streamer channels. The tips of positive streamers are considerably more luminous than the channels, indicating that electron multiplication may take place at the tips. A model of the streamers as being plasma filled channels may explain the re-illuminations     

Artificial neural network-based prediction technique for transformer oil breakdown voltage

This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN)-based modeling technique for prediction of transformer oil breakdown voltage. This model comprises transformer oil service period, total acidity and water content while preserving the nonlinear relationship between their combinations for predicting transformer oil breakdown voltage. The model results are compared with those obtained by various modeling techniques such as ANN-based model for transformer oil breakdown voltage as a function of its service period, a polynomial regression model for transformer oil breakdown voltage as a function of its service period and a multiple linear regression model for transformer oil breakdown voltage as a function of its total acidity, water content and service period. A quantitative analysis of various modeling techniques has been carried out using different evaluation indices; namely, mean absolute percentage error and actual percentage error at each service period. The results showed the effectiveness and capability of the proposed ANN-based modeling technique to predict transformer oil breakdown voltage and justified its accuracy.     

妈湾电厂2MCA母线虚幻接地现象分析

分析了深圳妈湾发电总厂2号机组6kV工作段母线2MCA在投入运行和切除低压工作变压器42TA的操作中分别发生的母线虚幻接地现象,指出这是由于电压互感器电感绕组与母线对地电容发生工频谐振引起的,从而形成中性点位移,造成三相对地电压不对称,产生了零序电压,最后提出了消除谐振的几点建议。     

A Study of Transferred Overvoltages on the Secondary Windings of Station Service Voltage Transformers

Station service voltage transformers (SSVTs) are finding increasingly wide application in world practice. One of the key issues of ensuring the reliable operation of the SSVTs is the coordination of their insulation and the protection against high-frequency overvoltage including that induced on the secondary windings. The paper presents the results of measuring the transfer functions and the oscillographic recording of the voltages on the SSVT secondary windings. The transferred overvoltage ratios of unloaded and loaded transformer secondary windings are estimated. Estimated rates of output-voltage increase at resonant frequencies are presented. The transferred overvoltage ratios on the SSVT primary windings under the impact of the damped oscillatory voltage are assessed.