黄原胶对馒头质构影响的研究

研究不同添加量的黄原胶对馒头质构的影响,采用TPA(Texture ProfileAnalysis)技术,研究黄原胶对馒头的硬度(Hardness)、弹性(Springiness)、粘着性(Adhesiveness)、内聚性(Cohesiveness)、咀嚼性(Chewingness)、回复性(Resilience)的影响。结果表明,馒头制作中添加一定量的黄原胶能够改善馒头的质构,提高馒头的品质。结果发现,黄原胶三个水平的添加量中0.10%的黄原胶改善馒头质构的效果最好。     

Effect of prebaking and frozen storage on the sensory quality and instrumental texture of bread

The effect of part‐baking, freezing, frozen storage, thawing and rebaking on the quality of bread has been investigated. Quality evaluation of the stored bread was done using sensory analysis, instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA) and cutting tests of the crumb and crust. It was found that frozen bread with 71% fraction of baking time showed high stability of sensory features and rheological parameters during the entire storage period (11 weeks) and, after thawing and rebaking, had superior quality in comparison with its frozen and thawed full‐baked (100%) counterpart. Second‐order regression showed that the optimal time for the initial prebaking lies within the wide range from 74 to 86% of the time needed for the full‐baking of unfrozen bread. It is therefore a good method for preventing the staling process and obtaining a product of a quality close to that of fresh, not frozen bread. It has also been shown that a fraction of baking time equal to 43% was too small to ensure desirable sensory and textural features of bread after its frozen storage and rebaking. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

胡麻胶在面包中的应用

本文研究了胡麻胶在面包中的应用及其与改良剂、保鲜剂、单甘酯的组合情况。通过测定面包的比容、抗老化性及对面包的品质进行综合评定,确定胡麻胶对面包质量的影响和最佳组合配比。经研究表明,适量的胡麻胶对增大面包比容、延长老化有明显的效果。当胡麻胶用量1％、改良剂0.8％、保鲜剂0.5％、单甘酯0.2％时制成的面包效果最好。     

The influence of fenugreek gum and extrusion modified fenugreek gum on bread

Fenugreek gum (extruded and non-extruded) was substituted for wheat flour at 0%, 5% and 10% (w/w) and the rheological effects and breadmaking characteristics were determined. Bread containing fenugreek gum (FG) at 5% and 10% showed volumes and texture comparable with a control bread. Quality was high due to sheeting the dough twice as well as the use of the three-fold-turn puff pastry laminating method during processing of dough, instead of the standard rounding of dough. The three-fold-turn method is believed to have caused a higher incorporation of air into the dough as well as facilitated better distribution and incorporation of the fenugreek gum into bread dough. Extruding FG also improved its solubility in bread. Fenugreek gum (FG) resulted in an increase in dough farinograph water absorption compared with the control, but extruding the gum caused an even greater increase in water absorption when compared with the non-extruded gum. The addition of FG to bread dough caused an increase in G′ and G″. Starch pasting using RVA showed an increase in peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown and setback in a dose-related response when compared with a control.     

Physical properties and water state changes during storage in soy bread with and without almond

Soy bread was formulated to impart different isoflavone profiles by addition of almond: a natural source of β-glucosidase. In this study, the influence of almond powder on loaf quality and storage stability of soy bread was investigated using thermal analysis, texture, loaf volume and air cell imaging techniques. Lipids introduced with the almond fraction, served as mediators to strengthen the interaction between wheat and soy protein, thereby increasing dough extensibility. Loaf quality of the almond soy bread was therefore improved since the collapse of air cells during bread preparation was prevented. This in turn favored better loaf quality. Additionally, water binding strength and changes thereof during storage, probed by thermal analysis, were found to significantly hinder the staling rate during prolonged storage of soy-containing breads.     

Evaluation of Lepidium sativum seed and guar gum to improve dough rheology and quality parameters in composite rice–wheat bread

The effects of hydrocolloids in rice–wheat flour were studied. Hydrocolloids at 0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1% w/w (flour basis) and guar (G), Lepidium sativum seed (L) and guar-L. sativum seed (GL) gum were tested as additives to the rice/flour in various combinations. The quality parameters for the experiment were assessed with farinography, extensography, amylography and texture profile analysis. The evaluation of dough rheology showed that water absorption, dough development time, dough stability and viscosity all increased with the addition of hydrocolloids alone or in a combination. It was demonstrated that G₁L₁ promoted the highest effect. The mixing tolerance index and gelatinization temperature decreased with an increased hydrocolloid concentration. Extensibility value for the dough that incorporated guar and L. sativum seed gum increased with increasing hydrocolloid concentration from 0.3% to 0.6% and then decreased at 1%. The water activity of all bread didn't have significant differences with increasing hydrocolloids concentration but this parameter 24 decreased during storage. Firmness decreased with increasing hydrocolloid concentration and increased with increasing storage time. The sensory evaluation by a consumer panel gave the higher score for overall acceptability to G_0.3L_0.3 and G_0.3L_0.6 samples. The results also showed that G₁L₁, G₁L_0.6 and G_0.6L₁ samples had high specific volume and porosity.     

面包品质评价方法的探析

对不同面包粉制作的面包和同种面包粉制作的老化面包的感官评定指标和仪器测定指标进行相关性研究。研究表明,质构仪测试的硬度和弹性指标与感官评价的烤焙均匀度、组织结构、柔软度、综合评分密切相关。为利用质构仪测试的硬度和弹性指标量化面包感官评价的质构指标提供理论基础。     

Effect of fortification of defatted soy flour on sensory and rheological properties of wheat bread

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of soy-fortified bread on the sensory and rheological properties. Ground defatted soy flour was blended with wheat flour at 3%, 7% and 12%. The organoleptic characteristics of soy-fortified wheat breads were carried out by taste panel. The effect of this fortification on the rheological properties of the resulting dough was investigated using farinograph and extensograph for quality assessment of the final product. The ash and protein contents of 3% and 7% wheat–soy bread blends increased compared with control. The results revealed that organoleptic characteristics score such as bendability, appearance, flavour and taste, crust texture and overall acceptability properties of bread containing 3% defatted soy flour was highest even though it is not significantly different. Therefore, we conclude that adding 3% or 7% defatted soy flour actually gives as good a loaf of bread as the 100% wheat bread with higher nutritional quality and acceptable consumer attitude with rheological and sensory characteristics.     

Development of corn starch‐gum bread for phenylketonuria patients

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disease resulting from an enzyme defect that leads to failure to utilize phenylalanine and it is the most common aminoacidopathy in Turkey. There are a considerable number of individuals suffering from PKU and they need special food formulations, but the choice of special foods is limited for these people. Since the bread is the staple food in Turkey, the primary aim of this study was to develop bread formulation and procedure for PKU patients by using materials available in Turkey. To be able to produce low phenylalanine starch‐gum bread, five different commercial food grade gums were added to the corn starch at 1, 2, and 3% addition levels. The addition of surfactant brought about remarkable changes in the starch dough. Loaf of the best overall quality was produced with one of the gums (xanthan gum and carrageenans mixture) at the addition level of 2%, water addition level of 105%, the final proof time of 110 min and the temperature of 30°C when compared with the other gum breads. As a result, a basic formula and procedure for preparing a desirable corn starch‐gum bread was reported for PKU patients.     

胶基糖中的香精应用和胶基糖配方

介绍胶基糖对香精香料的要求,胶基糖的香味评价,香精对胶基糖生产的影响,胶基糖香精的质量问题和可能原因分析,香精水溶性的快速测定,一些胶基糖配方的设计思路和一些花色品种研发创意。     

复配型食品抗菌改良剂对馒头保质保鲜的影响

在馒头的配方中添加脱氢乙酸钠、丙酸钙、抗坏血酸3种食品抗菌改良剂,采用一次发酵工艺,对所生产馒头的保质时间、口感、外观以及风味进行评定,研究抗菌添加剂对馒头保质保鲜的影响及最优抑菌配方。结果表明:添加脱氢乙酸钠0.015%(质量分数)、丙酸钙0.1%(质量分数)、抗坏血酸0.18%(质量分数)时,馒头的品质及抑菌的效果为最好。     

微晶纤维素对面包品质和全质构的影响

以筛分法将所购微晶纤维素（MCC）分为三种不同粒度,粒度分别为34.68μm（MCC-A）、55.96μm（MCC-B）和137.85μm（MCC-C）;三种粒度的MCC的持水力均是高筋粉的3.03倍。将三种MCC分别以1%、5%、10%的比例加入到高筋粉中,制作高膳食纤维面包。结果表明,粒度最小的MCC-A在低添加量（1%和5%）时可降低面包硬度,减少烘焙损失,改善面包全质构,添加量达10%时仍保持面包良好品质;较大粒径的MCC-B和MCC-C在添加量分别为10%和5%时会降低面包品质;因此,粒度最小的MCC-A可以在较大添加量的情况下保持面包良好的品质;感官评价的结果显示所有的微晶纤维素面包都易于被消费者接受。      

百合粉添加量对面团特性及面包品质的影响

为拓宽百合的应用渠道,提高面包的营养价值,研究了百合粉添加量(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%)对面团的微观结构、糊化特性、流变学特性以及面包品质的影响。结果表明:随着百合粉添加量增大,混合粉的持油性先降低后增加,持水性显著增加(P<0.05)。添加了百合粉后,面团的糊化温度升高,回生值和峰值黏度下降,面团的弹性模量和黏性模量均呈上升趋势。百合粉的添加,破坏了面筋蛋白原本均匀致密的微观结构;使面包的硬度显著增大(P<0.05),弹性、内聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、回复性、比容和感官评分显著降低(P<0.05);改变了小麦面团的特性和面包的品质,在小麦粉中添加5%～10%的百合粉,能保证面包较高的感官品质。     

Synergism between lipoxygenase‐active soybean flour and ascorbic acid on rheological and sensory properties of wheat bread

BACKGROUND: The interaction between lipoxygenase‐active soybean flour (LOX) and ascorbic acid (AA), on colour, rheological and sensory properties of wheat bread was studied with the aim of reducing the applied quantity of additives in bread formulations. RESULTS: The ascorbic acid (0–500 ppm) and active soybean flour (0–1%) mixture improved bread‐crumb colour by lowering the yellow hue in a higher proportion than those expressed by the components alone, characterising a synergistic mechanism (?_b = 15.1? (1.7 × LOX) ? (0.5 × AA) ? (5.8 × LOX × AA), where ?_b represent the estimated value for the yellow hue parameter). No differences in flavour and porosity were seen between the samples. As supported by the instrumental methods, breads made with active soybean flour and ascorbic acid (LOX + AA) had whiter crumbs and were softer and springier than controls as assessed by a trained sensory panel. In summary, the combination of both active soybean flour and ascorbic acid showed synergism, promoting a greater bleaching effect than when used alone. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the potential use of active soybean flour as a synergistic ingredient in the substitution of artificial additives in bread making. Since the interaction on the bleaching response was not linear and active soybean flour showed a higher iron concentration (66.40 ± 4.23 µg g^?1) than non‐active soybean flour (52.30 ± 0.40 µg g^?1), more studies are warranted to establish the biochemical mechanisms involved in this interaction. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

荞麦粉对馒头品质的影响

荞麦具有丰富的营养和药食价值,采用10％、20％、30％、40％、50％和60％的全荞麦粉置换出等量高筋小麦粉蒸制馒头,通过荞麦馒头感官评价、色泽、质构特性的变化,研究荞麦粉对馒头品质的影响.结果表明:全荞麦粉会弱化面团结构,影响馒头的品质.随着荞麦粉添加量的增加,馒头表皮及内部色泽变暗,质构参数中硬度、胶凝性、咀嚼性明显增大.     

Technological,nutritional and sensorial characteristics of wheat bread fortified with calcium salts

The aim of this paper was to carry out a comprehensive study of wheat flour breads fortified with different sources of calcium, which includes: technological, nutritional and sensorial characteristics. Calcium salts (lactate: LA, carbonate: CA, and citrate: CI) at two fortification levels (20% and 50%) were analysed. Only the LA fortified breads were harder with lower specific volume and the LA 50% showed the higher chewiness value. The crust colour of the CI 50% breads presented the lower browning index. In vitro nutritional studies showed that calcium content on digest and dialysate was significantly higher in all fortified breads. The CI 20% and all the 50% fortifications showed a better contribution of bioaccessible calcium. Sensorial general quality was not significantly different between fortified and Control breads.     

Influence of xanthan gum and gluten on in vitro digestibility and textural properties of rice bread

Starch digestibility of gluten-free bread has been expected to be suppressed for the purpose of decreasing glycemic response. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding xanthan gum and gluten on starch and protein digestibility of rice bread prepared using the developed recipe involving pickering stabilization of foams and emulsions. The extent of starch digestion of gluten-free bread was suppressed by adding 2% xanthan gum from 79.8% to 57.3%. This suppressive effect was diminished by using gluten and that of rice bread containing 2% xanthan gum and 20% gluten was 75.5%. The extent of starch digestion of gluten-free bread was similar or less than that of bread containing gluten. The gluten-free bread with 2% xanthan gum had significantly lower loaf volume, porosity, and sticker structure of breadcrumb than the control. The suppressive effects of xanthan gum on starch and protein digestion were mainly dependent on reducing accessibility of the enzyme into the inner structure.