考虑电转气设备和风电场协同扩建的气电互联综合能源系统规划

随着电转气技术的发展和燃气机组占比的日益提高,电力、天然气系统间的耦合程度逐渐加深。在此背景下,对气电互联综合能源系统扩建规划时,考虑投建发电机组、输电线路、天然气气井、输气管道、风电场、电转气设备,并探究电转气设备和风电场协同扩建对系统扩建方案、风电消纳和经济性的影响。在计及电力、天然气系统相关运行约束的前提下,建立以系统投资运行总成本之和最小为目标的气电互联综合能源系统长期协调规划扩建模型;通过分段线性法将该模型转化为混合整数规划模型进行求解;通过IEEE 24节点的电力系统和12节点的天然气系统组成的算例系统验证所提模型的有效性,结果表明合理的电转气设备和风电场协同投建可以减少输电线路阻塞和输电线路的过度投建,提高系统经济性和运行安全性。     

A novel modified GBMO algorithm based static transmission network expansion planning

Due to the growing demand of electricity, transmission sector has become important part of the power sector. The penetration level of renewable energy resources has increased presently, which gives more challenges to the transmission expansion planner. To overcome this problem better transmission expansion planning (TEP) needs to be done. Hence, it is necessary to incorporate the impact of high wind power penetration in TEP problem. In this paper wind farm are considered as an alternative source for supplying the load to the transmission networks. The complex wind energy cost model is incorporated with the traditional transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) problem. Factors accounting for wind power utilization cost, underestimation, and overestimation cost model of wind power are included. Static transmission network expansion planning (STNEP) problem is modeled using the DC power flow model. The main objective function is to minimize the total cost of the system, which consists of transmission line investment cost, fuel cost of generators and wind energy cost. To solve this non-linear, non-convex optimization problem with a novel optimization algorithm i.e. Modified Gases Brownian Motion Optimization (MGBMO) algorithm is applied. To validate the capability of the proposed method is tested with modified Garver’s 6-bus system, IEEE 24-bus system and IEEE 25-bus system.     

Optimization of Transmission Expansion Planning by Minimal Cut Sets Based on Graph Theory

Abstract—This research proposes a method based on the graph theory for transmission network expansion planning. The proposed method suggests an optimal investment cost for transmission network expansion planning by using the minimal cut sets based on the graph theory. On the basis of the oriented connected graph of an intent transmission network, this research aims to find the maximum power flows through the bottlenecks of the network. The main object function of the proposed algorithm is the construction cost of new lines, which needs to be added in parallel with the overloading lines of an existing transmission network. The major consideration is the load demand in the given future. This research uses three benchmark systems to illustrate the proposed method: Garver's 6-bus system (Garver system) the 24-bus and 21-bus IEEE reliability test systems. In a word, the Garver system is used to demonstrate the algorithm of the proposed method, and the 24-bus and 21-bus IEEE reliability test systems are tested by using the proposed method in many cases to compare the results and performance with those of recent studies. The findings of this research are of value to solve transmission network expansion planning problems.     

区间负荷下的输电网灵活规划方法

建立了区间负荷下的输电网灵活规划模型,该模型考虑负荷的不确定因素,以投资成本最小为目标,以正常情况和线路N-1情况下的网络安全为约束,求解该模型得到区间负荷下满足正常情况和线路N-1情况下系统安全的输电网规划方案。根据区间至多切负荷量的数值来判别区间负荷下电网规划方案的安全性和安全程度,使用改进的贪婪随机自适应搜索算法快速求解该模型。6节点系统和某实际77节点系统的规划结果验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

Dynamic transmission planning using a constrained genetic algorithm

A new, accurate and efficient model for long range transmission planning is developed in this paper. The model applies a constrained genetic algorithm where the system stability constraints, in terms of upper and lower limits on the system bus voltage magnitudes and swing angles, are easily included. The accurate ac load flow equations are also included in the algorithm. An accurate cost function for the transmission system is formulated where both fixed and variable costs for all planned facilities are included, in addition to the cost of energy losses. The cost function is then minimized, subject to system constraints, using a constrained genetic algorithm. The model is capable of handling both static mode of planning, as well as the dynamic mode of planning accurately and not as a series of statically build-up plans. The IEEE 6-bus test system is used to test and justify the applicability of the new developed model.     

考虑经济性可靠性的输电网二层规划模型及混合算法

建立考虑经济性可靠性的输电网确定性二层线性规划模型,将可靠性问题以约束加入到经济性规划问题中,改变了传统输电网规划建模方式,实现规划方案在高可靠性条件下的经济性最优。模型上层规划目标采用线路建设成本最小,约束为待架线路数目约束;下层规划目标为切负荷最小,约束为常规运行约束,且严格满足N-1安全约束,实现最优规划方案的N-1安全运行要求。提出采用改进小生境遗传算法(improved niche genetic algorithm,INGA)和原始-对偶内点法(prime-dual interior point method,PDIPM)相结合的混合算法,并对上述模型进行求解,利用小生境遗传算法处理上层规划的整数变量,进行全局寻优;对下层规划采用原始-对偶内点算法进行快速求解,提高算法速度和收敛性。18节点系统和46节点系统的结果表明该模型和算法是有效的。     

市场环境下基于Benders分解的输电网规划决策

市场条件下,由于不确定因素对市场经济运行的影响,输电网的扩展规划必须考虑发电公司和用户的需求,减缓输电系统阻塞,促进市场的公平竞争。首先以电力联营市场模式为研究背景,针对不确定因素作用下可能的未来场景,基于最优潮流的输电网边际定价模型,提出了以投资成本和运行成本为优化目标的输电网静态规划模型;然后基于奔德斯(B enders)分解算法先求解出各个典型场景下输电网规划优化方案,再根据决策理论中的最小最大悔则进行多场景规划决策;最后在IEEE-24节点系统上进行了仿真计算。与确定性输电网规划方法相比,该模型计及了电网规划与经济运行中不确定因素的影响,从而能更有效地指导市场环境下输电网规划综合决策,提高规划系统经济性能。     

市场环境下基于系统阻塞指标约束的多阶段输电网规划

电力市场环境下的多阶段输电网扩展规划在满足发电公司和用户的需求的同时,对减缓输电系统阻塞,促进市场的公平竞争具有重要作用。在此背景下,利用系统阻塞指标和系统阻塞成本分别作为评估规划网络可靠性指标和运行指标,以改进的小生境遗传算法为研究方法,提出了基于阻塞指标约束下的输电网多阶段规划模型。IEEE-24节点系统上算例分析表明该模型综合考虑了各规划阶段输电系统的经济运行,能更科学地指导输电网规划决策,有效减缓系统阻塞发生,提高规划系统的网络充裕性。     

Electricity market equilibrium of nonlinear power systems with reactive power control

The impact of reactive power control on the electricity market equilibrium is investigated. The effects of limitations on the reactive power generation and absorption, and load power factor adjustments, are examined using a novel electricity market equilibrium model that solves large-scale nonlinear power systems with asymmetric strategic firms. The algorithm implemented employs the linear supply function theory for bid-based pool markets. AC power flow analysis is used to represent the electricity network, incorporating variable price-responsive active and reactive load demands. The significance of the reactive power modeling in the electricity market equilibrium is demonstrated using the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems. It is shown that variations on the reactive power in the system result in different market outcomes, as incentives are given to the strategic generating firms to alter their bidding strategies. The convergence characteristics of the IEEE 118-bus system are graphically presented and discussed to demonstrate the superior computational performance of the proposed algorithm in producing results under strict binding constraints and heavy transmission congestion conditions.     

市场环境下考虑风险成本的启发式输电网规划

市场经济环境下电网公司更加重视电网投资的经济性问题。提出了一种考虑风险成本的输电网规划模型,该模型以投资等额年值、运行成本和系统运行的过负荷风险最小作为目标函数。采用N-1故障情况下的过负荷风险成本对传统规划模型中的硬性安全约束进行软化,实现了输电网的经济效益需求与用户可靠性需求的有机结合。采用强迫切负荷经济损失最小为严重度函数,建立了一种与输电网规划问题相适宜的过负荷风险评估公式。采用改进的Garve6节点系统进行了算例测试,结果分析证明了模型的合理性。     

基于阻塞支路潮流变化量的阻塞成本分摊

该文对双边交易模式下阻塞成本分摊问题进行了研究，提出了一种新的阻塞成本分摊方法，可以实现线路阻塞成本在市场成员间的分配。按该方法，双边交易应分摊的阻塞成本与阻塞消除前后该交易在阻塞线路中的潮流变化量成正比。研究表明，采用该方法分摊阻塞成本，既能体现双边交易对发生阻塞的输电设备的影响程度，又能提供有利于缓解阻塞的信号。5节点系统算例验证了该文观点。     

计及综合需求侧响应的电-气综合能源系统协调优化运行

随着综合能源系统研究的不断深入,需求侧管理对优化负荷分布、降低系统经济成本等方面的作用越来越不可忽视。文中对计及综合需求侧响应的电-气综合能源系统的协调优化问题进行探讨。首先引入市场需求弹性概念对电力系统需求侧和天然气系统需求侧进行详细描述,并提出需求替代系数,对价格型负荷及替代型负荷进行综合考虑,建立需求侧数学模型;接着在此基础上,以最小化P2G场站、燃气轮机、蓄电池建设及运维成本为目标函数,建立综合能源系统的协调优化模型;最后使用改进的粒子群算法对模型进行求解,以修改后的9节点电力系统与7节点天然气系统为例,分析说明了该协调优化模型对优化负荷分布、降低系统成本等方面的作用。     

A bi-level probabilistic transmission planning with intermittent generations based on life cycle cost

With the growing development of intermittent renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, transmission planners are faced with uncertainly varying generations and resultant probabilistic power flow. A bi-level programming model is proposed to coordinate the process of decision making and reliability assessment. Based on the concept of life cycle cost (LCC), its minimization can be defined as the objective function of a transmission planner. This upper level problem needs to be solved jointly with the lower probabilistic optimal power flow problem of minimizing the load shedding in the system. Hence the bi-level problem is transformed into a Mathematical Programming with Equilibrium Constraints (MPEC) with Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Due to the nonlinearity nature of MPEC, disjunctive inequalities and Generalized Benders Decomposition methods are used to solve this problem. Results of both Garver’s 6-bus test system and a realistic 63-bus system are used to illustrate the rationality and validity of the proposed method.     

A dynamic model for coordination of generation and transmission expansion planning in power systems

This paper presents a new dynamic approach on the expansion planning problem in power systems. First, the coordination between generation system expansion and transmission system expansion has been formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. Then, it has been shown that this MINLP model cannot be efficiently solved by the traditional MINLP solvers. Since the nonlinear term comes from the multiplication of a binary variable by a continuous one, a Benders decomposition approach has been employed to convert the MINLP formulation into a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) master problem, and a linear programming (LP) sub-problem. Besides, different times of construction have been considered for different transmission and generation facilities. In addition, a clustering based algorithm has been proposed to evaluate the reliability of the system at hierarchical level II (HLII). Since this dynamic planning method is an upgraded version of a recent developed static model, the result from both methods have been also compared. A simple 6-bus test system and IEEE 30-bus system have been selected to confirm the effectiveness of the introduced method.     

考虑暂态稳定性的网储多目标双层优化

随着风电和负荷的不断发展,输电阻塞、弃风和运行安全等问题对电网规划提出了新的挑战。储能系统具有响应速度快、配置方便灵活、适用范围广等优点,在风电消纳、缓解输电阻塞、系统安全运行中发挥着重要作用。为提高电网输电能力和抗扰动能力,结合系统故障后的暂态运行特性,在规划和运行层面综合考虑电网输电能力、弃风水平和暂态稳定性,以系统建设运行指标和系统稳定指标为多目标建立双层网储联合规划模型。外层模型为考虑储能系统选址定容规划的多目标模型,内层模型为考虑机组组合问题的输电网扩容模型。为提高求解效率,将扩容线路潮流约束、储能系统充放电模型、机组发电成本曲线等进行线性化处理。采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法和GUROBI求解器求解所提模型,并利用改进Garver-6 节点系统进行算例分析,在不同场景下验证了所建模型的有效性和合理性。     

市场环境下基于最优潮流的输电网规划

电力市场环境下,扩展或加强输电系统对满足发电公司和用户的需求、减缓输电系统阻塞、促进市场的公平竞争具有重要作用。文中首先以Pool市场模式为背景,基于最优潮流(OPF)的输电网边际定价模型,提出一个计及多场景的综合性系统阻塞指标作为评估规划网络可靠性的经济指标;然后建立了阻塞指标约束下的输电网静态规划模型,并用IEEE-24RTS实验系统进行了验证。与传统的输电网规划相比,该模型由市场条件下的OPF确定系统最优经济运行状况,能更科学地进行输电网规划决策,有效减缓系统阻塞发生,提高规划系统经济性能,易于扩展从而计及电网规划中的各种不确定性因素。     

Pareto optimality-based multi-objective transmission planning considering transmission congestion

In the deregulated environment, transmission congestion is one major problem that needs to be handled in power system operation and network expansion planning. This paper aims to enhance the transmission system capability and have the congestion alleviated using the multi-objective transmission expansion planning (MOTEP) approach. A system congestion index called the congestion surplus is presented to measure the congestion degree of the transmission system. The proposed MOTEP approach optimizes three objectives simultaneously, namely the congestion surplus, investment cost and power outage cost. An improved strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm (SPEA) is adopted to solve the proposed model. A ranking method based on Euclidean distance is presented for decision-making in the Pareto-optimal set. The effectiveness of both the improved SPEA and the proposed multi-objective planning approach has been tested and proven on the 18-bus system and the 77-bus system, respectively.     

考虑运行策略和投资主体利益的电转气容量双层优化配置

电转气(P2G)技术的日益成熟,促进了电网和天然气网间的耦合,使两者间实现大规模互联成为可能。文中利用条件风险价值(CVaR)理论,对风电不确定性给电—气互联系统带来的运行风险及其成本进行了分析。在计及风力发电企业和电—气互联系统两个利益主体后,构建了P2G设备容量配置双层规划模型,以风力发电企业净利润作为上层目标,电—气互联系统运行成本为下层目标。并通过基于灾变遗传算法和内点法的混合求解算法进行仿真求解。利用IEEE 39节点电网和修改的比利时20节点天然气网组成的仿真系统,验证了配置P2G设备来提高风电消纳率和降低系统弃风风险的可行性。并进一步对比分析了置信度和弃风风险成本系数对P2G配置策略及系统运行的影响。     

考虑消除阻塞的分段竞价电力市场出清算法

研究了在发电侧开放的电力市场下,作为电网公司,在保证电网运行的安全性及电能质量的前提下,如何购买各发电厂的电力,使得既满足用户的需要又实现安全性和经济性。提出了一种用灵敏度方法消除阻塞的分段竞价电力市场的出清算法,先在不考虑支路过载的情况下,按各发电机的报价进行竞价,依次安排基荷、腰荷和峰荷段的出力;再选取负荷最大时刻对网络进行阻塞管理,以阻塞调整的费用最小为目标,根据各发电机相对阻塞支路的灵敏度调整各发电机的功率,根据此阻塞管理结果对整体竞价过程进行调整并考虑爬坡约束,通过优化腰、峰荷的分界点,得到考虑消除阻塞的分段竞价电力市场的各发电机出力。这种考虑消除阻塞的分段竞价电力市场的出清算法不仅满足电能生产的连续性,区分了电能质量,体现了市场公平性,而且消除了阻塞,因此其结果更具有实用价值。以IEEE 30节点系统为例,证明了算法的可行性。     

Robust dynamic network expansion planning considering load uncertainty

This paper presents a dynamic transmission expansion planning framework with considering load uncertainty based on Information-Gap Decision Theory. Dynamic transmission planning process is carried out to obtain the minimum total social cost over the planning horizon. Robustness of the decisions against under-estimated load predictions is modeled using a robustness function. Furthermore, an opportunistic model is proposed for risk-seeker decision making. The proposed IGDT-based dynamic network expansion planning is formulated as a stochastic mixed integer non-linear problem and is solved using an improved standard branch and bound technique. The performance of the proposed scheme is verified over two test cases including the 24-bus IEEE RTS system and Iran national 400-kV transmission network.