Fault location scheme for a multi-terminal transmission line based on current traveling waves

As very little research on the fault location for multi-terminal transmission lines based on current traveling waves only has been done, a new fault location scheme on this is proposed. The proposed scheme is different from the traditional ones based on fundamental impedance. Fast Intrinsic Mode Decomposition (FIMD) and Teager Energy Operator (TEO) are combined (FIMD&TEO) to detect the arrival time of the traveling wave at each terminal. Fault Distance Ratio Matrix (FDRM) and rules for identifying faulted sections of a multi-terminal transmission line are proposed and the method for building FDRM is presented in this paper. After several couples of local and remote terminals connecting through the faulted section are got, their fault distances are calculated by means of a two-ended traveling wave method, and then the fault point can be located by averaging the fault distances. Many simulations under various fault conditions have been done, and the results show that the proposed scheme can locate faults more accurately than existing impedance-based methods.     

基于差值矩阵的多端输电线路故障定位研究

针对现有多端输电线路故障行波检测困难、定位精度不高、判定算法复杂等问题,提出一种基于变分模态分解(VMD)算法和Hilbert变换相结合的行波检测法和一种基于差值矩阵的多端输电线路故障行波定位算法。首先通过行波传感器采集故障行波信号,利用VMD分解算法对故障行波进行分解,结合Hilbert变换提取模态分量IMF1的瞬时频率,根据第一个瞬时频率的奇异点位置确定故障行波的达到时刻。然后利用行波到达各端的时间和行波传输原理,得到多端输电线路故障分支判定矩阵。最后根据故障分支判定矩阵确定故障支路,实现故障点的精确定位。ATP/EMTP仿真结果表明,所提检测方法能够准确检测故障初始行波的到达时间,多端输电线路定位算法能够准确判定故障支路,相比于HHT检测方法下的定位算法,进一步提高了定位精度。     

基于同步电流测量的多端直流系统故障定位

针对现存多终端直流传输(MTDC)系统灵活性差和可靠性低的问题,提出一种新的基于行波系统故障定位方法,利用小波变换和同步电流测量来确定故障位置。首先通过排除不可能为故障的线路来区分故障区段,然后提出一种评估指标,以确定故障区段所包含的所有线路中的故障线路,最后构建并求解故障开始时间、故障位置和首次到达各个检测器时间的线性方程组。仿真结果表明,具有高精度、噪声免疫和故障阻抗鲁棒性,其中高阻抗鲁棒性是最大优势。     

一种考虑不同期合闸的行波合闸保护新方法

当线路末端故障时，行波在线路末端的反射情况比较复杂，反向电流行波的极性有可能与正向电流行渡的极性相反，而此时测距结果又与线路无故障时相同。因此，会造成行波蒯距式与行波极性比较式合闸保护的不正确动作。根据行波的折、反射理论，分析出当线路无故障时正向电流行渡仅在线路末端发生反射，且电流行波的反射系数为-1，而当线路存在故障时，正向电流行波将在故障点发生反射，无论故障是否在线路末端，电流行波的反射系数都不会是-1。根据这一特征，提出了一种新的行波合闸保护方法。从原理上保证了在各种情况下保护都可以正确动作，大量的电磁暂态仿真结果也证明了这一点。     

基于三点电流测量的输电线路行波故障定位新方法

鉴于输电线路在线监测取得了长足的进步,针对目前行波定位法中波头检测算法存在缺陷和波速测定精度差的不足,本文提出了基于导线电流三测量点局域均值分解(LMD)的行波故障定位新方法。该方法首先对测量点电流线模分量进行局域均值分解,然后根据分解得到的第一个PF分量瞬时频率曲线的首个频率突变点来确定行波波头第一次到达测量点的时刻。其次,根据相位差动保护原理判断出故障点所在线路段,并利用无故障段线路的长度和故障行波到达其两端测点的时间差之比计算出故障行波波速。最后,通过双端行波法的定位原理计算出故障距离。仿真结果表明,本文定位方法同基于小波变换或希尔伯特-黄变换的定位方法相比具有较高的定位精度。     

Digital fault location for parallel double-circuit multi-terminaltransmission lines

Two new methods are proposed for fault point location in parallel double-circuit multi-terminal transmission lines by using voltages and currents information from CCVTs and CTs at all terminal. These algorithms take advantage of the fact that the sum of currents flowing into a fault section equals the sum of the currents at all terminals. Algorithm 1 employs an impedance calculation and algorithm 2 employs the current diversion ratio method. Computer simulations are carried out and applications of the proposed methods are discussed. Both algorithms can be applied to all types of fault such as phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase faults. As one equation can be used for all types of fault, classification of fault types and selection of faulted phase are not required. Phase components of the line impedance are used directly, so compensation of unbalanced line impedance is not required     

基于改进暂态能量方向的半波长输电线路保护方法

针对传统特高压保护方法难以直接应用于特高压半波长交流输电系统的问题,提出基于改进暂态能量方向的半波长输电线路保护方法。半波长输电线路测量阻抗随故障位置不再呈现单一线性变化,导致传统距离保护不能直接应用于半波长输电线路,而行波在超长线路上衰减损耗极大,难以准确检测行波波头,故行波保护亦难以用于半波长输电线路保护。因此,提出一种基于改进暂态能量的方向保护方法,通过线路两端检测到的暂态电气量计算输电线路三相瞬时功率,并通过瞬时功率的积分求取暂态能量,以暂态能量的极性构造区内、区外故障判据。经大量仿真验证,无论故障点位于线路何处该方法均能够可靠实现区内、区外故障辨识,此外暂态能量极性不受故障角、过渡电阻改变而改变,所需采样率仅10 kHz,仿真结果证明该方法准确、可靠。     

基于多端行波的配电网单相接地故障定位方法

配电网多为树形结构,分支多,单端定位或双端定位方法都很难准确定位故障。针对B型行波和配电网树形结构,提出了一种多端行波故障定位方法。该方法利用接地故障时刻产生的行波第1波头到达配电网线路各末端的时刻进行故障定位。利用行波故障定位基础理论,建立了多端行波故障定位的理论依据,考查了定位方案在配电网中的优越性。采用ATP仿真软件和MATLAB软件对该方案在配电网中遇到的各种情况进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,在配电网单相接地故障定位中,多端行波定位法只利用接地故障初期很短时间内的暂态行波信号,接地故障后期的故障发展情况对开始的暂态行波信号并无影响,所以运用多端行波定位法能够快速准确地找到故障点。     

基于MMC的多端柔性直流线路超高速保护关键技术研究

为了满足多端柔性直流电网输电线路超高速保护动作快速需求,在传统直流线路保护的基础上,介绍了柔性直流线路的保护配置和动作策略,根据故障行波的特征,提出了一种行波保护方法。该方法将电压信号经过S变换提取故障行波的特定频带特性,通过对不同时刻故障行波幅值的变化识别接地短路故障,进而构成行波保护出口的判据。最后基于实际工程参数,在RTDS搭建的多端柔性直流仿真模型与控制保护系统构成的闭环系统上进行试验验证,试验结果表明该方法有效、可靠。     

Fault Location for Single-Circuit Line Based on Bus-Impedance Matrix Utilizing Voltage Measurements

Diverse transmission line fault location algorithms have been proposed in the past depending on measurements available. Existing algorithms usually require measurements captured from buses of a faulted line. By taking advantage of the bus-impedance matrix technique, this paper presents a possible fault location approach for single-circuit lines utilizing only voltage measurements from one or two buses, which may be distant from the faulted line. With the addition of a fictitious bus where the fault occurs, the transfer impedances of this bus and other buses are revealed as a function of the fault location. Based on the relationship between the bus voltage change due to fault and the transfer impedance, the fault location can be derived. Shunt capacitance of the line is ignored first and then fully considered based on distributed parameter line model. Electromagnetic transients program simulation studies have shown quite encouraging results.     

LCC-VSC混合直流输电线路的组合型单端故障定位方法

电网换相换流器—电压源换流器(LCC-VSC)混合直流输电线路中的故障行波传播特性有别于常规直流和柔性直流的输电线路。文中针对混合直流输电线路分析了行波折反射过程及两端边界反射角的频变特性,确定了单端法故障定位装置的合理安装侧,提出了一种组合型单端故障定位新原理。首先,利用定位精度略低的固有频率法进行故障位置初测,以此粗略计算故障点第1次反射波的大致到达时刻。然后,再利用故障点反射波与对端母线反射波的波到达时刻的对称性质在行波传播时序图中匹配找到这2种反射波的精准波到达时刻。最后,根据初始行波、故障点第1次反射波和对端母线第1次反射波到达时刻实现故障定位。仿真实验表明,固有频率法的引入有效避免了由于无法准确区分故障点第1次反射波与对端母线第1次反射波所带来的定位误差,所提方法在LCC-VSC混合直流输电系统中能实现较准确的故障定位。     

输电线路功率型行波纵联保护新方法

为提高纵联保护的灵敏性与可靠性,提出一种行波功率型的纵联保护新算法。该算法利用彼得逊等值模型,分析线路区内、区外故障时的初始行波分布特征,给出了初始行波无功功率定义。基于S变换提取单频率的初始电压、电流行波,计算出初始行波无功功率,根据线路两端的初始行波无功功率幅值之比构成保护判据。当被保护线路区外故障时,线路近故障点端几乎测量不到初始行波无功功率,而远故障点端测量到的初始行波无功功率数值较大;被保护线路内部故障时,线路两端均存在较大的初始行波无功功率。根据线路两端测量的初始行波无功功率相对大小关系,能够明显地区分出线路内外部故障。理论分析和PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果表明,该保护性能可靠性高、动作速度快、动作门槛值整定简单、计算量小;在小故障初始角下仍能准确识别区内外故障,且不受故障类型、故障位置、过渡电阻和母线结构等因素影响。     

Research on multi-terminal traveling wave fault location method in complicated networks based on cloud computing platform

Cloud computing technology is used in traveling wave fault location, which establishes a new technology platform for multi-terminal traveling wave fault location in complicated power systems. In this paper, multi-terminal traveling wave fault location network is developed, and massive data storage, management, and algorithm realization are implemented in the cloud computing platform. Based on network topology structure, the section connecting points for any lines and corresponding detection placement in the loop are determined first. The loop is divided into different sections, in which the shortest transmission path for any of the fault points is directly and uniquely obtained. In order to minimize the number of traveling wave acquisition unit (TWU), multi-objective optimal configuration model for TWU is then set up based on network full observability. Finally, according to the TWU distribution, fault section can be located by using temporal correlation, and the final fault location point can be precisely calculated by fusing all the times recorded in TWU. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results show that the proposed method can quickly, accurately, and reliably locate the fault point under limited TWU with optimal placement.     

Development approach of a programmableand open software package for powersystem frequency response calculation

This paper presents a day-ahead optimal energy management strategy for economic operation of industrial microgrids with high-penetration renewables under both isolated and grid-connected operation modes. The approach is based on a regrouping particle swarm optimization (RegPSO) formulated over a day-ahead scheduling horizon with one hour time step, taking into account forecasted renewable energy generations and electrical load demands. Besides satisfying its local energy demands, the microgrid considered in this paper (a real industrial microgrid, “Goldwind Smart Microgrid System” in Beijing, China), participates in energy trading with the main grid; it can either sell power to the main grid or buy from the main grid. Performance objectives include minimization of fuel cost, operation and maintenance costs and energy purchasing expenses from the main grid, and maximization of financial profit from energy selling revenues to the main grid. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of various aspects of the proposed strategy in different scenarios. To validate the performance of the proposed strategy, obtained results are compared to a genetic algorithm (GA) based reference energy management approach and confirmed that the RegPSO based strategy was able to find a global optimal solution in considerably less computation time than the GA based reference approach.     

基于经验小波变换的混合输电线路单相接地故障测距

针对架空线-电缆混合输电线路波阻抗不连续而引起的频谱混叠现象严重的问题,提出了一种基于经验小波变换(EWT)的混合输电线路单相接地故障测距方法。首先利用EWT对故障产生的暂态零序电流行波分解得到低频分量。然后根据低频分量选线判据对混合输电线路进行故障选线,通过分析奇异性检测结果准确标定故障线路行波波头。最后配电网混合输电线路的故障测距通过单端行波测距原理得以实现。PSCAD/Matlab仿真结果表明,该方法具有较高的准确性,满足工程实践定位精度在200 m以内的要求。     

基于分布式行波检测的配电网单相接地故障定位方法

为解决复杂树型配电网长期存在的单相接地故障精确定位难题,分析了故障行波模量的传输特性,提出了一种基于两种行波原理组合的故障定位新方法。该方法首先建立多端定位算法查找故障主干线路,缩小故障定位范围;然后提出基于行波模量时差的双端定位算法,利用行波线模分量与零模分量的行波传输时差准确计算故障距离;最后,综合利用多端与双端定位结果确定故障精确位置。经仿真验证,该方法仅需在部分配电线路末端安装行波定位装置即可实现配电网全网线路的精确故障定位,有效节省了装置投资成本,具有数据处理量少、算法实现简单等优点。     

多端线路差动保护改进算法的研究

针对传统差动保护在T型以及多端线路保护中出现的问题,以两端输电线路纵向阻抗的计算方法为基础,提出了一种适用于多端线路差动保护的改进算法。所提算法以发生故障时线路各端电流故障分量的相量和作为动作量,以任意两端之间最大的电压故障分量差与该两端线路的串联正序阻抗比值作为制动量。同时,上述数据之间彼此独立且可以相互转化,确保了保护能够在系统正常运行的情况下准确区分出区内、区外故障。通过对三相输电线路合理的解耦算法,达到了消减相间电磁耦合的目的,使所提算法实现分相判别的功能。在EMTP软件中,建立了高压多端输电线路模型,仿真结果表明,所提算法具有良好的状态判别能力,整定简单、判别裕度大,可靠性高,同时能够有效抵御线路电容电流和电流互感器饱和所带来的影响,具有较好的工程推广前景。     

基于S变换的多端输电网故障定位方法

针对现有对于多端输电线路故障定位方法研究的不足,提出了一种基于暂态行波的多端输电网故障定位新方法。对各检测端母线电压线模分量应用S变换,从中提取出奈奎斯特频率分量单频率行波的幅-时变化特性,幅值最大值对应的时刻即为行波波首的到达时刻。采用该频率分量对应的行波波速作为计算用波速,解决了波速不确定的问题。将多端输电网看作含有一条干路和若干支路的集合,形成从支路到干路逐一排除的故障定段方案。最后,依定段结果与双端测距原理计算出故障点准确位置。仿真分析结果表明,定位精确、可靠,算法抗噪性及适应性强。     

基于多端行波时差的配电网故障定位方法

针对现有配电网故障定位方法存在实现复杂、可靠性不高的问题,提出一种基于多端行波时差的配电网故障定位方法.首先,分析故障行波传输特性,提出一种配电网故障状态表达式.根据多端行波时差和双端行波原理计算故障距离理论值.将理论值代入故障状态表达式,搭建故障搜索矩阵和辅助矩阵,通过分析矩阵元素变化特征和数值状态定位故障线路.然后...     

基于时域电压比的高压直流输电线路暂态保护方案

针对传统行波保护在高压直流输电线路中耐受过渡电阻能力不足、T区两侧故障线路定位依赖边界元件等问题,以最具代表性的多端混合高压直流系统为例,从数学层面上分别明晰了高压直流输电线路区内外故障和T区故障下的行波特征,进而构造了不同采样周期下的时域暂态电压比判据,以削弱T区和过渡电阻的影响,实现区内外故障识别;利用时域电压比判据,提出了基于单端量保护配合的高压直流输电线路暂态保护方案,实现了高压直流输电线路故障的快速判别以及T区两侧故障线路的准确定位;最后,利用实际工程的电磁暂态仿真模型对所提方法进行详细验证,结果表明,所提保护方案可行且具有较高的灵敏性和可靠性。