注塑充模过程中温度场的数值分析

采用有限差分法对注塑过程中充填阶段的温度场的数值分析进行了研究,数学模型是基于非牛顿流体在非等温状态下广义Hele-Shaw流动,可预测非牛顿流体在任意形状薄壁型腔内流动时的温度场,对能量方程进行有限差分近似时,能量方程中的瞬态项和热传导项分别采用向后差分和隐式差分,为保证数值计算过程的稳定性,采用上风法处理对流项,还讨论了模温和流率对温度分布的影响。     

注塑成型充填过程的可压缩流动分析

注塑成型过程中,熔体在型腔中的流动和传热对制品质量性能有重要的影响.为了预测注塑制品的收缩、翘曲和力学性能,精确预测充填过程的流动及传热历史是十分必要的.本文考虑熔体的可压缩性及相变的影响,将充填过程中熔体的流动视为非牛顿可压流体在非等温状态下的广义Hele-Shaw流动.采用有限元/有限差分混合方法求解压力场和温度场,采用控制体积法跟踪熔体流动前沿,并应用Visual C++实现了注塑充填过程的可压缩流动分析.为了保证能量方程各项在单元内边界的连续性,结点能量方程各项由单元形心处的离散值加权平均获得,因而,能量方程在计算区域内整体求解.对两个算例进行了分析,模拟结果与实验结果的对比,验证了本文数值算法及程序.     

三维熔体前沿界面的Level Set追踪

给出三维Level Set方程,采用五阶加权本质无振荡格式进行空间离散,通过算例验证了该算法的正确性及追踪三维运动界面的准确性。进而将Level Set算法和同位网格有限体积法进行耦合,模拟了注塑成型充填阶段的三维流动过程,准确追踪到了不同时刻熔体前沿界面,预测并分析了流动过程中不同时刻的压力、速度等重要流动特征。数值结果表明,该方法可追踪三维熔体前沿界面,预测充填过程中的重要流动特征。     

GLS/GGLS/SUPG在三维注射成形充填模拟中的应用

塑料注射成形充填模拟中,采用GLS(Galerkin/least-squares)法能实现速度、压力同次插值时稳定地求解速度场、压力场,在能量场方程的求解中采用GGLS(Galerkin gradient least-squares)/SUPG(streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin)法能得到稳定的温度场数值解,其中SUPG法抑制对流占优导致的数值震荡问题,GGLS法消除由于小扩散系数造成的虚假温度升高。由GLS法、GGLS/SUPG法建立的速度、压力、温度求解的稳定有限元计算格式,实现了对注射成形充填模拟。模拟结果表明,采用GGLS法,温度场模拟结果更加合理,由GGLS/SUPG法获得了充填过程中稳定、准确的温度场,并采用GLS法正确地模拟了熔体速度、压力及流动前沿。     

注塑制品微结构的三维数值模拟分析

构建带有圆柱阵列微结构的微注射制品3D模型,采用聚丙烯为原料,应用针对不可压缩性流体的三维有限元方法,根据优化的有限元网格实现体积控制来预测熔体的前沿流动。结果发现基于3D数值模拟方法很好的模拟出微注射制品不同填充阶段的流动状态、温度场和速度分布。厚度方向微结构的充填过程滞后于流动前沿径向的推进,因此不利于微结构区域气体的排出;微圆柱结构充填时具有喷泉状流动前沿。     

气辅注射成型矩形腔中熔体流动的数值模拟

应用Hele-Shaw物理模型和改进的Ｃross流变模型对辅助射成型过程中充填区域内熔体的流动进行数值模拟,采用控制体积法对充模过程中的熔体前沿、熔体－气体边界进行跟踪,运用有限元／有限差分混合数值方法求解气体注射阶段的速度场、压力场、温度场,以图表的形式列举了不同时刻压力场的分布和充模过程中的流线图。在计算过程中,采用压力场和温度场耦合的方法。     

基于P1/PO四面体宏元的三维注塑充填速度场压力场有限元数值模拟

计算效率和解的稳定性是影响三维注塑充填有限元数值模拟的关键因素.针对黏性不可压缩聚合物熔体三维充填过程的速度场和压力场,以提高计算机求解速度为出发点,分析了采用P1/P0四面体单元(速度线性,压力常数)得到的有限元方程的解不收敛的原因,提出一种采用P1/P0四面体宏元离散空间域的求解方案,从而降低了求解的自由度数量,提高了计算速度.通过模拟"圆管中定黏度流体的稳态流动"考察了该求解方案的模拟精度,通过模拟"圆管中定黏度流体的瞬态充填"比较了采用P1/P0四面体宏元和P2/P1四面体单元(二次速度,线性压力)的计算时间.最终将该方案应用到三维注塑充填的数值模拟中.     

注塑模充填过程动态模拟

本文基于注塑模型腔内充填机理和流体力学基本方程，视聚合物熔体在型腔中的流动为平行板中的流动，在浇注系统中的流动为等效圆柱管内的流动，在此假定的基础上进行合理简化，建立了三维薄壁型腔的基于非弹性、非牛顿流体在非等温下的Ｈｅｌｅ－Ｓｈａｗ流动的数学模型及浇注系统的数学模型，并采用混合有限元／有限差分数值方法耦合求解压力方程和能量方程，采用控制体积法自动跟踪熔体前峰面，从而实现充填过程的动态模拟。模拟结     

基于Giesekus黏弹性本构的注射成型数值算法研究

针对熔体的黏弹性特征,考虑熔体流动过程中的惯性作用,基于Giesekus模型建立了注射成型中熔体流动的黏弹性理论模型。将黏弹性本构方程整合为含瞬态项、对流项和源项的偏微分方程,基于有限体积法离散,提出了黏弹性本构方程的离散方法。借鉴有限元框架下的黏弹性离散分裂算法（DEVSS）,发展了以有限体积法为基础的黏弹性离散分裂算法（FVM-DEVSS）,开发了三维黏弹性流动的计算程序。用经典充分发展的4∶1收缩流验证方法的有效性,再结合充模流动实验,正确预测了熔体流动前沿、浇口压力及熔接线位置,通过光弹实验结果再次证明了本文方法的有效性。结果表明,本研究所发展的黏弹性算法可以有效表达熔体的黏性和弹性对流动压力的影响,而且能准确预测两股熔体相遇时熔接线的位置及形成过程。此外,本文黏弹性算法有效准确地计算了熔体充模过程中的流动诱导应力。     

非均匀壁厚对注塑流动过程的影响分析

应用实验和数值方法研究了塑件壁厚的不均匀性对注塑填充过程熔体流动的影响,总结了注射温度、压力以及壁厚差异程度对非均匀壁厚塑件注塑流动过程的影响规律。研究发现,(1)塑件壁厚的不均匀性对注塑流动过程影响很大;(2)中面模型无法考虑壁厚差对流动过程的影响,表面模型也不能准确反映有壁厚差时的实际流动,只有三维模型才能得到考虑壁厚差影响的注塑流动填充过程的准确结果;(3)如果增大注射的温度或压力,会降低壁厚差异对注塑流动过程的影响程度。     

New approach to develop a 3D non-isothermal computational framework for injection molding process based on level set method

The simulation of three-dimensional (3D) non-isothermal, non-Newtonian fluid filling process is an extremely difficult task and remains a challenging problem, which includes polymer melt flow with free surface coupled with transient heat transfer. This paper presents a full 3D non-isothermal two-phase flow model to predict the complex flowinmelt filling process,where the Cross-WLFmodel is applied to characterize the rheological behavior of polymer melt. The governing equations are solved using finite volume method with SIMPLEC algorithm on collocated grids and the melt front is accurately captured by a high resolution level set method. A domain extension technique is adopted to dealwith the complex cavities, which greatly reduces the computational burden. To verify the validity of the developed 3D approach, the melts filling processes in two thin rectangular cavities (one of them with a cylindrical insert) are simulated. The predicted melt front interfaces are in good agreement with the experiment and commercial software prediction. For a case with a rather complex cavity, the dynamic filling process in a hemispherical shell is successfully simulated. All of the numerical results show that the developed numerical procedure can provide a reasonable prediction for injection molding process.     

基于分步法的三维注塑充填温度场数值模拟

注塑成型的充填过程是一个对流占优的能量传递过程。在采用经典Galerkin有限元法求解该瞬态温度场时,对于固定的计算网格,如果时间步长选择的不合理,容易造成其稳定性要求得不到满足,从而导致方程的求解失败。鉴于此,本文采用分步法将该能量守恒方程分解为一个对流方程和一个热传导方程,针对这两个方程的不同特点,分别选择不同的时间步长和求解方案独立进行求解,解决了由于对流项而引起的方程求解失稳问题。另外,针对瞬态热传导方程的求解,分析了利用向后差分法离散其瞬态项时,采用协调质量热容矩阵容易产生不合理计算结果的原因,进而用集中质量热容矩阵代替协调质量热容矩阵对该方程进行求解,得到了合理的模拟结果。最后采用具体的数值算例验证了该模拟方案的正确性。     

3D study on the effect of process parameters on the cooling of polymer by injection molding

Plastic injection molding (PIM) is well known as a manufacturing process to produce products with various shapes and complex geometry at low cost. Determining optimal settings of process parameters critically influence productivity, quality, and cost of production in the PIM industry. To study the effect of the process parameters on the cooling of the polymer during injection molding, a full three‐dimensional time‐dependent injection molding analysis was carried out. The studied configuration consists of a mold having cuboids‐shaped cavity with two different thicknesses and six cooling channels. A numerical model by finite volume was used for the solution of the physical model. A validation of the numerical model was presented. The effect of different process parameters (inlet coolant temperature, inlet coolant flow rate, injection temperature, and filling time) on the cooling process was considered. The results indicate that the filling time has a great effect on the solidification of the product during the filling stage. They also show that low coolant flow rate increases the heterogeneity of the temperature distribution through the product. The process parameter realizing minimum cooling time not necessary achieves optimum product quality and the complete filling of the cavity by the polymer material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

水辅助共注射成型充填过程的数值模拟研究

基于黏度幂率模型,建立了水辅共注成型充填流动过程的瞬态、纯薪性、非等温的理论模型,并采用有限体积法对水辅共注成型过程进行数值模拟。研究了内外层注射量、内外层熔体流变指数比、注水温度、注水速度、注水延迟时间、内层熔体温度和模壁温度等因素对充填过程的影响规律,并根据流变学理论阐述了其影响机理。     

A simplified method for analyzing mold filling dynamics. Part II: Extensions and comparisons with experiment

A dimensional analysis based on four parameters has been developed previously to predict injection pressure; clamp force, and bulk temperature for the injection molding of amorphous materials in center-gated disk-shaped cavities. In this paper geometric and semicrystalline-materials approximations are introduced and tested for extending the previous analysis to include multigated thin cavities and semicrystalline materials. The combination of these approximations and the previous analysis, known hereafter as the Radial Flow Method (RFM), greatly simplifies the analysis of mold filling. The geometric approximation, which is based on a simple model for the axial stress distribution in the cavity, is shown to give reasonable predictions when compared with experimental data and a numerical two-directional flow simulation for the filling of an off-center-gated rectangular cavity with acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). The semicrystallinematerials approximation, in which heat capacity and viscosity changes during crystallization are neglected, is shown to give good agreement with experimental data for the filling of a center-gated disk-shaped cavity with polypropylene. As an illustration, the Radial Flow Method is used to analyze the molding of a large, thin-wall automobile interior trim panel. The inlet melt temperature, mold-wall temperature, part thickness, injection rate, viscosity and gate locations are varied in a series of calculations to determine the relative effectiveness of these variables in lowering the injection pressure and Clamp force. The results obtained with the Radial Flow Method are in good agreement with those obtained by a finiteelement simulation of two-directional flow.     

Filling of a complex-shaped mold with a viscoelastic polymer. Part I: The mathematical model

A model for the filling stage of injection molding of viscoelastic thermoplastics in cavities of complex shape is presented. The model considers two-dimensional melt flow, with converging and diverging flow patterns induced by complex boundary shape and by the presence of an obstacle. The model is non-isothermal (with the melt loosing heat to the mold walls as it travels into the cavity) and handles a viscoelastic (following the White-Metzner model) material with properties that vary with temperature, shear rate, and pressure. The numerical method is based on finite differences, with boundary fitted curvilinear coordinates used in the mapping of the flow field (which has an arbitrary shape that evolves with time) into a time invariant rectangle. The numerical results reveal geometry-induced asymmetries in the flow and thermal fields as well as the effect of various process parameters on the pressure and temperature profiles in the cavity. The model admits variable cavity thickness, thus allowing for a treatment of the cavity thickness as a process parameter in the simulations.     

Nonisothermal transient filling simulation of fiber suspended viscoelastic liquid in a center‐gated disk

The present study numerically investigates a fiber orientation in injection‐molded short fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite by using a rheological model, which includes the nonlinear viscoelasticity of polymer and the anisotropic effect of fiber in the total stress. A nonisothermal transient‐filling process for a center‐gated disk geometry is analyzed by a finite element method using a discrete‐elastic‐viscous split stress formulation with a matrix logarithm for the viscoelastic fluid flow and a streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin method for convection‐dominated problems. The numerical analysis result is compared to the experimental data available in the literature in terms of the fiber orientation in center‐gated disk. The effects of the fiber coupling and the slow‐orientation kinetics of the fiber are discussed. Also, the effect of the injection‐molding processing condition is discussed by varying the filling time and the mold temperature. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Modeling nonisothermal impregnation of fibrous media with reactive polymer resin

The manufacture of polymer composites through resin transfer molding (RTM) or structural reaction injection molding (SRIM) involves the impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in a mold cavity with a reactive polymer resin. The design of RTM and SRIM operations requires an understanding of the various parameters, such as materials properties, mold geometry, and mold filling conditions, that affect the resin impregnation process. Modeling provides a potential tool for analyzing the relationships among the important parameters. The present work provides the physical model and finite element formulations for simulating the mold filling stage. Resin flow through the fibers is modeled using two-dimensional Darcian flow. Simultaneous resin reaction and heat transfer among resin, mold walls, and fibers are considered in the model. The proposed technique emphasizes the use of the least squares finite element method to solve the convection dominated mass and energy equations for the resin. Excellent numerical stability of the proposed technique provides a powerful numerical method for the modeling of polymer processing systems characterized by convection dominated transport equations. Results from example numerical studies for SRIM of polyurethane/glass fiber composites were presented to illustrate the application of the proposed model and numerical scheme.