Technological properties of microwave parboiled rice

Two rice varieties, a short grain (Giza 175) and a long grain (Giza 181), were parboiled by soaking in water at 80–85 °C for 1.5 h and then dried in the microwave oven for 3, 5, 6 and 8 min. The effect of such parboiling treatment on milling output and technological properties (cooking and eating quality) of milled rice were studied. There was a negative significant correlation between head rice and the drying time and a positive correlation between the drying time and the broken grains. The effect of such treatment on the chemical composition of milled parboiled rice, i.e. amylose, protein, fat and ash contents, showed that the amylose content of Giza 175 variety significantly decreased while not affect in Giza 181 variety. No significant differences were obtained in protein, fat and ash contents by increasing drying time. Microwave drying was more pronounced on Giza 175 variety rather than Giza 181 one. However, the optimum cooking time of the parboiled samples of the two varieties was not affected as a result of increasing the microwave drying time.     

Impact of Postharvest Operations on Rice Grain Quality: A Review

Postharvest operations, such as drying, storage, and milling, have been used to ameliorate the aging of rice grains and to achieve and maintain desirable rice grain quality, and thus play a key role in determining rice commercial quality and value. This review summarizes publications from the past decade and outlines the evidence supporting attribution of grain quality changes induced by postharvest processes to changes in the physical properties and chemical composition of the rice grain (starch, protein, lipids, and antioxidants). Rice drying mainly affects rice milling quality as rice kernel fissuring that may occur during drying leads to head rice yield reduction. Rice grain aging occurring during storage is inevitable and responsible for the changes in rice appearance, milling, eating, cooking, and nutritional quality. As milling significantly changes the chemical composition of rice by removing protein‐ and lipid‐rich bran layers, milling can alter the aging process of rice and also affect rice appearance, eating, and sensory quality, but mainly affects the nutritional quality. Therefore, drying methods, storage conditions, and milling methods warrant further research to achieve and maintain the desired rice grain quality. This review may contribute to better understanding of the impacts of postharvest processes on rice grain quality, and provide insights into potential improvements in these practices for rice production and utilization in the whole rice industry.     

日本寒冷地带北海道抑制粳稻生成白未熟粒的栽培法（网络首发、推荐阅读）

白未熟粒的多发会使整粒率下降,降低检查等级,因此急需抑制其发生。白未熟粒中,乳白粒和基部未熟粒的发生率存在品种间差异。切除止叶减少光合作用,增肥导致每平方米稻谷数量的增加,疏植和育苗时高温引起早期异常抽穗所致的齐穗不良,以及收割时期的延迟等会造成白未熟粒的增多。此外倒伏还会导致青未熟粒、白未熟粒增多。在初期生长良好的情况下,从分蘖期开始的深水灌溉抑制了过剩的分蘖产生,增加了粒重和糙米产量,使糙米品质得以提高。由于成熟期的土壤过于干燥,因腹白粒产生引起的品质降低和千粒重减少会导致减产。从抽穗期到齐穗期10天后的茎叶到稻谷的每粒稻谷非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）流转量,以及粗糙米产量减去同一流转量的每粒稻谷NSC增加量越多,这些白未熟粒的产生就越少。为避免白未熟粒的多发,必须使施肥量、种植密度、育苗温室的温度管理、移植时期、成熟期的土壤水分和收割时期合理化,促进初期生长,用深水抑制过剩的分蘖。通过改善以上的栽培方法,以及1990年代中期后在共同干燥调制储藏设施中使用色选机选别糙米,北海道的一等米比例超过了日本全国的平均水平。     

BLACK TIP DISCOLORATION IN INDIAN RICE. EFFECT OF EXTENDED MILLING ON MILLING CHARACTERISTICS, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND COOKING QUALITY

Extended milling of rice decreased the incidence of mycoflora and reduced black tip discoloration but reduced the head rice yield and kernel weight. Protein content, ash, reducing sugars, nonreducing sugars and free fatty acids increased whereas amylose decreased significantly with the increase in the number of discolored grains. Discolored rice required significantly less time to cook, showed decreased water uptake, reduced kernel elongation and losses. Cooking time decreased; water uptake, elongation in cooked rice and gruel solid loss increased with an increase in the degree of milling. Correlation coefficients between the different variables were calculated.     

Determination of the optimum intermittent drying conditions for rough rice (Oryza sativa,L.)

Intermittent drying was studied by tempering rough rice (Philippine Seed Board, PSB-RC 52 variety) in between during hot air drying. The study was performed using a three-level, three-factor fractional factorial design and aimed to determine the optimum combination of drying air temperature (X₁), air speed (X₂) and tempering time (X₃) that resulted in high milling recovery (MR), high head rice ratio (HRR), short drying time (DT), high grain hardness (H), high germination ratio (GR), high degree of whiteness (W) and low cracked grains ratio (CGR). Drying air temperatures used varied from 35°C to 55°C. Airspeed, on the other hand, significantly affected H only and tempering time affected DT at the 95% significance level. Optimum drying conditions of 45°C drying air temperature and a tempering time of 2 h were established for the intermittent drying of rough rice.     

MOISTURE ADSORPTION INFLUENCES ON RICE

Rice is a hygroscopic grain which adsorbs or desorbs moisture depending on its ambient environment. Moisture desorption is associated with rice drying. Much research has been conducted to determine those drying procedures which produce the highest head rice yield. Moisture adsorption is associated with water reentering the rice grain. This occurs when the vapor pressure within the grain is lower than the vapor pressure in the surrounding air. Rapid moisture readsorption causes the rice grain to fissure. Fissured grains usually break during subsequent hulling and milling operations. This paper reviews the literature related to moisture adsorption and fissuring of the rice grain, and discusses those preharvest and postharvest conditions where rice grains are subjected to moisture-adsorbing environments which have the potential to fissure the grain and subsequently reduce head rice yield.     

Effect of superheated-steam drying compared to conventional parboiling on chalkiness,head rice yield and quality of chalky rice kernels

Four rice cultivars (Ayutthaya 1, Khao Bahn Nah 432, Plai Ngahm Prachin Buri, and Prachin Buri 2) that usually have a major problem with chalkiness were processed by applying superheated-steam drying and conventional parboiling methods. The main objectives were: (1) to determine the possibility of applying superheated-steam drying to solve the chalkiness and low head rice yield problems and (2) to compare the properties of rice produced using superheated-steam drying and the conventional parboiling process. Both the initial moisture content and superheated-steam drying temperature significantly affected head rice yield. The higher moisture helped to increase starch gelatinization leading to a stronger rice structure and subsequently an increased head rice yield. The rice samples dried in the superheated-steam dryer using an initial moisture content of paddy at 32% w.b. for 6 h under a steam pressure of 1.2 bar and at three drying temperatures (120, 140, 160 °C) had higher milling quality than the conventionally parboiled rice samples. The darker color of the superheated-steam-dried samples was their main drawback. Both parboiling and superheated-steam drying could clearly lessen the percentage of chalky rice kernels compared to the raw paddy. The parboiled rice and superheated-steam-dried rice had more nutrients than normal white rice.     

Effects of fluidized bed drying temperature and tempering time on quality of waxy rice

Waxy rice, which is soft and sticky in nature, can be used as a raw material to produce many food products. After being harvested, high-moisture waxy paddy must be dried to appropriate moisture content to prolong its storage life and to achieve higher head rice yield. Fluidized bed dryer could be used to dry waxy rice at high-temperature. However, due to the high heat and mass transfer rates during drying, stresses are generated in a rice kernel, leading to crack and low head rice yield. Tempering is thus recommended to reduce the moisture-induced stresses in the kernel after rapid drying. In this study, the effects of fluidized bed drying temperature (90, 110, 130 °C) and tempering time (30–120 min) on the quality of waxy rice, i.e., head rice yield, thermal properties, pasting properties, color, translucent kernel and microstructure, were investigated. The results showed that head rice yield of waxy rice after drying was significantly lower than that of the reference sample even when tempering was performed. Higher drying temperatures led to higher head rice yield while the tempering time did not have any effect on the head rice yield except when the drying temperature of 90 °C was used. Drying at higher temperatures also affected the starch granule morphology and the pasting properties. Waxy rice changed its appearance from opaque white to translucent when being dried at 130 °C.     

Milling breakage susceptibility and mechanical properties of parboiled brown rice kernels

Parboiling, a hydrothermal treatment of paddy or brown rice, impacts both head rice yield and texture and nutritional characteristics of cooked rice. Here, milling breakage susceptibility of parboiled brown rice was investigated on both bulk and kernel level. Brown rice was parboiled by soaking at 40, 55 or 65 °C and steaming at 106, 120 or 130 °C. The breakage susceptibility and changes in starch and proteins of bulk samples were related to the properties of individual rice kernels. An increase in milling breakage susceptibility from 1% to 11% corresponded to a decrease in average bending force of individual kernels from 34.9 to 14.6 N. Furthermore, both white bellies and fissured parboiled rice grains were more breakage susceptible. Their average bending force was respectively 14.1 N and 17.6 N compared to an average of 39.6 N for intact parboiled rice grains. Whereas the level of proteins extractable with sodium dodecyl sulfate containing medium had no impact, the degree of starch gelatinization was critical in determining the presence of both white bellies and fissured parboiled rice grains. More in particular, complete starch gelatinization ensured the absence of white bellies and minimized fissuring in the parboiled end-product, thereby decreasing milling breakage susceptibility.     

Effect of pre-steaming on production of partially-parboiled rice using hot-air fluidization technique

Fluidization technique was widely used to dry agriculture products because of its effectiveness in drying. To produce partial-parboiled rice using hot-air fluidization technique has been received increasing attention due to simplicity of operation. Thus, the purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of pre-steaming time and drying temperatures on qualities of partial-parboiled rice. The results revealed that head rice yield, pasting temperature and degree of gelatinization increased with an increase in pre-steaming time whereas white belly decreased. The percentage of water uptake of pre-steamed rice decreased with an increase in drying temperature while the percentage of solid loss and stickiness were not affected. The hardness of pre-steamed rice was higher than that of reference rice and it increased with an increase in drying temperature. To obtain the suitable conditions for producing partially-parboiled rice using hot-air fluidization technique, paddy was soaked at temperature of 80 °C for 5 h and then it was blown with saturated steam temperature of 102 °C for 70 s (pre-steaming). After that it was dried using fluidization technique at hot-air temperature of 140 °C for 2 min and then it was tempered for 30 min; furthermore, it was ventilated at ambient air temperature until the final moisture content was approximately 14–16% d.b.     

流化床和薄层热风干燥对稻谷品质的影响

研究流化床和薄层热风干燥在干燥温度50、60、70 ℃条件下对高水分稻谷水分变化的影响,分析稻谷加 工品质（爆腰率）和稻米质构品质（硬度、黏着性、咀嚼性）的变化规律。结果表明：初始含水率相同的稻谷, 在同一干燥温度条件下流化床干燥速率大于薄层热风干燥,但是加工品质略差,对发芽率没有影响。干燥温度为 50 ℃时,流化床和薄层热风干燥稻米的品质较好。稻谷干燥温度和整精米率之间呈显著的负相关。流化床干燥后 稻米的硬度、黏着性、胶性与爆腰率呈显著性相关,薄层热风干燥后稻米黏着性、胶性与爆腰率呈显著性相关,其 他质构指标相关性均不显著。     

微波-热风联合干燥对高水分稻谷加工品质及微生物量的影响

研究了不同微波有效功率下高水分稻谷的微波干燥特性,以及探讨了微波处理工艺对稻谷加工品质及微生物量的影响。结果表明,在较低的微波功率(485和927 W)下,处理初期稻谷温度迅速升高,水分下降缓慢,当温度达到65℃、含水量达到19. 7%左右时,稻谷升温速度减小,而水分下降速度加快。微波功率增加可显著提高稻谷的升温速度和降水速率,但高功率微波干燥稻谷易产生焦糊现象。采用有效功率927 W的微波条件,2 min可将稻谷加热至60℃,稻谷含水量从21. 58%降低至19. 96%。通过4 h缓苏处理后,稻谷表面细菌量下降3. 6 log CFU/m L,表面霉菌量下降3. 3 log CFU/m L,对稻谷内部霉菌可实现95%灭菌,稻谷的出糙率和整精米率无显著下降(P 0. 05),分别为83. 92%和68. 14%。与自然通风及热风处理稻谷至入仓偏高水分18. 34%相比,微波与热风联合处理只需20 min,其稻谷加工品质较高,杀菌效果也远远高于自然通风及热风处理。因此,适宜的微波处理在保障高水分稻谷加工品质的前提下,可显著缩短干燥时间,并获得高质量的杀菌效果,实现高水分稻谷快速安全入仓处置。     

Factors influencing antioxidant compounds in rice

Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that the additive/synergistic effects of several bioactive compounds are responsible for the health benefits of rice. Among the leading contenders are phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocotrienols, tocopherols, λ-oryzanol, and phytic acid, which all possess strong antioxidant activities in vitro. In this review, data related to health effects of rice antioxidants using cultured cells, rodents and humans models are first summarized. The evidence is strong that consumption of rice tocotrienols translates into improved health outcomes. Current research, however, does not strongly support the health-promoting effects of rice tocopherols and phenolic acids. The crucial limitations in studies using rice flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, λ-oryzanol and phytic acid appear to be the appropriateness of the substance tested (i.e., purity), and the scarcity of animal and human interventions. In a second part, rice antioxidants are reviewed with an emphasis on their composition and contents. Taking into account the bioavailability of these compounds, it is evident that a number of factors affect the antioxidant composition of rice, making it difficult to estimate dietary intake. Before harvest, factors including soil type, atmospheric CO₂, chemical inputs, temperature, and degree of ripening are important. After harvest, rice is subjected to processing methods that include drying, parboiling, storage, irradiation, milling, stabilization, soaking, germination, fermentation, boiling, steaming, roasting, baking, and extrusion. Quantitative knowledge about the effects of these processes is summarized in this review. Surprisingly, a high level of agreement was found among study results, which could be useful in manipulating the growing and processing techniques of rice grains to facilitate efficient and safe consumption of antioxidant compounds.     

Effect of radio frequency heating on the mortality of Rhizopertha dominica (F.) and its impact on grain quality

The use of radio frequency (RF) heating to reach temperatures lethal to stored product pests has significant potential. We examined the lethal effects of RF on the stored grain pest, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), under four different RFs, three types of grain, and different moisture contents of rice. The quality of two rice cultivars, after RF heating, was also tested. When heated to 58 °C by RF, R. dominica adult mortality reached 100%. The mortality of R. dominica adults reached 100%. The fastest mortality rate occurred at 50–52 °C. With an increase in RF, the time needed to attain a lethal temperature decreased. The heating time to reach 100% mortality differed among the three types of grain; for example, the heating time of wheat was faster than corn or rice. Kernel size and chemical composition was the main factor influencing the RF lethal rate in the different types of grain under the same experimental conditions. There was a significant linear relationship between moisture content (m.c.) and heating time (Y = −38.05 X + 15.501, R = 0.9803) in rice. RF heating of rice to 58 °C did not significantly affect milling quality, storage quality, or seed quality. Thus, heating time, types of grain, and the m.c. of the grains are three important factors that should be considered in RF heating to control stored product pests. These results indicate that RF heating could be an effective physical method for killing stored grain pests.     

Effect of drying on the quality of milled rice

The effect of drying on the quality of milled rice was investigated. Variables studied were drying temperature, air velocity and air relative humidity. The degree of breakage during milling increased as temperature of drying increased (from 40 to 70°C) and relative humidity decreased. Varying the air velocity between 0.26 and 2.12 m/sec had no effect on breakage. The'activation energy' of grain breakage was much higher than of drying.     

干燥方式与贮藏时间对铁核桃雄花营养成分及抗氧化活性的影响

以‘黔核7号’铁核桃雄花序为材料,研究干燥方式和贮藏时间对铁核桃雄花主要营养成分、矿质元素、氨基酸含量、抗氧化活性物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明：恒温干制的铁核桃雄花中不仅脂肪、可溶性糖、淀粉、可滴定酸、总酚、总黄酮含量和15 种氨基酸含量显著高于阴干的铁核桃雄花,而且还保持了较高的抗氧化活性,而2 种干制方法对灰分、矿质营养元素、粗纤维、蛋白质以及甘氨酸和亮氨酸含量无明显影响。随着贮藏时间的延长,2 种方法干制的铁核桃雄花中除氨基酸苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、半胱氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量明显降低外,其他各种营养成分和抗氧化活性均无显著变化。     

粳稻品种新米和储藏米品质性状的比较研究

本文以常温下储藏8个月的7个粳稻品种糙米和相应的新米为研究材料，比较分析了加工和营养品质、稻米淀粉粘滞特性（Viscosity）、食味品质、游离脂肪酸含量及米饭质地的动态粘弹性（Dynamic viscoelas-ticities）。结果表明：短期储藏对粳稻直链淀粉、蛋白质含量和加工品质没有明显影响；储藏米食味普遍比其相应的新米要差，但新米食味好的品种其储藏米也相对较优，储藏米的综合食味评价值与新米一样和米饭外观、滋味、粘性有很高的正相关；粘度谱的衰减值和峰值粘度有所上升；米饭质地的粘弹性和动态损失正切值（Loss tangent）分别比新米上升21．47％和下降26．76％；粳稻储蓄米游离脂肪酸含量的增加是导致食味变差的主要原因，这在食味相对较差的品种中尤为明显。通过米饭质地动态粘弹性和游离脂肪酸含量的测定可以评价储藏米的食味特性。     

Comparison of performances of pulsed and conventional fluidised-bed dryers

Consumption of energy, outlet moisture content and quality of the dried commodity are important parameters of paddy-dryer performance. The fluidised-bed paddy-dryer has been commercialised for several years and in this paper, paddy drying by pulsed and conventional fluidised-bed dryers are compared. Experimental results have shown that the variation of moisture content at the exits of both dryer types in test runs was very small. Heat utilisation was more effective when such dryers were used to dry paddy at moisture contents above 24% dry basis and up to 50% of the thermal energy was saved by recycling 70–80% of the air. Paddy qualities i.e. head-rice yield and colour of the dried white rice were similar with both dryers and almost the same as the original undried values, or slightly higher in the case of head-rice yield, depending upon the drying conditions. Below 28% dry basis, it is recommended that inlet-air temperature should be lower than 145 °C in order to maintain white colour. The cooked rice obtained from paddy dried at a temperature of 145 °C was harder than naturally dried control samples. A mathematical model based on energy and mass balance predicted values in good agreement with experimental results for both the pulsed and conventional fluidised-bed dryers. Calculated thermal and electrical energy consumptions indicated that the pulsed flow dryer was more economical than the conventional dryer.     

Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying increases grain yield and reduces cadmium accumulation in rice grains

BACKGROUND: Rice is the most important staple food in Asia but has also been identified as one of the major sources of cadmium (Cd) intakes for some Asian population. This study investigated whether grain yield could be maintained but Cd in grains be reduced through proper irrigation management when rice was grown in Cd‐contaminated soil. RESULTS: Compared to the well watered treatment, the alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (MD, re‐watered when soil water potential decreased to ?20 kPa) increased grain yield by 10–12% and improved milling and appearance quality of rice when grown in a soil containing a water‐soluble Cd content of 18 g kg^?1. An alternate wetting and severe soil drying (SD, re‐watered when soil water potential decreased to ?40 kPa) showed an opposite effect. Both MD and SD significantly increased Cd content in roots while they reduced it in the straw. MD reduced Cd content by 19–21% in the grain and by 40% in milled rice. The SD significantly increased Cd content in the grain but reduced it in milled rice. CONCLUSION: An alternate wetting and moderate soil drying could increase rice yield and quality and also reduce Cd in the diet of rice. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry