分布式发电并网无缝切换控制算法设计与实现

并网切换过程中冲击电流电压过大严重影响并网逆变器、大电网及本地负载的正常工作.为减小分布式发电并网过程对电网的冲击,提出了基于加权控制的三相逆变器并网无缝切换控制策略,解决了切换过程中存在不可控现象造成的电压电流冲击问题,给出了加权控制策略中参数的设计方法,探讨了加权系数对切换暂态的影响.该控制方法在不增加系统复杂度的前提下,实现了并网无缝切换.仿真和实验结果验证了该方法的正确性和可行性     

三相并网/独立双模式逆变器控制策略研究

提出了一种使三相并网/独立双模式逆变器(TDMI)在复杂电网故障情况下能够平滑切换和电网正常时具有很好并网性能的控制策略。针对采用LC型滤波器的三相并网/独立双模式逆变器,提出了一种新的基于abc坐标系控制的切换方法,有效减小了基于dq坐标系控制的切换过程易产生电压电流冲击的问题,对于严重电网故障也具有良好的切换性能,实现了双模式运行的平滑切换;采用了并网模式下引入电容电流补偿的电感电流闭环控制和独立模式下采用电容电压外环电感电流内环的控制方案,保证了逆变器在并网模式和独立模式下都具有很好的控制性能。仿真结果证明了该控制方案的有效性和切换方法的可行性。     

一种可实现分布式发电系统平滑切换的三相逆变器控制方法

当大电网停电时,为保证关键负荷不间断供电,分布式发电系统应能从并网模式切换到孤岛模式.本文提出了一种新的分布式发电系统中三相逆变器控制方法,用于实现其运行模式的切换.与传统的混合电压电流模式控制相比,提出的控制方法除保持了较好的动态性能外,改善了切换过程中的负载电压质量.在并网模式下,逆变器控制成电流源,向电网注入给定...     

基于重复控制的微电网逆变器控制策略

微电网逆变器有两种工作模式:当电网正常时,微电网逆变器工作于并网模式;当电网发生故障时,微电网逆变器能工作于孤岛模式提供电压支撑。为了微电网逆变器能够在两种工作模式之间平滑切换,提出了针对控制环路切换和相位锁定的优化方法。考虑到微电网逆变器在并网模式下的供能质量会受到电网电压背景谐波的影响。因此,引入了一种与传统重复控制相比具有6倍响应速度的T/6重复控制方法抑制谐波电流。最后通过实验样机验证了所提控制策略的有效性。     

一种新的逆变器并网控制策略的研究

提出了一种新的逆变器并网控制策略。可独立与并网双模式运行的逆变器在并网模式下,由于输出滤波电容的影响,在轻载时进网电流ηTHD高,输出功率因数低。该逆变器在传统控制策略的基础上,加入输出滤波电容电流补偿器,消除输出滤波电容电流对电网的影响,从而可以实现独立与并网2模式之间的无缝切换;全负载范围内或电网电压谐波含量大时,可实现高的输出功率因数和低的进网电流ηTHD。该文阐述了该控制策略的工作原理和参数设计原则,并以一台500W基于DSP控制的双降压式半桥逆变器进行了实验验证。     

基于轴压调节的电压控制型逆变器的并网运行模式

目前应用中的逆变器存在难于控制输出电压频率、并离网模式切换困难及逆变器输出功率耦合等问题。通过电压控制型逆变器完善并网控制策略,可以较好地解决这些问题。为此提出了两种基于轴压概念的电压控制型并网逆变器功率控制模式:同步发电机运行模式与最大功率运行模式。数字仿真和实验结果吻合,验证了理论分析的正确性,有效提高了分布式发电系统的并网功率控制能力。     

考虑非计划孤岛的分布式电源无缝切换控制策略

为提高本地负载的供电安全,分布式发电(DG)并网逆变器需要工作在并网和离网两种状态,且能无缝切换。提出一种综合的DG无缝控制策略。针对非计划孤岛DG从并网切换离网状态存在失控区域,易引起本地负载电压和频率越限问题,提出采用P-σ、Q-v解耦的非线性控制,实现失控期间的直接电压限幅;提出结合锁频环和去除积分前向通道的锁相环,在不影响锁相环动态特性基础上,实现失控区域的频率限幅。另外,在该控制结构基础上提出一种虚拟并网的预同步方法,避免并网开关闭合时内外环失配,改善并网过渡过程。基于RT-LAB的硬件在环仿真验证了该策略的有效性。     

A Dual-loop Model Predictive Voltage Control/Sliding-mode Current Control for Voltage Source Inverter Operation in Smart Microgrids

Abstract

The design of a robust controller for the voltage source inverter is essential for reliable operation of distributed energy resources in future smart microgrids. The design problem is challenging in the case of autonomous operation subsequent to an islanding situation. In this article, a dual-loop controller is proposed for voltage source inverter control. The outer loop is designed for microgrid voltage and frequency regulation based on the model predictive control strategy. This outer loop generates reference inverter currents for the inner loop. The inner loop is designed using a sliding-mode control strategy, and it generates the pulse-width modulation voltage commands to regulate the inverter currents. A standard space vector algorithm is used to realize the pulse-width modulation voltage commands. Performance evaluation of the proposed controller is carried out for different loading scenarios. It is shown that the proposed dual-loop controller provides the specified performance characteristics of an islanded microgrid with different loading conditions.     

三相逆变器的双模式及其平滑切换控制方法

针对微电网逆变器在并网切换时电流冲击大、在离网切换时直流侧电压波动等问题,提出了一种三相逆变器的双模式及其平滑切换控制方法。该方法包括稳态控制和切换控制两部分,其中,切换控制由软启动虚拟阻抗和单环电流反馈控制构成。同时,为防止逆变器在并网切换和稳态控制中,因相位误差造成的能量倒灌现象,提出了相位超前控制方法,并引入到下垂控制器中,给出了其频率调节实现方式。切换控制抑制了逆变器输出电流、入网电流的瞬间冲击,实现并网平滑切换。逆变器离网切换时,仅引入单环电流反馈控制加快入网电流泄放,避免由电流瞬时不平衡引起的逆变器直流侧电压波动。仿真和实验结果验证了三相逆变器的双模式及其平滑切换方法的可行性和有效性。     

Grid integration improvement for single-phase inverters of small wind turbines under distorted voltage conditions

In this work, an enhanced control method for the grid-tied single-phase inverter in small wind turbines based on PMSG (permanent-magnet synchronous generator) under grid voltage distortion is introduced. Composite observers are designed for decomposing harmonic and fundamental components of the grid current and voltage accurately, which facilitate current control action and synchronize the inverter with the grid. Grid voltage phase angle is detected by an advanced PLL (phase-locked loop) scheme based on the grid voltage fundamental component. The inverter current is adjusted by multi-PR (proportional-resonant) controllers, where its harmonic components are regulated to zero resulting in a sinusoidal grid current. In this scheme, the DC-link voltage is maintained at constant by a DC boost converter, while generator output power is controlled by the grid-tied inverter. An MPPT (maximum power-point tracking) operation of wind turbine is obtained, with which generator speed is estimated from the input voltage and current of the DC boost converter, thus avoiding the use of an expensive and complex mechanical sensor. The presented method is proved through experimental investigation, where experimental results show that the THD (total harmonic distortion) of grid current is about 3% under 12.25% THD of the grid voltage.     

一种适用于微电网状态无缝切换的混合控制策略

针对传统微电源逆变器控制算法需要在微电网并网和孤岛运行时切换的弊端,提出一种适用于微电网无缝切换的混合控制策略。该混合控制策略算法可以同时支持并网和孤岛运行状态,消除了在微电网状态切换时由于软件进行切换所带来的冲击。该算法在并网阶段微电源逆变器具有有源滤波器功能,消除非线性负载对电网带来的谐波电流;其电压环采用比例谐振控制器有效消除孤岛时微电源逆变器输出的电压静差。仿真结果验证了控制策略的正确性。     

High performance decoupled active and reactive power control for three-phase grid-tied inverters using model predictive control

Finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is employed in this paper to control the operation of a three-phase grid-connected string inverter based on a direct PQ control scheme. The main objective is to achieve high-performance decoupled control of the active and reactive powers injected to the grid from distributed energy resources (DER). The FCS-MPC scheme instantaneously searches for and applies the optimum inverter switching state that can achieve certain goals, such as minimum deviation between reference and actual power; so that both power components (P and Q) are well controlled to their reference values. In addition, an effective method to attenuate undesired cross coupling between the P and Q control loops, which occurs only during transient operation, is investigated. The proposed method is based on the variation of the weight factors of the terms of the FCS-MPC cost function, so a higher weight factor is assigned to the cost function term that is exposed to greater disturbance. Empirical formulae of optimum weight factors as functions of the reference active and reactive power signals are proposed and mathematically derived. The investigated FCS-MPC control scheme is incorporated with the LVRT function to support the grid voltage in fulfilling and accomplishing the up-to-date grid codes. The LVRT algorithm is based on a modification of the references of active and reactive powers as functions of the instantaneous grid voltage such that suitable values of P and Q are injected to the grid during voltage sag. The performance of the elaborated FCS-MPC PQ scheme is studied under various operating scenarios, including steady-state and transient conditions. Results demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed scheme with regard to the achievement of high-performance operation and quick response of grid-tied inverters during normal and fault modes.     

LCL滤波并网逆变器的进网电流相位矫正技术

文中分析了LCL滤波并网逆变器系统的稳定性。该并网逆变器采用逆变器侧电感电流作为反馈量,并采用电网电压前馈控制策略,由劳斯判据得到该系统恒稳定的结论。由闭环系统的传递函数确定了电压前馈系数的大小,并根据闭环系统的根轨迹设计了电流环的控制参数。分析了该闭环系统并网功率因数小于1的原因,为克服这一缺点,提出了进网电流相位矫正技术。该技术根据进网电流与电网电压之间的相位差调节电流环基准值的频率,最终使进网电流与电网电压同相位,并网功率因数等于1。进网电流相位矫正技术不会影响原有系统的稳定性。仿真结果验证了该策略的有效性。     

基于储能的风力发电并网逆变器控制策略研究

每一种分布式电源都有并网运行和孤岛运行两种运行模式,提出一种多环反馈的逆变控制器,风力发电机并网逆变器在两种运行模式下都采用PQ控制,发出指定的有功功率和无功功率;储能蓄电池并网逆变器在并网时采用PQ控制,发出指定的有功和无功,孤岛时采用V/f控制,维持电压和频率。设计一种加权控制算法,在分布式电源两种运行模式切换时,抑制并网电流的冲击,稳定负载电压,达到无缝切换。利用电磁暂态软件PSCAD／EMTDC搭建合理的模型,验证所提方法的可行性。     

A new five-level inverter with reduced leakage current for photovoltaic system applications

A general growth is being seen in the use of renewable energy resources, and photovoltaic cells are becoming increasingly popular for converting green renewable solar energy into electricity. Since the voltage produced by photovoltaic cells is DC, an inverter is required to connect them to the grid with or without transformers. Transformerless inverters are often used for their low cost and low power loss, and light weight. However, these inverters suffer from leakage current in the system, a challenge that needs to be addressed. In this paper, a topology with two alternative connection models is presented to stabilize the common mode voltage and reduce the leakage current. The output voltage characteristic of the proposed inverter is five-level, which reduces the harmonic distortion in the output current compared to the two- and three-level inverters. The operation modes and output of the proposed topology are described and analyzed. The structures of the proposed inverter are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and are compared with some well-known structures. Results show that the proposed structure with both connection models effectively reduces leakage current and improves grid current THD.     

A new five-level inverter with reduced leakage current for photovoltaic system applications

A general growth is being seen in the use of renewable energy resources, and photovoltaic cells are becoming increasingly popular for converting green renewable solar energy into electricity. Since the voltage produced by photovoltaic cells is DC, an inverter is required to connect them to the grid with or without transformers. Transformerless inverters are often used for their low cost and low power loss, and light weight. However, these inverters suffer from leakage current in the system, a challenge that needs to be addressed. In this paper, a topology with two alternative connection models is presented to stabilize the common mode voltage and reduce the leakage current. The output voltage characteristic of the proposed inverter is five-level, which reduces the harmonic distortion in the output current compared to the two- and three-level inverters. The operation modes and output of the proposed topology are described and analyzed. The structures of the proposed inverter are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and are compared with some well-known structures. Results show that the proposed structure with both connection models effectively reduces leakage current and improves grid current THD.     

基于DSP控制的多输出并网逆变器

针对世界各国电网电压规格种类较多的情况,提出一种基于DSP控制的可输出多个国家电网电压规格的并网逆变器。通过DSP控制和2台逆变器的串联和并联,实现了多种规格电网电压的输出,且串联和并联2种运行模式不影响系统的稳定性。详细阐述了逆变器的工作原理,分析了2台逆变器在串联模式下的均压和在并联模式下的均流效果,及串联和并联2种运行模式对系统稳定性及相对稳定性的影响,并以一台1 000 VA基于DSP控制的串并联双降压式半桥逆变器进行了实验验证。实验结果表明在串联和并联2种运行模式下2台逆变器具有很好的功率均分度。     

Dynamic modeling of DC–DC converters with peak current control in double‐stage photovoltaic grid‐connected inverters

In photovoltaic (PV) double‐stage grid‐connected inverters a high‐frequency DC–DC isolation and voltage step‐up stage is commonly used between the panel and the grid‐connected inverter. This paper is focused on the modeling and control design of DC–DC converters with Peak Current mode Control (PCC) and an external control loop of the PV panel voltage, which works following a voltage reference provided by a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. In the proposed overall control structure the output voltage of the DC–DC converter is regulated by the grid‐connected inverter. Therefore, the inverter may be considered as a constant voltage load for the development of the small‐signal model of the DC–DC converter, whereas the PV panel is considered as a negative resistance. The sensitivity of the control loops to variations of the power extracted from the PV panel and of its voltage is studied. The theoretical analysis is corroborated by frequency response measurements on a 230 W experimental inverter working from a single PV panel. The inverter is based on a Flyback DC–DC converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) followed by a PWM full‐bridge single‐phase inverter. The time response of the whole system (DC–DC + inverter) is also shown to validate the concept. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种新颖的电压控制型逆变器并网控制方案

逆变器控制为电压源并网,其输出可直接供普通用户使用,相对于电流源并网,具有配置方便、无模式切换困扰等优点,但电流波形质量难以控制。针对这一缺陷,提出一种新颖的基于谐波电压重复控制的逆变器电压源型并网方案。通过快速谐波检测算法检测并网电抗两端的电压谐波,利用重复控制发出对应的谐波电压补偿电网谐波影响,减小并网电抗上的谐波电压差,达到降低并网电流总体谐波畸变率的目的。分析此方案的工作原理,设计控制器的关键参数和快速检测算法,并通过Matlab仿真和样机实验证明其有效性。     

基于抗频率偏移电感辨识的并网逆变器模型预测控制

电感参数对实现并网逆变器高精度模型预测控制至关重要,而传统电感辨识方法易受到电网频率偏移的影响,且在有功功率为零时无法使用。为提高模型预测控制中电感参数的频率鲁棒性,提出了一种基于模型参考自适应的电感在线辨识方法。首先,设计了一种二阶滑模观测器观测电网电压。其次,在不补偿低通滤波器造成观测电压幅值和相位偏差的情况下,令实际电网电压也产生相同的幅值和相位偏差,而后利用二者之间的误差与电感误差的关系建立电感辨识模型,从而克服了电网频率偏移对电感辨识结果的影响,且在有功功率为零时也可实现电感辨识。最后,将辨识出的电感参数代入模型预测控制算法,即可实现对逆变器更准确地控制。实验研究验证了所提电感辨识方法的有效性和准确性。