Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm Approach for the Optimal Placement of Flexible AC Transmission Systems Devices in a Power System

Abstract—This article presents a novel approach for optimal flexible AC transmission systems devices planning in an interconnected power system under different loading conditions. The static VAR compensator and thyristor-controlled series capacitor are two types of flexible AC transmission systems devices considered for optimal power system operation. In the proposed approach, a fuzzy membership function is used to determine weak nodes in the power system for the placement of static VAR compensators as a flexible AC transmission systems device. The thyristor-controlled series capacitor is the other type of flexible AC transmission systems devices for which its positions are determined by the reactive power flow in lines. The genetic algorithm is used for the optimal setting of the power system variables, including flexible AC transmission systems devices. The proposed technique is compared with other optimization methods using different globally accepted evolutionary algorithms where the nodes or point of VAR compensation is determined by eigenvalue analysis, and the amount of flexible AC transmission systems devices is determined by evolutionary techniques, such as the genetic algorithm, differential evolution, and particle swarm optimization. The superiority of the proposed fuzzy-based optimization approach is established by the results and comparative analysis with other methods.     

Optimal Power Flow Using Differential Search Algorithm

—In this article, a new nature-inspired metaheuristic technique called the differential search algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal power flow problem. The proposed differential search algorithm has been developed and tested under normal and contingency power system conditions. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, it has been demonstrated on the standard IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems with different objectives that reflect performance indices of the power system. Obtained results using the proposed technique indicate that the proposed differential search algorithm provides an effective, a robust, and a high-quality solution for the optimal power flow problem. The comparisons of the proposed differential search algorithm results with those reported in the literature reveal the potential and superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of the optimal solution quality and robustness.     

Optimal Power Flow Using a Hybrid Optimization Algorithm of Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm

Abstract—This article presents a hybrid algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithms for solving optimal power flow in power systems. The proposed optimization technique takes advantages of both particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithms by combining the ability for social thinking in particle swarm optimization with the local search capability of the gravitational search algorithm. Performance of this approach for the optimal power flow problem is studied and evaluated on standard IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems with different objectives that reflect fuel cost minimization, voltage profile improvement, voltage stability enhancement, power loss reduction, and fuel cost minimization with consideration of the valve point effect of generation units. Simulation results show that the hybrid particle swarm optimization–gravitational search algorithm provides an effective and robust high-quality solution of the optimal power flow problem.     

基于树木生长算法的含UPFC的最优潮流计算

最优潮流(OPF)计算是一个非凸优化问题,统一潮流控制器(UPFC)的引入增加了OPF问题的非凸程度,使得基于内点法的传统优化算法难以获取全局最优解。文中提出基于树木生长算法(TGA)的计及UPFC的最优潮流计算方法,将发电成本与有功网损、电压偏移加权作为目标函数,并考虑网络与UPFC设备的安全运行约束,优化了OPF模型。最后基于IEEE 30节点系统以及南京西环网116节点实际系统进行算例测试,对比TGA、粒子群与内点法的结果,并使用蒙特卡洛方法对不同的启发式算法分别进行50次计算,验证了TGA具有更好的求解精度与鲁棒性。     

航海家优化算法在电力系统最优潮流计算中的应用

受15、16世纪地理大发现中航海家探险行为的启发,提出了一种新型元启发式智能算法——航海家优化算法(navigator optimization algorithm,NOA)来求解电力系统的最优潮流。新算法中定义了搜寻周期的概念,通过较好地平衡迭代过程中"搜索"和"利用"的程度,可以实现更好的寻优性能。将所提出算法用于IEEE 30和IEEE 118节点系统的最优潮流计算,并与现存的其他智能算法进行比较,验证了所提出算法的优越性。该算法对于实际电力系统的规划和运行具有一定的参考意义。     

Optimal power flow with FACTS devices by hybrid TS/SA approach

In this paper, a hybrid tabu search and simulated annealing (TS/SA) approach is proposed to minimize the generator fuel cost in optimal power flow (OPF) control with flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices. The problem is decomposed into the optimal setting of FACTS parameters subproblem that is searched by the hybrid TS/SA approach and the OPF with fixed FACTS parameters subproblem that is solved by the quadratic programming (QP). Two types of FACTS devices are used: thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and thyristor-controlled phase shifting (TCPS). Test results on the modified IEEE 30 bus system indicates that the proposed hybrid TS/SA approach can obtain better solutions and require less CPU times than genetic algorithm (GA), SA, or TS alone.     

电力系统无功最优潮流模型及其求解——基于改进粒子群优化算法的潮流优化

提出了一种基于改进粒子群优化算法的无功最优潮流模型及求解方法,灵活处理最优潮流问题的各种约束条件。通过对IEEE-30节点系统的仿真计算,并与遗传算法、基本粒子群优化算法计算结果进行比较,验证了本文提出的模型和方法的有效性。     

基于改进粒子群优化算法的电力系统有功最优潮流

提出了一种基于改进粒子群优化算法的有功最优潮流模型及求解方法,采用了自适应罚函数法处理最优潮流问题的各种约束条件。通过对IEEE-30节点系统的仿真计算,并且与遗传算法进行比较,验证了提出的模型和方法的有效性。     

基于演化算法和讨价还价博弈的多目标最优潮流研究

针对电力系统的多目标最优潮流问题,首先通过遗传算法取得帕累托解集,从而充分反映出不同优化目标之间相互影响、相互背离的内在关系,在此基础上利用纳什讨价还价博弈方法选取全局最优解。探讨同时考虑发电费用（或发电煤耗）最小和系统网损最小的多目标最优潮流问题,首先验证该问题满足讨价还价博弈公理,再通过强度帕累托演化算法（strong Pareto evolution algorithm 2, SPEA2）求解得到帕累托前沿,保证收敛速度较快且帕累托前沿分布均匀,最后基于纳什讨价还价博弈求得最优解,解决了不同目标函数之间可能存在的矛盾。该文通过对IEEE 14节点系统的算例计算,验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于混沌免疫混合算法的多目标无功优化

针对目前评价多目标函数解的不足，提出了将多目标函数各个解映射成多维空间中不同的点，利用这些点与理想点之间的欧氏距离来衡量各个解的优劣；同时针对无功优化、混沌优化算法和免疫算法的特点，提出了在采用免疫算法进行无功优化的记忆抗体群中，运用混沌优化方法和免疫算法的交叉和变异等操作对无功优化的连续变量和离散变量进行交替优化求解，并将它们运用于以降低有功损耗，提高电压稳定裕度及减小电压偏移为目标的无功优化中；通过 IEEE-30和IEEE-118节点算例系统验证了混合算法及最优解评价方法的正确性和可行性。     

基于免疫禁忌混合算法的多目标最优潮流计算

针对电力系统多目标最优潮流计算问题,提出了一种基于免疫禁忌混合算法的多目标模糊优化潮流计算的新方法。该方法运用模糊集理论来构造评价函数,实现了多目标优化问题向单目标优化问题的转化,兼顾了各子目标,保证了较高的整体优化水平;采用求解精度高、使用灵活的免疫禁忌混合算法来进行单目标寻优,准确地获取了符合实际的全局最优解。通过对IEEE 30节点系统进行多次多目标最优潮流仿真计算,并将计算结果分别与单目标最优潮流计算及采用粒子群算法、免疫算法等其它算法的结果进行比较和分析,验证了该方法是解决电力系统多目标最优潮流问题的一种有效方法。     

电力系统相量测量装置最优配置混合算法的研究

以电力系统状态完全可观测和相量测量装置(PMU)配置数目最小为目标,形成了PMU最优配置问题。将遗传算法和禁忌算法有效结合形成禁忌遗传算法,该算法在改进交叉和变异算子的基础上,继承和发展了遗传算法基于多点搜索、鲁棒性强等诸多优点,每当群体有出现早熟而陷入局部最优解的趋势时,利用禁忌搜索增强算法的爬山能力,避免算法早熟而陷入局部最优解,增强算法的全局收敛能力和收敛速度。与遗传算法和禁忌搜索方法相比,禁忌遗传算法具有更好的全局收敛能力和收敛速度。最后采用IEEE14,IEEE30和IEEE57节点系统对算法的有效性进行了验证。     

伪并行遗传算法在无功优化中的应用

在无功优化中，应用矩阵奇异值分解理论，引入了静态电压稳定裕度最大化目标和并行遗传算法思想，提出了用于无功优化的伪并行遗传算法。该算法在一定程度上避免了常规遗传算法容易出现的“早熟”现象，收敛速度也有一定提高。对Ward＆Hale 6节点和IEEE 14节点系统进行了测试，计算结果表明，本文所提模型和算法是合理可行的。     

10kV架空线路无功优化算法的研究

针对10kV配电线路无功分散补偿的不足之处,为了进一步降低网损和提高用户电压,提出了在10kV配电线路安装杆上无功补偿设备的优化算法。该算法以年运行费用最小为目标函数,运用遗传算法求出最佳的补偿地点和最优补偿容量。IEEE33节点算例计算验证了该算法的正确性。     

电力市场中最优潮流模型及算法研究

对传统最优潮流模型做了改进,提出了基于模糊理论和多目标优化理论的最优潮流模型,综合考虑了网损量最小和有功、无功购电费用最低3个目标;将免疫克隆算法和变尺度混沌搜索方法有机地结合起来,形成了免疫克隆混沌优化算法,并应用于改进最优潮流模型的求解。用IEEE 14节点算例进行了仿真分析,结果表明改进最优潮流模型有效,采用免疫克隆混沌算法对改进最优潮流模型求解是可行和高效的。     

Optimal coordinated design of UPFC and PSS for improving power system performance by using multi-objective water cycle algorithm

This paper presents an optimal design for simultaneously locating unified power flow controller (UPFC) and power system stabilizer (PSS). The parameters of their controllers are also tuned coordinately to enhance the power system stability. A mixed integer nonlinear problem is obtained for the design procedure due to the characteristics of selected objective functions. A new population-based meta-heuristic algorithm, called water cycle algorithm (WCA) is used to solve this problem. The best Pareto optimal set is also attained by defining this problem as a multi-objective function. The simulations results on IEEE 39-bus power system confirm the efficiency and the superior performance of the proposed method when compared with other algorithms.     

基于二层规划的交直流混合输电网最优潮流计算

建立了交直流混合输电网等值数学模型,提出了交直流混合输电网最优潮流二层规划数学模型。该模型的上层目标函数为总燃料费用最小,变量为系统中有功与无功出力;下层目标函数为各节点电压偏移最小,变量为变压器分接头档位,上下层变量相互影响,交替迭代。采用跟踪中心轨迹内点法和萤火虫算法相结合的混合算法对该模型进行求解,上层模型利用跟踪中心轨迹内点法处理连续变量,能快速收敛至全局最优解;下层模型采用萤火虫算法求解,能较好处理离散变量。最后采用IEEE 30节点系统和IEEE 118节点系统为算例进行仿真计算,验证了该二层规划模型的有效性和正确性,对比了交流线路和直流线路功率传输方式,验证了直流系统输电的优势。     

Impact of Optimal Unified Power Flow Controller in Electrical Transmission Systems in Reducing Transmission Cost

This paper presents an approach to optimal placement of optimal unified power flow controller (OUPFC) in electrical transmission systems utilizing genetic algorithm (GA), while reducing transmission systems cost using MATLAB and MATPOWER. The proposed approach is based on optimal power flow (OPF) considering optimization of power systems operation conditions. In order to determine the appropriate place for installation of OUPFC, while considering power injection model of this controller, OPF is utilized to obtain multi-objective function of the optimization problem. In this regard, the objective function comprises generation cost, transmission cost, and OUPFC installation cost. The proposed approach is applied to IEEE 30-bus test system, where the obtained results demonstrate remarkable reduction in overall cost of power system.     

修正节点接入导纳潮流算法

针对牛顿–拉夫逊法初值选取不当和PQ分解法受网络RX比例影响造成的计算不收敛问题，提出了一种修正节点接入导纳的潮流算法。理论证明该算法是正确的。算例分析表明，该方法收敛可靠、计算速度快，同时不受RX比例与初值选取的影响。     

Optimization of Transmission Expansion Planning by Minimal Cut Sets Based on Graph Theory

Abstract—This research proposes a method based on the graph theory for transmission network expansion planning. The proposed method suggests an optimal investment cost for transmission network expansion planning by using the minimal cut sets based on the graph theory. On the basis of the oriented connected graph of an intent transmission network, this research aims to find the maximum power flows through the bottlenecks of the network. The main object function of the proposed algorithm is the construction cost of new lines, which needs to be added in parallel with the overloading lines of an existing transmission network. The major consideration is the load demand in the given future. This research uses three benchmark systems to illustrate the proposed method: Garver's 6-bus system (Garver system) the 24-bus and 21-bus IEEE reliability test systems. In a word, the Garver system is used to demonstrate the algorithm of the proposed method, and the 24-bus and 21-bus IEEE reliability test systems are tested by using the proposed method in many cases to compare the results and performance with those of recent studies. The findings of this research are of value to solve transmission network expansion planning problems.