老顶断裂前后的矿山压力变化

本文利用煤层开采时老顶的破断特征,建立了老顶断裂前后的弹性基础梁模型,利用其解可求得在老顶断裂后的回采工作面前方,老顶在一些地区形成了“反弹”而在另一些区域则形成了压缩。无疑,这种现象可用来预示老顶的断裂,从而预报老顶断裂后对工作面来压的影响。     

坚硬老顶对支架的冲击规律

研究了坚硬老顶岩块与支架的相互作用机理，建立了老顶岩块的滑落运动微分方程，分析了支架所承受的冲击载荷与支架刚度和安全阀溢流速度的关系．     

下分层综放工作面上覆岩层结构特征

我国综放开采技术是在分层综采技术的基础上发展起来的,对于一直采用分层综采的一些大型厚煤层生产矿井,面临着顶分层采后下分层综放开采技术问题,这个问题与一次采全厚整层综放开采矿压显现有所不同.下分层综放开采时,二次垮落的直接顶岩层碎胀系数较小,垮落带高度与采高的比值将增加,造成顶分层开采时下位老顶岩层垮落后转化为规则垮落带,成为下分层综放工作面的上位直接顶,促使下分层综放工作面的老顶“砌体梁”式平衡结构向更高层位岩层发展.上位直接顶岩块强度较高、块度较大,容易形成“岩-矸”半拱式平衡结构.该结构的周期性失稳和垮落,造成采场出现小的周期来压现象;而“砌体梁”平衡结构的周期性失稳和垮落,将导致采场出现大的周期来压现象.     

下分层综放工作面上覆岩层结构特征

我国综放开采技术是在分层综采技术的基础上发展起来的,对于一直采用分层综采的一些大型厚煤层生产矿井,面临着顶分层采后下分层综放开采技术问题,这个问题与一．次采全厚整层综放开采矿压显现有所不同．下分层综放开采时,二次垮落的直接顶岩层碎胀系数较小,垮落带高度与采高的比值将增加,造成顶分层开采时下位老顶岩层垮落后转化为规则垮落带,成为下分层综放工作面的上位直接顶,促使下分层综放工作面的老顶“砌体梁”式平衡结构向更高层位岩层发展．上位直接顶岩块强度较高、块度较大,容易形成“岩-矸”半拱式平衡结构．该结构的周期性失稳和垮落,造成采场出现小的周期来压现象;而“砌体梁”平衡结构的周期性失稳和垮落,将导致采场出现大的周期来压现象．     

软岩采场老顶破断的有限元模拟

将软岩采场老顶岩层视为支承于粘弹性基础上的薄板，设计了研究老顶破断的ＦＥＡＥＢＰ有限元模拟方法。该法能有效的模拟各种岩性参数、开采边界条件和各种几何尺寸的老顶岩层在开采过程中破坏的过程和结果，最终提供老顶的破坏形式、断裂步距、顶板下沉状态等分析数据，并对老顶来压的预测预报、选择合理的控顶措施提供依据。     

急倾斜放顶煤矿压显现规律的观测与研究

通过对宜洛煤矿李沟井伪俯料放顶煤回采工作面的矿压观测,从4个方面研究了急倾斜伪俯斜放顶煤工作面矿压显现规律;（1）工作面的初次来压、周期来压步距和来压强度;（2）沿工作面走向控制区内的顶板压力状况,以及生产工序对控制区内支柱载荷的影响;（3）研究了沿倾斜方向矿压显现特点,分析了与近水平煤层矿压显现不同的原因;（4）观测了上下巷矿压显现规律,并分析了上下巷压力不同的原因．用统计法对伪俯斜放顶煤采煤法和分层开采上下巷矿压显现作了对比。     

老顶初次来压步距的计算预测法

本文根据大量初次来压步距的统计和老顶“板”模型破断规律的研究,论述了老顶初次来压步距a_i的构成。它由反映其自身稳定性的步距准数l_m与反映工作面长度和开采边界影响的“边—长”系数W_i之积构成,即a_i=l_m·w_i。得出了工作面长度对老顶来压步距及其极限悬露面积的影响均呈w形曲线关系的结论。开采边界不同,其w形曲线也略有差异。据此,提出了常见的四种开采边界条件下来压步距的计算方法,以及利用实测步距推广到邻近工作面中去的换算方法。同时,对顶板分类提出应以步距准数l_m为指标,并用作w形曲线图法进行分类。     

大倾角仰斜综采工艺在郭二庄矿的应用

针对郭二庄煤矿22208工作面地质条件,深入研究了大倾角仰斜综采技术,对开采过程中出现的煤壁片帮、支架倾倒、采煤机下滑等技术难题,通过研究其机理,进而采取了相应的安全技术措施,解决了现场实际问题,顺利实现了大倾角仰斜开采,而且取得了较好的经济效益,为类似条件下综合机械化采煤提供了方法和经验。     

长壁工作面老顶破断的计算机模拟

本文将长壁工作面老顶岩层视为支承于Winkler弹性基础上的Kirchhoff板,根据现场实测与相似材料模拟试验结果,设计了研究老顶破断的FEAEBP计算机模拟方法。这种模拟方法能够有效的模拟各种岩性参数,各种开采边界条件,以及各种几何尺寸的老顶岩层,在开采过程中破断的开始、发展和结果。同时,由于把老顶与支承它的直接顶、煤体视为一个力学体系,因此能够深入研究它们之间的相互作用与影响。 通过模拟实测,本文重点介绍了老顶破断线分布的特征,提出了Winkler弹性基础Kirchhoff板力学模型的主要力学参数Ek比对破断线分布的影响,由此探讨了老顶破断的控制途径。     

钢筋钢纤维混凝土T形截面梁受剪裂缝控制试验研究

为了研究钢筋钢纤维混凝土T形截面梁的受剪裂缝控制问题,设计了高度为700 mm的钢筋钢纤维混凝土T形截面试验梁,考虑钢纤维体积率变化(0.8%～1.6%)的影响,开展了对称集中荷载作用下的试验研究。主要介绍了试验梁的斜裂缝开展形态和斜裂缝宽度的计算公式,同时检测了试验梁剪压区的混凝土应变、箍筋应变、跨中挠度、斜截面开裂荷载等成果,分析了钢纤维体积率对斜截面开裂荷载和斜裂缝宽度的影响规律,提出了斜截面开裂荷载和裂缝宽度计算公式。研究发现,钢纤维有效提高了低配箍率试验梁的抗裂性能,改善了裂缝分布,T形截面梁的翼缘对腹板斜裂缝宽度的影响不大,与矩形梁的裂缝宽度计算公式基本一致。     

Systematic principles of surrounding rock control in longwall mining within thick coal seams

Effective surrounding rock control is a prerequisite for realizing safe mining in underground coal mines.In the past three decades, longwall top-coal caving mining(LTCC) and single pass large height longwall mining(SPLL) found expanded usage in extracting thick coal seams in China. The two mining methods lead to large void space left behind the working face, which increases the difficulty in ground control.Longwall face failure is a common problem in both LTCC and SPLL mining. Such failure is conventionally attributed to low strength and high fracture intensity of the coal seam. However, the stiffness of main components included in the surrounding rock system also greatly influences longwall face stability.Correspondingly, surrounding rock system is developed for LTCC and SPLL faces in this paper. The conditions for simultaneous balance of roof structure and longwall face are put forward by taking the stiffness of coal seam, roof strata and hydraulic support into account. The safety factor of the longwall face is defined as the ratio between the ultimate bearing capacity and actual load imposed on the coal wall.The influences provided by coal strength, coal stiffness, roof stiffness, and hydraulic support stiffness,as well as the movement of roof structure are analyzed. Finally, the key elements dominating longwall face stability are identified for improving surrounding rock control effectiveness in LTCC and SPLL faces.     

利用顶板扰动进行矿压监测预报的探讨

在文献[1]的基础上,本文建立了以煤层为基础,以老顶的挠曲变形压力为载荷的直接顶的弹性基础梁模型。求解模型并分析影响因素,从理论上阐明了在煤层巷道中捕捉到老顶破断扰动信息的可能性及其原因,并且指出,通过观测巷道支架载荷较之通过观测巷道顶板下沉速度获得扰动信息的方法具有更为广泛的适用性。本文的研究结果可供利用顶板扰动进行矿压监测预报时参考。     

大倾角煤层走向长壁开采顶板岩层活动规律及其矿压控制

依据现场观测和实验室研究的成果，总结了大倾角煤层走向长壁式开采采场矿压显现和顶板岩是活动规律，介绍了工作面矿压控制方法。     

Longwall mining under gateroads and gobs of abandoned small mine

Due to the use of outdated mining technology or room and pillar mining process in small coal mines, the coal recovery ratio is only 10–25%. In many regions of China, the damage area caused by the small coal mines amounted to nearly one hundred square kilometers. Therefore, special mining techniques must be taken to reclaim the wasted resource in disturbed coal areas. This paper focuses on the different mining methods by analyzing the longwall panel layout and abandoned gateroad(AG) distribution in the abandoned area of Cuijiazhai coal mine in northwestern China. On the basis of three-dimensional geological model, FLAC3 D numerical simulation was employed. The abutment pressure distribution was simulated when the panel face passed through the disturbed areas. The proper angle of the inclined face was analyzed when the panel face passed through the abandoned gateroads. The results show that the head end of the face should be 13–20 m ahead of the tail end. The pillars on both sides of abandoned gateroads had not been damaged at the same time, and no large-area stress concentration occured above the main roof.Therefore, the coal reserves of disturbed areas can be successfully recovered by using underground longwall mining.     

Hydraulic support crushed mechanism for the shallow seam mining face under the roadway pillars of room mining goaf

While the fully-mechanized longwall mining technology was employed in a shallow seam under a room mining goaf and overlained by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, the roadway pillars in the abandoned room mining goaf were in a stress-concentrated state, which may cause abnormal roof weighting, violent ground pressure behaviours, even roof fall and hydraulic support crushed(HSC) accidents. In this case,longwall mining safety and efficiency were seriously challenged. Based on the HSC accidents occurred during the longwall mining of 3-1-2 seam, which locates under the intersection zone of roadway pillars in the room mining goaf of 3-1-1 seam, this paper employed ground rock mechanics to analyse the overlying strata structure movement rules and presented the main influence factors and determination methods for the hydraulic support working resistance. The FLAC3 D software was used to simulate the overlying strata stress and plastic zone distribution characteristics. Field observation was implemented to contrastively analyse the hydraulic support working resistance distribution rules under the roadway pillars in strike direction, normal room mining goaf, roadway pillars in dip direction and intersection zone of roadway pillars. The results indicate that the key strata break along with rotations and reactions of the coal pillars deliver a larger concentrated load to the hydraulic support under intersection zone of roadway pillars than other conditions. The ‘‘overburden strata-key strata-roadway pillars-immediate roof" integrated load has exceeded the yield load that leads to HSC accidents. Findings in HSC mechanism provide a reasonable basis for shallow seam mining, and have important significance for the implementation of safe and efficient mining.     

Mechanisms of support failure and prevention measures under double-layer room mining gobs – A case study: Shigetai coal mine

In the practice of mining shallow buried ultra-close seams, support failure tends to occur during the process of longwall undermining beneath two layers of room mining goaf (TLRMG). In this paper, the factors causing support failure are summarized into geology and mining technology. Combining column lithology and composite beam theory, the key stratum of the rock strata is determined. A finite element numerical simulation is used to analyze the overlying load distribution rule of the main roof for different plane positions of the upper and lower room mining pillars. The tributary area theory (TAT) is adopted to analyze the vertical load distribution of each pillar, and dynamic models of coal pillar instability and main roof fracture are established. Through key block instability analysis, two critical moments are established, of which critical moment A has the greater dynamic load strength. Great economic losses and safety hazards are created by the dynamic load of the fracturing of the main roof. To reduce these negative effects, a method of pulling out supports is developed and two alternative measures for support failure prevention are proposed: reinforcing stope supports in conjunction with reducing mining height, or drilling ground holes to pre-split the main roof. Based on a comprehensive consideration of economic factors and the two categories of support failure causes, the method of reinforcing stope supports while reducing mining height was selected for use on the mining site.     

Challenges of mining the first right-handed longwall panel in a new reserve block in Pittsburgh Seam

In this paper, the mining experience and challenges for the first right-handed longwall panel in the Pittsburgh Seam are introduced. The longwall headgate T-junction experienced very high face convergence(up to 61 cm), accompanied by roof sag, floor heave, and rib loading. The headgate convergence was so large that, in a few places, it threatened longwall retreat and ultimately required the bottom to be re-graded. Different underground instruments, such as a roof scope, de-gas drill, tell-tale, laser meter,and borehole pressure Cell(BPC), were employed to explore the roof geology and to monitor the entry convergence and the stress changes in the pillar. In addition, the impact of other geologic factors, such as large overburden depth, laminated sandstone roof geology, soft floor, and large headgate equipment,were also analyzed. Subsequently, geotechnical solutions were provided to avoid or mitigate the impact of these challenging geologic factors.     

煤矿深井采场矿压显现及其控制特点

根据采场围岩控制原则、垮落带岩层的判别式、裂隙带老顶在触矸处的下沉量计算式和移动支承压力与采深的关系,分析了采深对采场矿压显现不同参数的影响,并通过实测加以验证根据岩性随采深的变化,讨论了深井采场可能出现的冒顶事故,并提出了相应的控制,认为采深对矿压显现的影响在采场支护方面不明显,而煤壁片帮将随采深增加而加剧。深部围岩逐渐变碎强度有所降低。深部采场应加强对垮睦顶事故的防治,把顶板护好。     

Stability of roof structure and its control in steeply inclined coal seams

To improve the effectiveness of control of surrounding rock and the stability of supports on longwall topcoal caving faces in steeply inclined coal seams, the stability of the roof structure and hydraulic supports was studied with physical simulation and theoretical analysis. The results show that roof strata in the vicinity of the tail gate subside extensively with small cutting height, while roof subsidence near the main gate is relatively assuasive. With increase of the mining space, the caving angle of the roof strata above the main gate increases. The characteristics of the vertical and horizontal displacement of the roof strata demonstrate that caved blocks rotate around the lower hinged point of the roof structure, which may lead to sliding instability. Large dip angle of the coal seam makes sliding instability of the roof structure easier.A three-hinged arch can be easily formed above both the tail and main gates in steeply inclined coal seams. With the growth in the dip angle, subsidence of the arch foot formed above the main gate decreases significantly, which reduces the probability of the roof structure becoming unstable as a result of large deformation, while the potential of the roof structure's sliding instability above the tail gate increases dramatically.     

Investigation of overburden behaviour for grout injection to control mine subsidence

This paper describes a field and numerical investigation of the overburden strata response to underground longwall mining, focusing on overburden strata movements and stress concentrations. Subsidence related high stress concentrations are believed to have caused damage to river beds in the Illawarra region, Australia. In the field study, extensometers, stressmeters and piezometers were installed in the overburden strata of a longwall panel at West Cliff Colliery. During longwall mining, a total of 1000 mm tensile deformation was recorded in the overburden strata and as a result bed separation and gaps were formed. Bed separation was observed to start in the roof of the mining seam and gradually propagate toward the surface as the longwall face advanced. A substantial increase in the near-surface horizontal stresses was recorded before the longwall face reached the monitored locations. The stresses continued to increase as mining advanced and they reached a peak at about 200 m behind the longwall face. A numerical modelling study identified that the angle of breakage (i.e., the angle of the boundary of caved zone) behind the longwall face and over the goaf was 22–25° from vertical direction. This is consistent with the monitoring results showing the high gradient of stresses and strains on the surface 150–320 m behind the mining face.