GPS-RTK技术及其在露天矿边坡位移监测中的应用

高陡边坡的稳定性一直是露天矿开采中倍受关注的重要安全问题之一。露天矿高陡边坡在发生跨塌破坏前，会有一个缓慢的位移过程发生。因此，通过对高陡边坡微小位移的监测可以实现对其发生灾难性跨塌的预测。本文讨论了露天矿边坡位移传统监测方法的缺陷及新型的基于GPS的自动监测技术所具有的独特优势，介绍了适用于露天矿边坡位移监测的高精度的GPS技术—RTK技术，阐明了基于GPS—RTK的露天矿边坡位移自动监测系统、边坡安全预警准则及监测实施的基本原则。旨在为相关研究与应用提供有益的借鉴。     

浅谈GPS技术在露天矿开采中的应用

介绍了GPS技术在露天矿开采中地表测量、开采设备的作业优化控制、卡车运输安全监控及边坡位移自动监测四个方面的应用特点、原理、优势,阐述了GPS技术在露天矿开采中应用存在的问题和解决办法,以推广GPS技术的应用。     

GPS在厂坝露天矿边坡位移监测中的应用

本文结合厂坝露天矿实际,建立了GPS边坡位移监测系统,包括监测点和监测范围的确定、监测网的布设、监测方式与监测周期等等,最后结合现场情况对监测结果进行简要分析。实践表明,GPS监测能够达到矿山边坡变形监测的精度和要求,结果显示边坡整体是安全的,但北帮边坡局部潜在着失稳风险,东帮边坡稳定性比北帮的要高,但仍要加强边坡的安全管理,防止局部滑塌。     

测量机器人地表位移监测系统在露天矿边坡监测中的应用

在信息化时代背景下,我国对煤矿开采的要求越来越高,不仅要确保煤矿开采的安全性,还要注重环境保护,从而使煤矿开采满足国家的可持续发展战略。基于此,论文论述了测量机器人地表位移监测系统在露天矿边坡监测中的应用,并对测量机器人地表位移监测系统在露天矿边坡监测中的应用建议进行分析。     

南芬露天铁矿高陡边坡失稳与降雨相关性研究

在露天矿开采过程中,高陡边坡的稳定性日益成为威胁其安全生产的一大难题。以辽宁南芬露天铁矿为工程背景,结合其下帮高陡边坡工程地质与水文地质条件,发现雨季降雨是高陡边坡滑坡的重要原因,利用边坡滑动监测系统与降雨量实时监测系统得到滑坡与同时期降雨量监测数据,进行降雨与边坡局部失稳滑坡的相关性分析,发现降雨量大于100 mm的大暴雨与滑坡具有很好的相关性,暴雨及以上强度的降雨是诱发下帮边坡滑坡的重要因素。利用SEEP/W有限元软件模拟大暴雨入渗条件下边坡岩体渗流场变化全过程,计算不同渗流时刻的边坡稳定性系数与边坡应力应变情况,验证统计分析的可靠性并揭示降雨对边坡稳定性影响的机制,同时发现在大暴雨过后,滑坡一般具有24 h左右的滞后性,并提出南芬露天矿山岩质高陡边坡水文灾害治理的有效措施。研究成果可为类似高陡边坡工程提供有意义的参考。     

边坡加固工程加固技术与水平位移动态监测

叙述了某边坡加固工程的施工情况,根据地质资料,对高陡边坡采取了锚喷、网喷联合支护方式进行加固,并在施工过程中对高陡边坡水平位移进行动态监测,及时分析监测结果,对类似高陡边坡的加固处理具有一定的参考价值。     

某露天矿陡帮边坡稳定性分析与加固设计

根据某露天矿陡帮边坡的工程实际,采用极限平衡方法等进行了露天矿陡帮边坡的稳定性分析,提出了合理而有效的加固方案,并进行了加固后的边坡稳定性分析和评价.结果表明:该露天矿陡帮边坡长期暴露在自然条件下稳定性会逐渐降低,如遇饱水或渗流,边坡可能会发生失稳.采用预应力锚索框架梁加固后,边坡的稳定系数显著提高,边坡处于稳定状态,从而保证了矿区的安全生产.     

某高陡边坡的加固治理

高陡边坡治理一直是工程建设中的重点与难点,故拟通过某高陡边坡工程为实例,重点介绍高陡边坡的稳定性分析、治理设计、施工工序及施工要点、难点和监测等内容。该边坡已竣工多年,无论暴雨季节还是旱季、少雨季,边坡均未曾发生新的位移变化,说明我们采取的边坡加固治理方案是安全可靠、经济适用、且十分有效的,其加固治理经验对同类工程有很好的参考价值。     

基于强度折减法的高陡边坡滑坡治理稳定性分析

针对三道庄露天矿观礼台下方发生的高陡边坡滑坡进行了稳定性分析,并论证了滑坡治理工程的效果。在实地勘探、实验室测试的基础上得到岩土体强度参数等数据,建立原始边坡有限元模型,再加入预应力锚索、锚杆、抗滑桩、挡土墙、灌浆浇筑等支护措施,基于强度折减法建立治理后边坡有限元模型,得出数值模拟结果。对比分析了边坡滑坡处理前后安全系数、塑性应变、位移、构件内力。结果表明:原始边坡安全系数为1.175,应变主要集中于边坡外部碎石、块石松散堆积体与内部中风化片岩交界处,滑移带位置浅; 边坡较易发生局部破坏,整体性及稳定性差; 经治理加固后,预应力锚索、抗滑桩等支护结构充分发挥加固作用,将外部松散堆积体与内部中风化片岩有效固定在一起; 边坡整体性提升,安全系数上升至1.452,边坡滑移带整体位置由浅入深,主要位于中风化片岩内,破坏类型转变为不易发生的整体破坏; 三道庄露天矿边坡下方高陡边坡治理工程效果良好,边坡稳定性得到显著改善。     

山区高速公路高边坡安全稳定性监测分析

在山区高速公路建设中,由于受地形影响,不可避免地存在高填深挖路段,出现高填、高陡边坡,因此,在进行边坡防护的同时,也需要对高边坡位移变形进行实时监测,确保边坡的安全稳定性。文章以某山区高速公路为工程背景,以边坡地表位移和深层水平位移监测为手段,对施工中的一段产生滑塌的高边坡进行安全稳定性分析评价,对山区高速高边坡稳定监测具有一定参考价值。     

滑坡地质灾害远程监测预报系统及其工程应用

 露天矿边坡稳定性监控预报技术研究,对滑坡地质灾害防控具有重要意义。以滑体、滑床和监控锚索相互作用力学原理为理论基础,提出滑体和滑床相对运动状态的力学监测原理,把多因素监测变为单一滑动力力学量监测,给出滑动力与监控预紧力的关系。通过滑坡物理模型试验得出,在滑坡发生前,边坡岩体内应力会连续发生变化,当滑动力大于抗滑力后,边坡岩体会发生变形和滑动,且捕捉边坡岩体内应力的变化优于对岩体位移的监测。基于上述原理和试验结果,开发了滑坡地质灾害远程监测预报系统,实现摄动力动态变化的远程实时监测。提出4种监测预警模型,通过对露天矿山边坡等的现场实践应用,该监控新技术成功地进行边坡稳态实时监控和预测预报。     

Slope stability assessment of an open pit using lattice-spring-based synthetic rock mass (LS-SRM) modeling approach

Discontinuity waviness is one of the most important properties that influence shear strength of jointed rock masses, and it should be incorporated into numerical models for slope stability assessment. However, in most existing numerical modeling tools, discontinuities are often simplified into planar surfaces. Discrete fracture network modeling tools such as MoFrac allow the simulation of non-planar discontinuities which can be incorporated into lattice-spring-based geomechanical software such as Slope Model for slope stability assessment. In this study, the slope failure of the south wall at Cadia Hill open pit mine is simulated using the lattice-spring-based synthetic rock mass (LS-SRM) modeling approach. First, the slope model is calibrated using field displacement monitoring data, and then the influence of different discontinuity configurations on the stability of the slope is investigated. The modeling results show that the slope with non-planar discontinuities is comparatively more stable than the ones with planar discontinuities. In addition, the slope becomes increasingly unstable with the increases of discontinuity intensity and size. At greater pit depth with higher in situ stress, both the slope models with planar and non-planar discontinuities experience localized failures due to very high stress concentrations, and the slope model with planar discontinuities is more deformable and less stable than that with non-planar discontinuities.     

基坑变形监测及预警技术

讨论基坑施工过程中变形监测的意义,根据国内现行规范、规程有关条文,结合区域经验,提出河南省基坑变形监测的建议项目,讨论基坑工程环境平面、剖面关系图、环境条件及施工工况、支护结构顶部水平位移、周围工程结构物沉降等项目的监测意义及成果表示方法;提出了基坑变形监测的预警指标。     

露天矿山中深孔爆破边坡稳定性影响研究

为了分析露天矿山中深孔爆破对边坡稳定性影响机理,结合福建某小型露天矿山工程实际,在确定炸药及爆破孔网参数的基础上,引入降振技术并运用LS-DYNA有限元分析程序对中深孔爆破边坡影响情况进行数值模拟试验,得出了有指导意义的结论。     

基于北斗系统的矿山地表GPS监测研究

矿山地表形变是一种常见的灾害类型,是在自然因素和人为因素的双重作用下引起矿区周围岩土体应力状态的变化,导致矿山地表岩土体发生垂直升降运动或者水平运动现象,进而引起岩土体弯曲变形、破裂。矿山地表形变具有形变空间分布密集、强度大的特点,矿山地表形变具有缓慢型和突发型两种类型,前者形变周期长,后者形变时间短,对矿山地表形变监测带来了困难。基于此,文章将北斗系统应用于GPS监测系统中,尝试分析了基于北斗系统的GPS监测系统的形变监测效果。实践表明,该技术可以获得更高的监测精度,对矿山地表形变的动态变化规律有着直观的反应,对研究矿山地表形变规律有着重要的促进意义。此外,将北斗系统应用于矿山地表形变监测中,可以显著提高GPS监测系统的监测精度,能够获得实时动态监测数据,且受监测环境的影响较小,能够输出多元化的监测分析成果图件,提高了监测技术的自动化程度。     

GPS monitoring and analysis of ground movement and deformation induced by transition from open-pit to underground mining

To trace the potential hazards of open-pit slope in Longshou mine,global positioning system(GPS) is applied to monitoring ground movement and deformation induced by transition from open-pit to underground mining.Through long-term monitoring from 2003 to 2008,huge amounts of data were acquired.Monitoring results show that large-scale ground movement and deformation have occurred in mining area,and the movement area is ellipse-shaped.The displacement boundary of settlement trough is 2.0 km long along the exploratory line,and 1.5 km long along the strike of ore body.GPS monitoring results basically agree with the practical deformation state of open-pit slope.It is indicated that the long-term GPS monitoring is an effective way to understand the mechanism of ground movement and deformation in mine area.     

深层水平位移监测技术的实践应用

在深基坑开挖过程中,深层水平位移监测技术借助CX-806D型测斜仪对基坑进行内部位移变化监测,通过对监测信息的分析,对评价基坑的安全,制定进一步的施工策略,实现信息化施工,避免事故的发生有着重要的意义。在基坑支护结构中护坡桩顶(冠梁)水平位移观测及护坡桩体深层水平位移观测都能够直接反映基坑支护结构变形特性,是支护结构安全状况的重要指标。济宁太白路万达广场工程的围护桩体或坑周土体的深层水平位移的监测采用在墙体或土体中预埋测斜管(PVC管)、通过测斜仪(CX-806D)观测各深度处水平位移的方法,监测精度可达到±0.01mm/500mm。利用测斜仪定期对管道的形变情况进行监测,然后通过纵向比较各期的监测数据,就能够得到桩体各深度在监测期间的形变情况,它在及时掌握工程的质量以及保证工程的安全性方面发挥着积极的作用。     

Stability assessment and slope design at Sandsloot open pit, South Africa

Sandsloot open pit is located on the northern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. It is the largest open pit platinum mine in the world. Three major joint sets have been recognized at Sandsloot, which are related to the regional tectonic history. They have an important influence on slope stability in the open pit, notably in terms of planar and wedge failures. Detailed geological and geotechnical data are often a notable unknown factor in the design and operation of an open pit, the lack of which may pose a significant risk to the mining venture. As data are accumulated and used effectively, so the risk of unforeseen conditions is reduced, and accordingly safety and productivity is increased. Usually, the geotechnical work undertaken at an open pit mine is in connection with improving slope stability. At Sandsloot open pit geological and geotechnical data have been obtained by face mapping, scanline surveys, from exploration drillholes and from laboratory tests. Such data have been used to delineate different geotechnical zones in which different types of slope failure have occurred. These are the usual types of slope failure associated with rock masses, namely, planar, wedge, toppling and circular failures. Analysis of the data has allowed optimum design parameters to be developed for these zones which has led to improved slope stability. In other words, this has allowed slope management programmes to be initiated, as well as slope optimization of the hangingwall. The latter resulted in an improved slope configuration and an increase in the ultimate angle of the wall by 7°. This has resulted in substantial savings, as well as an improvement in safety.