多孔介质内单相流阻力特性

研究了高雷诺数条件下多孔介质内单相流阻力特性.采用孔隙有效雷诺数(Re)修正了惯性项系数Rf的表达式,得到多孔介质中单相流阻力关系式,对影响多孔介质内单相流阻力特性的因素进行了分析.试验结果表明,惯性项系数Rf与渗透率K、孔隙率ε和Re有关.     

含内热源多孔介质通道内流动沸腾两相压降的预测

为预测含内热源多孔介质通道内流动沸腾的两相阻力压降,以Ergun方程为基础,定义了多孔介质通道的Chisholm参数Y和全液相折算因子Φ_l0。通过理论分析和实验数据测量,明确了出口质量含气率x_e、质量流速G和小球直径d等对参数Y和Φ_l0的影响,并提出1个Lockhart-Martinelli（L-M）类型的两相阻力压降关系式。与文献中的其他公式相比,本工作提出的公式对实验结果能做出更好的预测。     

骨架发热多孔介质内单相水流动传热实验研究

针对骨架发热多孔介质内单相水流动阻力和传热特性开展了实验研究,拟合获得骨架发热多孔介质内热态流动阻力和对流换热关系式。实验参数范围是:雷诺数Re取127～394,表面热流密度12～62 kW/m2。实验结果表明:在本文研究的孔隙有效雷诺数范围内,惯性项阻力系数Rf受流动参数影响;基于骨架发热条件下获得的阻力关系式具有较好的扩展性,可以较好地预测骨架不发热条件下多种几何结构的多孔介质通道内单相水、单相蒸汽流动阻力;随着表面热流密度增大,对流换热系数不断降低;在相同热流密度条件下,随着质量流速的增大,对流换热系数也会随之增大。     

含内热源有序饱和多孔介质通道内蒸汽-水两相流型可视化实验研究

采用均一球体形成多孔介质通道,通过高速摄像系统获得了多孔介质通道内两相流动影像数据,识别出多孔介质通道内蒸汽-水两相流动流型存在形式,并研究了部分参数对流型转变的影响规律。结果表明,多孔介质通道内的汽-液两相流型有泡状流、泡状-弹状混合流、弹状流、弹状-环状混合流以及环状流5种;随着入口过冷度的增加,泡状流向过渡流转变以及过渡流向环状流转变时所对应的汽相表观速度呈现出逐渐增大的趋势;随着压力的升高,泡状流向过渡流转变以及过渡流向环状流转变时所对应的汽相表观速度呈现出逐渐减小的趋势。      

窄矩形通道内两相流动压降特性研究

以空气和水为工质,在40mm×1.6mm的窄矩形通道中对竖直向上气-液两相流动压降特性进行了实验研究。对比了现有的两相流动阻力计算关系式,结果表明,传统的计算关系式均不适用于窄矩形通道内两相流动阻力的计算;而以窄矩形通道为基础的Lee-Lee关系式误差相对较小,但预测值与实验值相比整体偏小。为此结合实验数据,以分液相-分气相雷诺数之比Re_l/Re_g为依据将流动分为两个区域,分别对Chisholm关系式进行修正,修正关系式与实验数据的误差较小,能够很好地预测本次实验结果。     

多孔介质通道内气-液两相流动阻力特性实验

基于新型水冷球床反应堆,以水和空气为工质,分别在直径为2、5、8 mm的玻璃球填充圆管形成多孔介质通道中,对竖直向上气-液两相流动阻力特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,阻力压降随着气液流量的增加而增大,并且与流型存在一定的对应关系;在相同流动条件下,颗粒直径和孔隙率对压降有明显影响.结合实验所得的234组实验点,对两类阻力...     

含内热源多孔介质的局部换热特性实验研究

建立了含内热源的多孔介质模型.该模型以水作为流动介质,流道内填满金属颗粒球,金属颗粒球呈正三角形排列.作为内热源的金属球内镶嵌电阻丝.在此模型的基础上,通过实验研究了流速、金属球壁面温度对含内热源多孔介质局部换热特性的影响规律.研究结果表明:压力对换热特性几乎没有影响;低热流密度下,表面热流密度对换热特性没有显著的影响;高热流密度时,换热系数随热流密度的增大而增加;冷却剂进口温度与换热系数成反比;球层区有入口效应存在,但是影响区域明显小于管内流体的流动区域;获得了幂指数形式的无量纲换热准则关联式,预测值与实验值误差在±10%以内.     

变粘性效应对含内热源多孔介质通道内流动阻力特性的影响

在整体加热多孔介质热工水力实验回路上,以纯净水为冷却工质,研究变粘性效应对含内热源多孔介质流动阻力特性的影响。结果表明,流体流过加热多孔介质通道时,由于温度变化引起粘度的改变对多孔介质流动阻力特性产生影响。低雷诺数时变粘性效应对阻力压降的影响显著,随着雷诺数的增加其影响逐渐减弱。入口温度较低时,加热与绝热情况下的无量纲阻力压降曲线有明显差别;随着入口温度的升高,两者之间的差别逐渐减小,曲线最终趋于一致。提出了新的Hazen-Dupuit-Darcy(HDD)模型的修正因子ξμ和ξC,由此得到的阻力压降系数的计算值与实验值的相对误差在±11.8%的范围内。     

窄矩形通道内两相流动压降特性研究

以空气和水为实验工质,分别在40mm×1.6mm和40mm×3mm的矩形通道中对竖直向上气-液两相流动阻力特性进行了实验研究。该研究还对比了现有的两相流动阻力计算关系式,结果表明,对于窄缝为1.6mm的通道,传统的阻力计算关系式均不适用;而窄缝为3mm的通道,除Friedel模型和Tran模型外,其余模型与实验值符合较好。为此结合实验数据,以分液相雷诺数为依据将流动分为层流区、过渡区和湍流区3个区域,分别对Chisholm关系式进行修正,结果表明：C为当量直径的线性函数,当量直径越大,C越小。修正关系式与实验数据的误差较小,能很好地预测本次实验结果。     

螺旋管蒸汽发生器三维热工水力程序HeTAF开发

针对核动力系统螺旋管蒸汽发生器,本文采用多孔介质方法对具有复杂换热组件区域多层螺旋套管结构进行简化,构建了壳侧工质流动换热特性数学物理模型,并基于均相流假设建立了管侧水-水蒸气两相流动沸腾换热特性分析模型,采用网格-节点映射方法实现了管壳两侧耦合传热计算,基于开源OpenFOAM平台开发了适用于螺旋管蒸汽发生器的三维全尺寸热工水力特性分析程序HeTAF。基于螺旋管两相流动沸腾换热实验开展了模型验证,并以高温气冷堆示范工程中螺旋管直流式蒸汽发生器为分析对象开展了单换热组件模拟,获得的氦气和蒸汽出口温度计算结果与设计值符合较好,表明HeTAF能有效预测换热组件内管壳两侧流动换热特性。本文的研究对螺旋管蒸汽发生器的设计和安全分析具有参考意义。     

卧式螺旋管式蒸汽发生器管内沸腾传热恶化的实验研究

报道了在高压汽水回路上进行的卧式螺旋管式蒸汽发生器管内沸腾传热恶化特性的实验结果，并对实验参数范围内出现的传热恶化进行了分类；分析和研究了出现恶化的条件及机理；给出了传热恶化时的热负荷关系式。     

New Interfacial Drag Force Model Including Effect of Bubble Wake, (I) Model Development for Steam-Water Bubbly Flow in Large-Diameter Pipes

Several experimental results show that bubbles can easily be captured in the wake formed by leading bubbles when multiple bubbles are rising in a liquid. It is suggested from this experimental result that the effect of bubble wake should be included in the constitutive relationships representing the interfacial drag force. In the present study, steam-water bubbly flow experiments were performed to develop a new interfacial drag force model including the effect of bubble wake. Since the validity of the existing constitutive equations have been tested mainly for two-phase flow in small-diameter pipes, our study focused on two-phase flow in a large-diameter pipe. Using a one-dimensional two-fluid model, the applicability of the new interfacial drag force model to our experimental conditions was investigated. As a result, it was shown that the present model markedly improves the accuracy of the predicted results. It was therefore demonstrated that the present bubble wake model is effective at least for the conditions which were used for model development. Its applicability to different conditions will be discussed in a subsequent study.     

New Interfacial Drag Force Model Including Effect of Bubble Wake, (II)

In the previous study, we proposed a new interfacial drag force model based on experimental data of steam-water bubbly flow in a large-diameter pipe. This is because our experimental results had suggested that effect of bubble wake should be included in the interfacial drag force model, although it had not been taken into account in the existing models. A preliminary method for including the effect of bubble wake was hence developed and used in the new model. A new bubble size prediction method was also adopted in the model. In the present study, after improving the measuring equipment and signal processing procedure, another series of experiments was carried out. Using the new experimental data, the methods of predicting bubble size and effect of bubble wake were slightly modified. To test the validity of the new model, predicted results were compared with available experimental data sets of steam-water bubbly two-phase flow in large-diameter pipes. One-dimensional and two-dimensional two-fluid models were used for the calculation. Comparisons showed that the new model is in good agreement with the experimental data, whereas the model which does not take into account the effect of bubble wake overestimated the void fractions.     

棒束通道内两相流动摩擦阻力特性分析

常温常压下,对竖直3×3棒束通道内气液两相流动阻力特性进行了实验研究。利用所获得的实验数据,对8种典型的两相流动摩擦压降计算模型进行了评价。结果表明,均相模型在两相流速较高时精度较高,在两相流速较低时则偏差较大。分相模型中,Friedel模型和Lombodi-Pedrocchi模型不适用于本实验条件下棒束通道内气液两相流动摩擦压降的计算。Chisholm C模型、Zhang-Mishima模型、ChisholmB模型、Mishima-Hibiki模型及L.Sun模型的预测值与实验值的平均相对误差介于20%~30%之间。基于实验数据,通过修正ChisholmC模型的C系数,给出一个新的修正模型,其计算值与实验值符合良好。     

Experiments on flows, boiling and heat transfer in porous media: Emphasis on bottom injection

This paper deals with basic experiments conducted to analyse the effect of the particles’ shape and size distribution on intrinsic properties of porous beds as well as two-phase flow and heat transfer in these porous media.Structural, transport properties, flow laws and heat transfer with phase-change phenomena in several kinds of porous media are presented and discussed. The porosity of stacks constituted by spheres of various sizes is analysed. A variation law of the porosity as a function of the standard deviation of the particle size distribution is proposed. The porosity, tortuosity, permeability and inertial coefficient of the flow law in randomly stacked fibres are established experimentally and theoretically. The porosity of such media is found to vary from 0.35 to 0.92 according to the fibre aspect ratio. Tortuosity and Kozeny–Carman parameters are determined by both electric and hydrodynamic methods. These parameters are found to vary with the porosity of the fibrous bed. New relations of permeability and inertial coefficient are derived from experimental results. Finally, a pressure drop relation is proposed for fibrous beds.Convective boiling phenomena, with emphasis to application on bottom injection, are experimentally determined for fibrous porous media. Temperature field determination evidences the formation of three distinct zones in the porous medium: a liquid zone, a two-phase zone and a superheated zone. For higher heat flux density, a fourth zone is found in which vapour and liquid are in thermal non-equilibrium. A one-dimensional analytical model of pressure drop in two-phase configuration has been performed. Comparisons with experimental data are found in good agreement with the results of this model for moderate heat fluxes. For higher heat flux values, discrepancies are found. These cases correspond to the appearance and the evolution of the thermal non-equilibrium two-phase zone. Heat transfer characteristics at the heated walls are analysed. Formation of vapour in the neighbourhood of the heated walls has a strong influence on the heat transfer coefficient. This behaviour may be related to the critical heat flux phenomenon encountered in usual ducts.     

Experimental investigation on narrow gap heat transfer with porous media under downward-facing horizontal heated surface

An experimental study of horizontal narrow gap heat transfer of porous media under a round downward-facing heated plate has been carried out, using water as the working fluid. The boiling curves are obtained with different gap size, plate diameter and solid spherules. The results show that the heat transfer increases significantly with porous media in the gap especially under boiling condition, and the occurrence of pool boiling crisis would be brought forward when the gap size is very small. The results also indicate that the heat transfer in horizontal narrow gap can be enhanced by increasing the ratio of gap size to plate diameter and using porous media with high thermal conductivity. Based on the mechanism of heat transfer of porous media, the correlations for natural convection and nucleate boiling are proposed to predict the heat flux.     

Rate of droplet deposition in steam-water annular flow and effect of a flow obstacle

Deposition rate of droplets in steam-water annular two-phase flow was measured using a 5 mm diameter vertical round tube as a test section. In the experimental conditions tested in this work, the droplet mass transfer coefficient decreased with an increase in the droplet concentration in the gas core flow and with an increase in the length of a deposition section. The dependence on these two parameters agreed fairly well with predictions by available correlations. Placing a small cylindrical tube concentrically in the test section round tube, the effect of a flow obstacle on the deposition rate of droplets was also experimentally investigated. It was found that the obstacle effect was significant and the deposition rate of droplets increased approximately three times in average. The obstacle effect measured in this work was compared with an empirical correlation and a simple mechanistic model that were developed using experimental results of air-water annular flows. Fairly good agreement was achieved in both cases, which would indicate that the mechanism of deposition enhancement induced by the flow obstacle is similar between air-water and steam-water flows.