氟盐冷却高温堆主冷却剂系统16N源项分析

基于SCALE6.1程序包中的三维蒙特卡罗输运程序KENO-Ⅵ对氟盐冷却高温堆（FHR）堆芯中子能谱进行计算，利用Mathematica程序建立了¹⁶N源项在主冷却剂系统内的流动模型，对FHR的主冷却剂系统¹⁶N源项进行定量分析，对不同流速情况下主冷却剂系统不同区域¹⁶N源强分布进行研究。结果表明：当冷却剂体积流量大于4.15×10² cm³•s^-1、小于4.15×10⁶ cm³•s^-1时，流动效应对主冷却剂系统内¹⁶N源项浓度分布影响显著，在FHR的设计基准流量（4.15×10⁴ cm³•s^-1）情况下，堆芯中¹⁶N源项占总¹⁶N源项的76.98%，上腔室为18.89%，其余区域放射性活度占¹⁶N总量的4.13%。所建立分析方法及结论可为FHR的工程设计、辐射防护设计及源项的精确分析等提供参考。     

基于修改后RELAP5/MOD3.2的氟盐高温堆实验回路分析

大型热工流体整体效应系统实验(CIET)台架是为模拟氟盐冷却高温堆(FHR)热工水力响应而设计的实验回路,采用DOWTHERM A模拟氟盐作为冷却剂。通过在RELAP5/MOD3.2程序中加入DOWTHERM A物性参数以及传热关系式,计算FHR实验回路CIET在两种工况下的热工水力行为,并与实验结果进行对比,计算工况包括强迫循环条件与自然循环条件。计算结果表明:在强迫循环条件下,堆芯热量主要靠盘管式空气换热器(CTAH)排出,堆芯进出口冷却剂温度及CTAH出口冷却剂温度与实验值符合良好,CTAH进口冷却剂温度与实验值有些微偏差;在自然循环工况中,堆芯热量主要通过DHX与堆芯辅助冷却系统(DRACS)回路的换热带走,DHX及DRACS的流量与实验值接近,相对误差在10%左右,验证了修正后RELAP5/MOD3.2的正确性。     

CEFR在ULOF工况下的自然循环能力分析

自然循环能力是衡量钠冷快堆固有安全性的重要指标,堆芯布置、回路设计及工况参数等都会影响堆芯自然循环能力,因此不同堆型的自然循环能力有很大差异。为了保证堆芯事故得到有效缓解,中国实验快堆(CEFR)的设计中通过优化系统布置,重点考虑了堆芯自然循环。本文采用SAS4A程序对CEFR进行系统建模,分析了CEFR在无保护失流(ULOF)工况下的堆芯热工水力参数瞬态特性,验证了CEFR利用自身自然循环和负反馈设计进行事故缓解的能力,本文还对一回路流动阻力和二回路钠装量对堆芯自然循环的影响进行分析。计算结果表明,CEFR具有良好的自然循环特性,在ULOF工况下可以依靠其负反馈停堆,并能够建立起稳定的自然循环从而导出堆芯余热。     

SCAS-蒸汽活化产物源项程序的开发和验证

SCAS是中国核动力研究设计院编制的反应堆二回路蒸汽活化产物源项程序。为了使SCAS程序同时具有计算主回路冷却剂中^16N和^17N源项的功能，特建立了两种不同的几何模型，并以两种不同的方式验证了程序的可靠性。结果表明，SCAS程序不仅能用于计算无堆芯系统二回路工质中^16N,^17N的源项。还能计算含堆芯系统主回路冷却剂中的^16N,^17N的源项。     

氟盐冷却高温堆氚输运特性数值研究

氚的控制是限制氟盐冷却高温堆（FHR）发展的关键问题，欲实现氚的有效控制，首先需明确氚在熔盐堆一回路中的输运行为。本文阐明了氚在熔盐堆一回路中的输运特性，包括氚的产生及存在形态的分化、石墨对氚的吸附、氚在熔盐中的溶解与扩散以及氚在管壁材料中的渗透等。针对氚在熔盐堆一回路中的输运行为，建立了数学物理模型，基于FORTRAN语言开发了适用于FHR的氚输运特性分析程序TAPAS。通过将实验数据与程序计算结果对比，说明了TAPAS程序计算的合理性和准确性。利用TAPAS对模块化移动式氟盐冷却高温堆（TFHR）中氚的输运特性进行了分析。计算表明，TFHR的初始产氚率约为5.54×10^-8 mol/s，一回路中的氚主要以T₂形式存在，腐蚀反应主要发生在热管段入口处。反应堆运行25 EFPD（等效满功率天）后，石墨吸附氚达到限值。反应堆稳态运行时，T₂向管壁表面的渗透速率可视为常数，其值为8.35 μmol/EFPD。本研究可为FHR的研究设计和辐射防护提供参考。     

聚变-裂变混合堆设计研究

利用MCNP5和MONK9A程序对聚变驱动裂变混合堆进行了初步研究,在等离子体第1壁外侧依次包覆长方体形状的燃料组件和产氚组件,形成裂变堆芯包层和产氚区.对分别装载贫铀、天然铀、贫铀MOX和天然铀MOX等4种燃料的混合堆进行了研究分析,其中,后两种燃料在整个运行寿期内的功率放大倍数和氚增殖比满足设计要求.通过随燃耗变化的同位素含量分析,初步探讨了混合堆的铀-钚燃耗循环策略.     

高温气冷堆放射性总量计算程序研发与验证

堆芯放射性总量计算是核电站辐射防护设计、屏蔽计算和环境影响评价的基础。为进一步提高高温气冷堆堆芯放射性总量计算分析能力,自主研发了高温气冷堆堆芯源项计算程序NUIT,计算了HTR-10和HTR-PM堆芯内特定燃耗的燃料元件的放射性,并与KORIGEN程序的计算结果进行了对比。计算结果表明,NUIT程序可用于高温气冷堆堆芯放射性总量计算,并具有较好的计算精度和效率。     

用于核电推进的30 kWe反应堆电源堆芯设计

核电推进(NEP)堆芯采用液态金属冷却,根据冷却方式的不同,设计了回路堆和热管堆两种堆型备选,并采用蒙特卡罗方法的MCNP程序对其有效增殖因子、功率分布等堆芯物理参数进行了计算,最后从两种堆型固有特点出发分析其优缺点。提出了临界安全设计的两种优化方向,列出了反应堆可能面临的特殊临界安全问题并做了理论分析和计算,最终通过合理布置谱移吸收体(SSA)材料的位置解决了特殊临界安全问题。计算结果表明两种堆芯设计满足物理和热工设计要求。     

FHR在全厂断电事故下对RVACS散热能力的要求

氟盐冷却高温堆(Fluoride salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor,FHR)是一种采用包覆颗粒燃料、高温熔融氟盐冷却剂的先进反应堆。部分FHR概念采用了反应堆容器辅助冷却系统(Reactor Vessel Auxiliary Cooling System,RVACS)导出事故下的堆芯余热。RVACS通过导热、对流换热、辐射换热等非能动过程,在事故发生时将堆芯余热排出至大气中。本文采用中国科学院上海应用物理研究所设计的10 MW FHR作为基准,利用RELAP5-MS程序,对其在全厂断电事故下的瞬态过程进行了模拟,验证了RVACS的余热导出能力。本文进一步研究了高反应堆功率情况下的全厂断电事故的瞬态过程,探讨了不同反应堆功率的FHR对RVACS散热能力的要求。     

核电厂退役源项分析

为指导核电厂退役过程中的环境影响评价和人员辐射防护,需要对退役过程中的放射性源项进行分析。通过对退役三个阶段的放射性源项产生机理进行研究,分析得出堆芯周围金属结构的活化源项,以及沉积在主辅回路的活化腐蚀产物,是退役源项的主要贡献,典型放射性核素包括~(60)Co、~(63)Ni、~(110m)Ag等。给出了基于中子辐照史的活化源项计算方法,可用于退役源项的定量估算。     

压水堆3H源项计算分析

对压水堆中氚的产生和消减机理进行了研究。根据一回路冷却剂中氚的代谢机制建立氚计算模型,分析了压水堆各途径对氚的产生量贡献及⁷Li纯度对锂产氚量的影响。结果表明：计算模型详细考虑了产生氚的核素随时间的衰减变化,计算的氚产生量为52.08 TBq/a。压水堆一回路冷却剂中的氚主要来源于可溶硼的中子活化反应、铀核的三元裂变,对氚产生量的贡献达90%以上,⁷Li纯度为99.9%时锂产氚量占总量的7.45%,其他途径对氚的产生量贡献很小,可忽略。锂产氚量的贡献随着⁷Li纯度的升高而线性减小。研究结果可为压水堆氚源项的计算提供参考。     

Framework analysis of fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactor probabilistic safety assessment

Probabilistic safety assessment(PSA) is important in nuclear safety review and analysis. Because the design and physics of the fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactor(FHR) differ greatly from the pressurized water reactor(PWR), the methods and steps of PSA in FHR should be studied. The high-temperature gascooled reactor(HTR-PM) and sodium-cooled fast reactors have built the PSA framework, and the framework to finish the PSA analysis. The FHR is compared with the PWR, HTR-PM and sodium-cooled fast reactors from the physics, design and safety. The PSA framework of FHR is discussed. In the FHR, the fuel and coolant combination provides large thermal margins to fuel damage(hundreds of degrees centigrade). The tristructuralisotropic(TRISO) as the fuel is independent in FHR core and its failure is limited for the core. The core damage in Level 1 PSA is of lower frequency. Levels 1 and 2 PSA are combined in the FHR PSA analysis. The initiating events analysis is the beginning, and the source term analysis and the release types are the target. Finally, Level3 PSA is done.     

压水堆主冷却剂中氚源项计算分析

压水堆主回路冷却剂流经堆芯时，水中固有及特加核素受中子辐照后会产生氚，氚几乎全部以气体和液体的形式排入环境，造成氚污染。因此，氚是压水堆辐射环境影响评价的主要关注内容之一。本文以AP1000为例，根据压水堆主回路冷却剂中氚的产生途径及其随时间的变化情况建立详细的计算模型，计算压水堆主回路冷却剂中的氚活度并分析各产氚途径对氚产生量的贡献。计算结果表明：主回路冷却剂中的氚主要来源于可溶性硼的中子活化和铀裂变，对氚产生量的贡献达80%以上；在⁷Li纯度为99.9%时，AP1000主回路中的年产氚量为5.23×10¹³ Bq，锂产氚量占总量的14.01%，随⁷Li纯度的增加，锂产氚量的贡献呈线性减小，在⁷Li纯度为99.99%时，锂产氚量占总量的3.18%。其他途径对氚的产生量贡献很小，可忽略。根据以上结果，可通过控制主回路冷却剂中添加的初始硼浓度、提高燃料包壳质量、增加LiOH中⁷Li的纯度等多种途径来降低主冷却剂中氚的产生量，从而减少氚对环境的放射性污染。     

Radionuclides in primary coolant of a fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor during normal operation

The release of fission products from coated particle fuel to primary coolant,as well as the activation of coolant and impurities,were analysed for a fluoride saltcooled high-temperature reactor (FHR) system,and the activity of radionuclides accumulated in the coolant during normal operation was calculated.The release rate (release fraction per unit time) of fission products was calculated with STACY code,which is modelled mainly based on the Fick's law,while the activation of coolant and impurities was calculated with SCALE code.The accumulation of radionuclides in the coolant has been calculated with a simplified model,which is generally a time integration considering the generation and decay of radionuclides.The results show that activation products are the dominant gamma source in the primary coolant system during normal operation of the FHR while fission products become the dominant source after shutdown.In operation condition,health-impacts related nuclides such as 3H,and 14C originate from the activation of lithium and coolant impurities including carbon,nitrogen,and oxygen.According to the calculated effective cross sections of neutron activation,6Li and 14N are the dominant 3H production source and 14C production source,respectively.Considering the high production rate,3H and 14C should be treated before being released to the environment.     

Radionuclides in primary coolant of a fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor during normal operation

The release of fission products from coated particle fuel to primary coolant,as well as the activation of coolant and impurities,were analysed for a fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor (FHR) system,and the activity of radionuclides accumulated in the coolant during normal operation was calculated.The release rate (release fraction per unit time) of fission products was calculated with STACY code,which is modelled mainly based on the Fick's law,while the activation of coolant and impurities was calculated with SCALE code.The accumulation of radionuclides in the coolant has been calculated with a simplified model,which is generally a time integration considering the generation and decay of radionuclides.The results show that activation products are the dominant gamma source in the primary coolant system during normal operation of the FHR while fission products become the dominant source after shutdown.In operation condition,health-impacts related nuclides such as 3H,and 14C originate from the activation of lithium and coolant impurities including carbon,nitrogen,and oxygen.According to the calculated effective cross sections of neutron activation,6Li and 14N are the dominant 3H production source and 14C production source,respectively.Considering the high production rate,3H and 14C should be treated before being released to the environment.     

一回路注锌对腐蚀产物的影响分析

目前的压水堆中多采用注锌技术来降低一回路腐蚀产物的源项,然而关于注锌对腐蚀产物影响的理论机理以及计算分析研究较为欠缺。基于此,本文从理论机理、程序开发、数值计算分析和实验验证的角度论证分析注锌对一回路腐蚀产物以及源项的影响。理论计算表明：注锌能明显降低基体金属中镍和钴的溶解;随着运行时间的增加,注锌对一回路冷却剂中的⁵⁸Co和⁶⁰Co呈现出抑制作用;注锌实验结果与理论计算分析的比值在0.5～2.0范围内,符合情况良好。本研究能为核电厂合理地采取注锌技术提供理论支撑。     

Design and licensing strategies for the fluoride-salt-cooled,high-temperature reactor (FHR) technology

Fluoride-salt-cooled, high-temperature reactor (FHR) technology combines the robust coated-particle fuel of high-temperature, gas-cooled reactors with the single phase, high volumetric heat capacity coolant of molten salt reactors and the low-pressure pool-type reactor configuration of sodium fast reactors. FHRs have the capacity to deliver heat at high average temperature, and thus to achieve higher thermal efficiency than light water reactors. Licensing of the passive safety systems used in FHRs can use the same framework applied successfully to passive advanced light water reactors, and earlier work by the NGNP and PBMR projects provide an appropriate framework to guide the design of safety-relevant FHR systems. This paper provides a historical review of the development of FHR technology, describes ongoing development efforts, and presents design and licensing strategies for FHRs. A companion review article describes the phenomenology, methods and experimental program in support of FHR.     

Evaluation of tritium release into primary coolant for research and testing reactors

ABSTRACT

The sources and mechanisms for the tritium release into the primary coolant in the JMTR and the JRR-3M containing beryllium reflectors are evaluated. It is found that the recoil release from chain reaction of ⁹Be is dominant and its calculation results agree well with trends derived from the measured variation of tritium concentration in the primary coolant. It also indicates that the simple calculation method used in this study for the tritium recoil release from the beryllium reflectors can be utilized for an estimation of the tritium release into the primary coolant for a water-cooled research and testing reactors containing beryllium reflectors.