裂隙化岩体不连续面密度的分形研究

 不连续面密度是表征岩体内部不连续面分布特征的重要参数之一,但是岩体内不连续面的分布是随机的、不规则的,要想准确获得岩体不连续面密度的真实值是不可能的。基于现场调查的岩体露头不连续面特征,借助计算机模拟技术建立岩体不连续面分布的二维、三维随机裂隙网格模型,从数理统计学的角度计算岩体不连续面密度数值。并基于分形理论计算岩体不连续面分布的二维、三维分布特征,尝试建立岩体不连续面密度与分维数的数学关系。计算结果表明,岩体不连续面密度与分维数具有相同的变化趋势,随着不连续面分维数的增大,不连续面密度增大,不连续面密度与分维数之间存在线性关系。研究结果表明,不连续面分布的体密度和三维分形维数,可以更加综合地反映岩体内部不连续面的分布特征和空间信息及对岩体强度参数的影响,对工程应用具有更好的实际作用。且在此基础上,提出基于不连续面分布的体密度和三维分形维数的岩体等效抗剪强度指标的折减计算。     

岩体随机不连续面三维网络数值模拟技术

岩体随机不连续面三维网络数值模拟技术是近年来逐步发展起来的一项新技术 ,该技术对坚硬块状节理化岩体的稳定性评价 ,及岩土工程设计几何参数的获取是一项重要的基础工作。该技术是在现场不连续面窗口调查的基础上 ,应用概率统计、随机理论、蒙特卡罗模拟及计算机编程等方法 ,通过对现场测量样本的产状、迹长、间距等的偏差校正 ,最终生成不连续面三维网络数值模型。     

Bayesian-based probabilistic kinematic analysis of discontinuity-controlled rock slope instabilities

Discontinuity-controlled rock slope instability analysis is a difficult problem in the field of geotechnical engineering. Many random discontinuities existing in rock masses will negatively influence rock slope stabilities. This study is aimed to determine the failure angle (apparent angle of the sliding surface in the direction of the cut face) of potentially unstable blocks in discontinuity-controlled rock slopes in Dalian, China. For this purpose, a detailed discontinuity survey was conducted in seven exploratory trenches and two outcrops. Possible failure modes of the slope were predicted. Thus, according to theories of kinematics and probability statistics, it is possible to determine the failure angle of potentially unstable blocks with a new method that combines the results of Bayesian inference, probabilistic kinematic analysis and stereographic projection. Bayes’ formula was used to estimate the scientific value of the slope failure angle. A computer program called KINEMATIC was written to perform probabilistic kinematic analysis. Stereographic projection was used to verify the values obtained from the methods. Through the methodology proposed in the study, the failure angle of each excavation slope could be well calculated.     

边坡及洞室岩体的全空间块体拓扑搜索研究

 在一定空间区域内,由三维有限长的随机结构面及确定性结构面切割形成的所有块体的搜索问题,即全空间块体搜索问题,是裂隙岩体研究中十分重要的基础性课题。在随机结构面切割下全空间块体拓扑搜索一般方法研究基础上,进行边坡及洞室岩体的全空间块体搜索问题研究。给出计算分析过程,包括三维结构面网络模拟、结构面与边界面之间的交线分析、封闭回路分析、回路空间位置分析、孤立回路删除、相关回路分析以及封闭块体搜索等,并对其中的结构面与边界面交线求解进行重点讨论。对块体切割中出现的简单凸多面体及凹多面体、坑体、环体、腔体等4种块体类型进行分析,基于单连通和复连通回路的不同特点,讨论如何统一地对4种块体类型进行搜索分析,从而实现边坡/洞室岩体的全空间块体拓扑搜索技术。在此基础上,基于经典的块体理论,实现边坡/洞室工程中的块体渐进失稳分析技术。最后,针对边坡和洞室算例进行分析和讨论。     

Determining relative block structure rating for rock erodibility evaluation in the case of non-orthogonal joint sets

The most commonly used method for assessing the hydraulic erodibility of rock is Annandale's method.This method is based on a correlation between the erosive force of flowing water and the capacity of rock resistance. This capacity is evaluated using Kirsten's index, which was initially developed to evaluate the excavatability of earth materials. For rocky material, this index is determined according to certain geomechanical factors related to intact rock and rock mass, such as compressive strength of intact rock, rock block size, discontinuity shear strength and relative block structure. To quantify the relative block structure, Kirsten(1982) developed a mathematical expression that accounts for the shape and orientation of the blocks relative to the direction of flow. Kirsten's initial concept for assessing the relative block structure considers that the geological formation is mainly fractured by two joint sets forming an orthogonally fractured system. An adjusted concept is proposed to determine the relative block structure when the fractured system is non-orthogonal where the angle between the planes of the two joint sets is greater or less than 90°. An analysis of the proposed relative block structure rating shows that considering a non-orthogonally fractured system has a significant effect on Kirsten's index and, as a consequence, on the assessment of the hydraulic erodibility of rock.     

Numerical modeling of discontinuous rock slopes utilizing the 3DDGM (three-dimensional discontinuity geometrical modeling) method

The geometry of discontinuities in a rock mass is one of the most important influences on the behavior and characteristics of that rock mass. The geometry of discontinuities largely determines the stability of the rock mass, as well as appropriate methods for reinforcing and stabilizing that mass. This study introduces the 3DDGM (three-dimensional discontinuity geometrical modeling) method, which is based on the 3DGM (three-dimensional geometrical modeling) algorithm that was developed using the Mathematica software package. The 3DDGM method provides essential input data for the stability analysis of a discontinuous rock mass using block stability assessment techniques or block modeling codes. The 3DDGM method developed in the present work was designed to model discontinuities in rock masses and to provide accurate values for discontinuity parameters (i.e., location, spacing, separation, system, orientation, etc.). This algorithm was developed to increase the accuracy of the discontinuity model based on the Heliot algorithm. The 3DDGM algorithm was tested by applying it to a real case, the sloping discontinuous rock mass at the phase 7 gas flare site in the South Pars Gas Complex in Assalouyeh, Iran, and the algorithm was successful in providing a three-dimensional model of the discontinuities in the rock mass at the site.     

规则岩体结构面的蠕变特性研究

 岩体结构面的蠕变特性研究对解决岩石力学实际问题具有很重要的意义。通过规则齿型结构面在剪切应力条件下的双轴蠕变试验,研究不同爬坡角的结构面在不同法向应力时的蠕变特性,并根据蠕变试验结果,得到结构面剪切蠕变、法向蠕变随法向应力、剪应力、爬坡角的变化规律和时效性,并选取Burgers模型来描述蠕变的剪切变形特性。在模型试验的基础上采用三维有限元程序对具有锯齿状结构面的水泥砂浆块体在荷载作用下的受力性状进行模拟分析。通过有限元分析,探讨规则齿状结构面的应力分布规律。利用ANSYS计算结果,通过最大正应力理论对结构面的破坏进行判别,从而验证在剪切试验中,齿面以拉断形式破坏。     

Extended key block analysis for support design of blocky rock mass

An extended key block method for rock mass stability analysis is proposed by considering the force effect of key blocks in later batches to the first batch which is exposed at rock mass surfaces. Through a realistic numerical representation of a three-dimensional rock mass, different batches of key blocks are searched by means of a progressive failure process. A force transfer algorithm is developed to consider the interactions of the key blocks in different batches. The calculated sliding forces in the first batch which consider the later batches’ effect will lead to a better design of rock supports. After selection of a reinforcement scheme, the stability of the reinforced rock mass is re-assessed. Those larger instable blocks formed by inside blocks with anchored surface blocks are checked out. It is found that the two-step check of a reinforcement scheme, i.e. (1) safety check of the bolted individual blocks; (2) safety check of the bolted block groups is more effective. Results show that the proposed rock support design method is more realistic and rational for the reinforcement of blocky rock mass.     

Characterizing block geometry in jointed rockmasses

The intersection of discontinuities in a jointed rockmass creates in situ blocks of variable three-dimensional (3D) geometry. The size and shape of rock blocks in a rockmass assembly have a dominant influence on the engineering properties of a rockmass, and control, for example the failure geometry of a rock face and the optimum associated support and surface restraint strategy. The distribution of block volumes within a rockmass can be effectively analyzed and communicated using a cumulative volume distribution curve. Integrated with this analysis, a methodology has been developed to characterize the shape and volumetric shape distribution of rock blocks in 3D models of jointed rockmasses. The proposed Block Shape Characterization Method takes into account two factors: the first, , describes the shortening of the minor principal axis of the block while β describes the elongation of the major axis. When merged with the block volume distribution, the Block Shape Characterization Method can effectively describe and classify both the size and shape distributions of any jointed rockmass and is not limited to orthogonal blocks or hexahedra. This methodology can classify any polyhedra and has been developed and calibrated based on synthetic joint data and simulated block assemblies. A demonstration is given of its effectiveness in characterizing block geometries in the field using mapped fracture data.     

块体理论在荒沟抽水蓄能电站地下厂房系统硐室群围岩稳定性分析中的应用

荒沟水电站地下硐室群开挖区围岩裂隙较发育,因此确定硐室群开挖面上可能产生的块体及其稳定性对工程施工意义重大。综合考虑荒沟水电站地下硐室群地质条件及其裂隙较多的特点,采用适合于裂隙岩体稳定性分析的块体理论,对其围岩稳定性进行分析。由于需考虑的裂隙多而导致计算量较大,因此分析方法采用可实现程序化的矢量分析法,依据其原理并结合地下硐室三维坐标体系,应用大型数值软件MATLAB编制计算程序。该程序通过输入结构面产状、测点坐标等工程数据,依次分析各关键块体,得到其顶点坐标、体积、稳定系数等相关信息,再利用CAD展示关键块体在三维空间中的位置和几何形态,从而为地下硐室群的开挖施工提供指导。     

Assessing the ability of rock masses to support block breakage at the TBM cutter face

In order for tunnel boring machines to efficiently cut or break rock, it is necessary that the block of rock in contact with the cutter be adequately supported by the surrounding rock mass. This support is provided by the interlocking of blocks and the friction of the surfaces. If blocks are inadequately supported or become free without breakage the result can be jamming at the TBM face. Such blocky ground conditions are typically assessed according to the spacing and orientation of discontinuities (including joints) within the rock mass, typically using a rock mass classification system. In laboratory tests on cuttability or abrasivity of rocks, test samples are typically supported securely in a frame or jig. Numerical models of rock breakage also assume boundary conditions in which the sample is completely supported. Therefore the applicability of the results from laboratory and numerical studies depends on the same degree of support of blocks in the ground. The conditions required to adequately support a block for breakage are investigated and related to rock mass parameters, in particular, the three-dimensional patterns of discontinuities. A rock mass can be capable of providing adequate support to a block of rock such that the cuttability is adequately described by conventional methods. However, there are some rock mass conditions where support of blocks is not well developed, potentially resulting in otherwise unexpected poor TBM progress or jamming of TBM with loose blocks. Three-dimensional discontinuity patterns can be assessed using stereographic methods or borehole (α–β) methods. It is proposed that problematic conditions may occur where: two or more oblique (α between 20° and 70°) discontinuity sets are present (and over-represented relative to a uniform distribution); one or more of these discontinuity sets are dipping into the opening (β = 180° ± 90°) and additional discontinuities (in sets or randomly oriented) are present to form complete tetrahedral wedge blocks.     

Probabilistic estimate of rock mass static and dynamic demands for underground excavation stabilisation

Excavation damage under high in situ stress depends largely upon the potential block size associated with any violent ejection. The size and shape of the dynamic instability are largely controlled by the location, orientation and extent of the pre-existing geological discontinuities. A new methodology is presented in which the rock mass demand can be expressed in terms of the mass in tonnes of unstable rock that is ejected per unit area of the excavation surface where failure occurs. A probabilistic approach has been implemented to estimate the potential rock mass instabilities and their associated static and dynamic demands. The new methodology considers that the strain energy released by the rock mass during violent stress-driven failure is largely converted into kinetic energy of ejection for blocks. The estimated dynamic demand has been favourably compared with observations of rock mass damage in a number of underground excavations.     

Strength and failure modes of rock mass models with non-persistent joints

Most problems faced by the practicing rock engineer involve the evaluation of rock mass strength and deformability. The theoretical evaluation of the mechanical properties of fractured rock masses has no satisfactory answer because of the great number of variables involved. One of these variables, the influence of which over rock mass behavior is poorly documented, is the degree of fracture persistence. This paper presents the results of biaxial tests performed on physical models of rock with non-persistent joints. The failure modes and maximum strengths developed were found to depend on, among other variables, the geometry of the joint systems, the orientation of the principal stresses, and the ratio between intermediate stress and intact material compressive strength (σ₂/σ_c). Tests showed three basic failure modes: failure through a planar surface, stepped failure, and failure by rotation of new blocks. Planar failure and stepped failure are associated with high strength behavior, and small failure strains, whereas rotational failure is associated with a very low strength, ductile behavior, and large deformation.     

Numerical simulation of a jointed rock block mechanical behavior adjacent to an underground excavation and comparison with physical model test results

Mechanical behavior of a jointed rock mass with non-persistent joints located adjacent to a free surface on the wall of an excavation was simulated under without and with support stress on the free surface using approximately 0.5 m cubical synthetic jointed rock blocks having 9 non-persistent joints of length 0.5 m, width 0.1 m and a certain orientation arranged in an en echelon and a symmetrical pattern using PFC^3D software package. The joint orientation was changed from one block to another to study the effect of joint orientation on strength, deformability and failure modes of the jointed blocks. First the micro-mechanical parameters of the PFC^3D model were calibrated using the macro mechanical properties of the synthetic intact standard cylindrical specimens and macro mechanical properties of a limited number of physical experiments performed on synthetic jointed rock blocks of approximately 0.5 m cubes. Under no support stress, the synthetic jointed rock blocks exhibited the same three failure modes: (a) intact rock failure, (b) step-path failure and (c) planar failure under both physical experiments and numerical simulations for different orientations. The jointed blocks which failed under intact rock failure mode and planar or step-path failure mode produced high and low jointed block strengths, respectively. Three phases of convergence of free surface were discovered. The joint orientation and support stress played important roles on convergence magnitude. The average increment of jointed block strength turned out to be about 10, 7.9 and 6.6 times the support stress when support stresses of 0.06 MPa, 0.20 MPa and 0.40 MPa were applied, respectively. The modeling results offer some guideline in support design for underground excavations.     

岩石边坡工程块体系统稳定性预测、监测与控制

根据工程地质的岩体结构控制观点及“突破”观点，岩石边坡工程的稳定性往往由其中的块体分布及其稳定状态所控制，因此，及时确定与实时控制这些块体系统的稳定性就十分重要。为此，以某大型岩石高边坡为例，在分析该高边坡的工程地质条件，尤其是结构面分布特征基础上，首先，采用块体理论分析了该复杂岩石边坡工程块体系统的分布规律，找出了控制该大型边坡稳定性的关键块体的位置、规模及开挖后的稳定性系数，并据此指导优化岩石边坡稳定性的监测布置与加固控制；其次，根据监测信息对块体系统加固前后的受力及稳定性动态进行了分析。     

Estimation of REV size and three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity tensor for a fractured rock mass through a single well packer test and discrete fracture fluid flow modeling

A new methodology is presented to determine the representative elementary volume (REV) size and three-dimensional (3-D) hydraulic conductivity tensor for a fractured rock mass. First, a 3-D stochastic fracture network model was built and validated for a gneissic rock mass based on the fracture data mapped from scanline surveys at the site. This validated fracture network model was combined with the fracture data observed on a borehole to generate a stochastic-deterministic fracture network system in a cubic block around each packer test conducted at a different depth region in the same borehole. Each packer test was simulated numerically applying a developed discrete fracture fluid flow model to estimate the influenced region or effective range for the packer test. A cubic block of size 18 m, with the packer test interval of length about 6.5 m located at the centre of this block, was found to be suitable to represent the influenced region. Using this block size, the average flow rate per unit hydraulic gradient (defined as the transmissivity multiplied by mean width of flow paths) field for fractures was calibrated at different depth regions around the borehole by numerically simulating the packer tests conducted at different depth regions. The average flow rate per unit hydraulic gradient of the fractures that intersect the borehole was considered to be quite different to the average flow rate per unit hydraulic gradient of the fractures that do not intersect the borehole. A relation was developed to quantify the ratio between these two parameters. By studying the directional hydraulic conductivity behaviour of different cubic block sizes having the validated stochastic fracture network and calibrated hydraulic parameters, a REV for the hydraulic behaviour of the rock mass was estimated to be a block size of 15 m. The hydraulic conductivity tensor in 3-D computed through regression analysis using the calculated directional hydraulic conductivity values in many directions was found to be significantly anisotropic. The principal directions of the hydraulic conductivity tensor were found to be agreeable with the existing fracture system of the site. Further, the geometric hydraulic conductivity calculated was found to be comparable to the hydraulic conductivity estimated through the radial flow assumption in continuum porous media.     

基于三维网络模拟基础的复杂有限块体的自动搜索及其空间几何形态的判定

首先应用随机不连续面三维网络模拟技术建立不连续面分布的概率统计模型。在此基础上通过编程实现对复杂有限块体的自动搜索并确定其空间几何形态，给出其空间定位参数和尺寸。在对块本的有限性进行判断时，提出“有形即是有限”的分析方法。     

裂隙岩质边坡渗流与非连续变形耦合过程分析

 裂隙岩体中的渗流–应力耦合作用是岩质边坡失稳的重要因素之一。离散裂隙网络(DFN)模型用于研究裂隙岩体渗流,具有概念简单、效率高、适用性强的优点,是研究裂隙岩体渗流问题最为有效的手段之一。非连续变形分析(DDA)方法是专门针对裂隙岩体的非连续特性提出的一种变形场求解方法,能够更加真实地刻画工程岩体。将DFN模拟和DDA方法结合起来,提出基于DDA-DFN的渗流–应力耦合模型,给出考虑裂隙渗流情况下岩体块体系统的瞬时平衡方程,用于研究裂隙岩体变形对渗流的影响和渗流–应力耦合作用下裂隙岩体的变形破坏特征。利用该耦合模型,对一大型水利水电工程边坡稳定性进行分析。结果表明,水库蓄水后,地下水大幅度抬升,渗流–应力耦合作用加剧,导致边坡裂隙岩体中的关键部位发生大变形甚至破坏,进而触发边坡的进一步失稳。实例分析验证了这种方法用于边坡稳定性分析的有效性。     

Rock mass characterization and assessment of block-forming geological discontinuities during caving of primary copper ore at the El Teniente mine, Chile

The primary copper ore at the El Teniente mine is very competent and massive. It is a rock with almost no open discontinuities. Nevertheless, there is a high frequency network of small scale veins coupled with widely spaced faults. A research investigation was implemented to determine what discontinuities are the most relevant in the rock mass disassembly process during cave mining. Rock mass characterization was undertaken at four different scales within the rock mass, in particular the block-forming discontinuities were characterized by studying a significant number of blocks at the caving draw points. Two relevant discontinuity characteristics have been found. The data suggest that discontinuities having approximately less than 1/3 of hard minerals as infill and thicknesses greater than or equal to 2 mm are weaker and more likely to define blocks during caving and the subsequent comminution process. The infill characteristics have been used to characterize rock mass quality in different sectors, and the results are in accordance with actual observations at the mine site.     

An extended displacement discontinuity method for analysis of stress wave propagation in viscoelastic rock mass

An extended displacement discontinuity method (EDDM) is proposed to analyze the stress wave propagation in jointed viscoelastic rock mass (VRM).The discontinuities in a rock mass are divided into two groups.The primary group with an average geometrical size larger than or in the same order of magnitude of wavelength of a concerned stress wave is defined as "macro-joints",while the secondary group with a high density and relatively small geometrical size compared to the wavelength is known as "micro-defects"...