Low cycle fatigue properties and cyclic deformation behavior of as-extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy

The low cycle fatigue(LCF)properties of as-extruded AZ31 Mg alloy were investigated under total strain amplitudes in the range of 0.4%-1.2%with strain rate of 1×10- 2s -1.Due to the twinning effect in compression during loading and the detwinning effect during unloading,the alloy showed an asymmetric hysteresis loop.The cyclic stress response exhibited cyclic hardening at high total strain amplitudes.The cyclic deformation behaviors were discussed using the Coffin-Manson plot,which divided the plastic strain amplitudes into the tension side and the compression side.Through the LCF tests that were started from either tension or compression under a total strain amplitude of 1.0%,the interaction between the twinning effect and dislocation was analyzed.The twinning effect during the LCF test and the variation of the dislocation density were investigated using optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy,respectively.     

高强韧Ti-3Al-5Mo-4Cr-2Zr-1Fe合金低周疲劳性能研究

通过室温下应变控制疲劳试验研究了高强韧Ti-3Al-5Mo-4Cr-2Zr-1Fe合金的低周疲劳性能。结果表明:在高应变幅值下(Δεt/2=1.0%,1.2%,1.4%,1.6%),合金的循环应力响应表现为初始循环软化,而后趋于循环稳定;在低应变幅值下(Δεt/2=0.6%,0.8%),合金的循环应力响应表现为循环饱和特征。断口形貌观察发现:应变幅值为0.6%时,疲劳裂纹源只有一处,在断口表面分布有大量细小的二次裂纹。当应变幅增加到1.6%时,组织中发现多处疲劳裂纹源,二次裂纹的数量明显减少,但长度和宽度明显增加。透射电镜结果表明:在低应变幅值下(Δεt/2=0.6%),在αp/β界面处出现大量的位错堆积,在此处易产生应力集中导致微裂纹形核。而在高应变幅值下(Δεt/2=1.6%),在αp相中有明显的变形不均匀性,在αp相内出现大量的位错缠结和位错碎片,并且在αs相中出现一些位错塞积,但在β基体中没有明显的位错堆积情况。由于长条αp相的存在,能够提升α相和β相变形的相容性,延缓疲劳裂纹形核和扩展,因此使Ti-35421合金有着优异的低周疲劳性能。     

Cu-Cr-Zr合金的低周疲劳行为

通过室温低周疲劳(LCF)试验研究了Cu-Cr-Zr合金的低周疲劳性能和循环变形行为,利用电子背散射衍射、透射电镜和扫描电镜分别分析了合金循环变形前后的微观结构和疲劳断口。结果表明:Cu-Cr-Zr合金的弹性应变幅、塑性应变幅与断裂时的循环周次之间的关系可分别用Basquin和Coffin-Manson公式表示。Cu-Cr-Zr合金在高外加总应变幅(Δε_t/2=0.6%)的疲劳变形后期会出现循环硬化现象,循环变形组织为位错墙、位错团簇、亚结构胞状组织的混合结构,并且观察到了孪晶的形成。此外,所选材料在外加总应变幅为0.4%时的疲劳断口呈现多疲劳源特征,疲劳裂纹扩展区中观察到了大量的撕裂棱、韧窝、以及犁沟。     

等通道转角挤压处理的镁合金AZ31的低周疲劳行为

研究了一道次等通道转角挤压(ECAP)处理的镁合金AZ31挤压棒材的低周疲劳行为,结果表明:在塑性应变幡为0.5％时,材料表现出显著地循环软化;而在应变幅不大于0.2％时,基本表现为循环稳定或微弱的循环软化.疲劳裂纹主要萌生于细晶区,并沿着细晶区扩展,并导致最终的断裂.     

压铸态Mg-7Al-0.5Y合金的低周疲劳行为

研究了压铸态Mg-7Al-0.5Y合金在全反向总应变模式控制下的低周疲劳行为。结果表明,在所采用的不同外加总应变幅下,压铸态Mg-7Al-0.5Y合金均可呈现循环应变硬化,且在0.9%的外加总应变幅下,合金在疲劳变形期间发生了动态应变时效;合金的弹性应变幅、塑性应变幅与断裂时的载荷反向周次之间的关系可分别由Basquin和Coffin-Manson描述。断口形貌的扫描电子显微分析揭示,低周疲劳加载条件下,对于压铸态Mg-7Al-0.5Y合金而言,疲劳裂纹以穿晶方式萌生于疲劳试样表面,并以穿晶方式扩展。     

Cyclic deformation and fatigue behaviour of 7Mo–0.5N superaustenitic stainless steel—stress–strain relations and fatigue life

The cyclic deformation characteristics and fatigue behaviour of a superaustenitic stainless steel with composition Fe–25Cr–22Ni–7.6Mo–3Mn–0.46N (wt%) have been investigated. Detailed studies were performed on cyclic hardening/softening behaviour, hysteresis loops, waveform, fatigue lifetime, and internal as well as effective stresses during cyclic straining in the total strain amplitude range 2.7·10⁻³–1.0·10⁻². Special attention is paid to the role of nitrogen and the interaction between nitrogen and molybdenum. Immediate cyclic softening takes place at small strain amplitudes, whereas hardening occurs during the first few cycles at large strain amplitudes followed by softening. For all strain amplitudes a virtually stationary state develops after about 10% of the lifetime with only a weak decrease of the peak stresses. In the cyclic stress–strain curve the material hardens linearly during multi step testing, whereas single step testing leads to excessive hardening at the largest strain amplitudes. During strain cycling the internal stresses develop like the total stresses, while the effective stresses decrease with increasing number of cycles for all strain amplitudes and also diminish with increased strain amplitude. This behaviour is discussed in terms of developing dislocation structures, studied in an accompanying paper. A double slope behaviour in Coffin–Manson diagrams is observed. The fatigue lifetime resembles that of AISI 316 with 0.29 wt% nitrogen at high strain amplitudes but is shorter at lower strain amplitudes. However, in stress controlled situations the superaustenitic material is superior.     

挤压AZ31B镁合金的低周疲劳性能(英文)

通过外加总应变幅控制的拉-压对称疲劳试验,研究常温下挤压AZ31B镁合金在不同应变幅下的疲劳性能。结果表明,除了在低应变幅0.5%外,样品均呈现循环应变硬化;应变幅为0.5%时,样品在初始阶段呈现循环硬化,随后保持应力恒定;在压缩过程中孪晶的产生以及随后的卸载和反向拉伸过程中的去孪晶行为导致了高应变幅下的滞回环形状拉-压不对称现象,而低应变幅0.5%下的滞回环形状基本对称,说明低应变幅下孪生-去孪生现象不明显。在整个疲劳过程中,高应变和低应变下的应力—应变曲线呈现2种不同的滞回环形状,这是由不同疲劳阶段孪生和位错滑移2种不同的变形机制所导致。     

工业纯锆的低周疲劳特性及寿命预估

通过轴向对称应变控制法对工业纯锆的低周疲劳性能进行研究，讨论了工业纯锆的循环应力-应变响应、软硬化特性、累积滞后规律、疲劳寿命以及塑性应变能的影响。结果表明：在总应变幅大于0.5%时工业纯锆均表现出循环硬化；工业纯锆疲劳寿命满足Basquin-Coffin-Manson经验关系式，其过渡寿命为1548周；利用塑性应变能对疲劳损伤进行了有效评估，总应变幅度越低，滞回曲线面积越小，即塑性应变能越低，疲劳寿命越长；疲劳断口呈现明显的疲劳辉纹特征，随总应变幅的增加疲劳辉纹的数量减小宽度增加。     

应变波形对Inconel 625合金低周疲劳性能的影响

在650℃以及拉压对称三角波(TR)、慢拉快压锯齿波(ST)和快拉慢压锯齿波(FT)3种应变波形下对Inconel625合金进行了低周疲劳实验,研究了合金在不同应变波形下的低周疲劳变形与断裂行为。结果表明:3种应变波形加载条件下,合金在0.3%～0.7%的外加总应变幅下均呈现循环硬化,其中在ST下的循环应力幅最高;采用锯齿波形时,由于拉伸蠕变分量和压缩蠕变分量的引入造成合金的疲劳寿命缩短;此外,合金的循环应力和应变之间呈现单斜率线性关系,且其塑性应变幅与弹性应变幅和疲劳寿命之间亦呈线性关系。利用扫描电子显微镜对Inconel625合金在3种加载波形下的低周疲劳断口形貌进行观察,结果表明,Inconel 625合金的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展均是以穿晶方式进行的。     

Masing Behavior and Microstructural Change of Quenched and Tempered High-Strength Steel Under Low Cycle Fatigue

Low cycle fatigue behavior of a quenched and tempered high-strength steel(Q960 E) was studied in the strain amplitude ranging from ± 0.5% to ± 1.2% at room temperature. As a result of fatigue loading, the dislocation structural evolution and fracture mechanism were examined and studied by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results showed that this Q960 E steel showed cyclic softening at different strain amplitudes, and the softening tendency was more apparent at strain amplitude of ±(0.6–1.2)% than that at ± 0.5%. The reduction in dislocation density with increasing strain amplitude is responsible for the softening tendency of cyclic stress with the strain amplitude. The material illustrates near-Masing behavior at strain amplitude ranging from ± 0.6% to ± 1.2%. The near-Masing behavior of Q960 E high-strength steel can be the result of stability of martensite lath at different strain amplitudes. Partial transformation from martensite laths to dislocation cells is responsible for the derivation from ideal Masing behavior. In the SEM examination of fracture surfaces, transgranular cracks initiate on the sample surface. Striations can be found during the crack propagation stage.     

Cyclic deformation and phase transformation of 6Mo superaustenitic stainless steel

A fatigue behavior analysis was performed on superaustenitic stainless steel UNS S31254 (Avesta Sheffield 254 SMO), which contains about 6wt.% molybdenum, to examine the cyclic hardening/softening trend, hysteresis loops, the degree of hardening, and fatigue life during cyclic straining in the total strain amplitude range from 0.2 to 1.5%. Independent of strain rate, hardening occurs first, followed by softening. The degree of hardening is dependent on the magnitude of strain amplitude. The cyclic stress-strain curve shows material softening. The lower slope of the degree of hardening versus the strain amplitude curve at a high strain rate is attributed to the fast development of dislocation structures and quick saturation. The ε martensite formation, either in band or sheath form, depending on the strain rate, leads to secondary hardening at the high strain amplitude of 1.5%.     

分接开关主驱动轴低周疲劳行为及断裂特性

针对分接开关主驱动轴球墨铸铁部件,系统研究了其低周疲劳性能及断裂特性。结果表明,EN-GJS-700-2球墨铸铁的疲劳寿命强烈依赖于施加的循环应变幅。进一步研究发现,疲劳寿命主要取决于循环应变幅中的塑性分量,以至于疲劳寿命与循环总应变幅满足Coffin-Manson方程。SEM断口形貌显示,不论是低应变幅还是高应变幅下,球墨铸铁表面处的球状石墨/珠光体界面是疲劳裂纹的优先萌生位置,并呈现出多源特征。在随后的裂纹扩展过程中,高应变幅断口平坦,解理断裂特征明显,难于观察到疲劳条纹。但在低应变幅下,球形石墨和珠光体显著参与塑性变形,疲劳条纹变得明显。     

Low cycle fatigue properties and an energy-based approach for as-extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy

Low cycle fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the cyclic deformation behavior and the energy-based criterion of AZ31 magnesium alloy. The alloy exhibited an asymmetric hysteresis loop due to the twinning and detwinning effect. The cyclic stress responses showed cyclic hardening at all total strain amplitudes. To evaluate the plastic strain energy, the Halford-Morrow equation and a modified equation for magnesium alloy were compared. The effect of twinning on the total plastic strain energy dissipated during fatigue life was discussed. The variations of the twin and dislocation densities were also investigated using optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively.     

Effect of cooling rate during hot stamping on low cyclic fatigue of boron steel sheet

Boron steel is widely used throughout the automobile industry due to its high tensile strength and hardenability. When boron steel is used for body parts, only high strength is required for crashworthiness. However, when boron steel is used for chassis parts, a high fatigue life is needed. The microstructure of boron steel is mainly affected by the cooling rate during hot stamping. Therefore, this study investigated the low cyclic fatigue life according to the cooling rate. The fatigue life increased at a low strain amplitude when the cooling rate was fast. However, at a high strain amplitude, the fatigue life decreased, due to the low ductility and fracture toughness of the martensite formed by rapid cooling. Martensite formed by a fast cooling rate shows excellent fatigue life at a low total strain amplitude; however, a multiphase microstructure formed by a slow cooling rate is recommended if the parts experience high and low total strain amplitudes alternately. In addition, the cooling rate has little effect on the distribution of solute boron and boron precipitations, so it is expected that boron rarely affects low cyclic fatigue.     

Low cyclic fatigue behavior of electron-beam-welded Ti–6Al–4V titanium joint

The low cycle fatigue(LCF) tests were carried out using symmetrical cyclic loading under total strain amplitude control conditions.The present paper is devoted to investigating the cyclic deformation response of Ti–6Al–4V titanium and the electron-beam-welded(EBW) joint in the following aspects,i.e.,cyclic deformation behavior,fatigue life and fatigue fracture behavior.The results show that the softening of the joint is significant at larger strain ranges,while not obvious at smaller strain ranges.The joint shows shorter fatigue life at larger strain ranges and equivalent fatigue life at smaller strain ranges compared with Ti–6Al–4V base metal.A fatigue crack of the joint not only originates at the surface or subsurface,but also at defects in the fusion zone(FZ).The crack propagation zone of Ti–6Al–4V base metal shows ductile fracture mechanism,while the joint shows brittle fracture mechanism.In all the fatigue fracture zones many dimples appear,showing the typical ductile fracture.     

LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIORS AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF Ti–2Al–2.5Zr WITH FINE GRAIN AT RT AND 77 K

对细晶Ti--2Al--2.5Zr合金进行了室温/低温(77 K)疲劳实验及微观组织观察. 结果表明: 室温低应变幅Δε_t/2(=0.5%, 1.0%)下,合金表现为循环软化; 室温高应变幅(1.5%, 2.0%)下, 则表现为循环应力饱和; 77 K时, 不同应变幅下均表现为循环硬化, 且随应变幅升高, 循环硬化程度增强. 疲劳寿命测试结果表明: 低温疲劳寿命始终高于室温. 断口SEM观察表明, 室温和低温下, 疲劳裂纹扩展区均有明显的疲劳条纹,疲劳裂纹以穿晶方式扩展, 室温下伴随有大量二次裂纹, 低温下的二次裂纹数量明显减少. TEM观察表明: 低温下孪生是合金主要的变形方式, 包括{1011}和{1121}型孪晶. 疲劳变形位错组态为: 室温较低应变幅(0.5%, 1.0%)下, 形成位错线和局部位错缠结; 室温下应变幅提高到1.5%和2.0%时,\{1010}柱面和{1121}锥面滑移同时开动, 位错组态演化为亚晶和明显的位错胞. 77 K下, 应变幅2.0%时形成沿 柱面平行分布的位错带; 77 K下应变幅升高到4.5%时, 多滑移形成相互垂直的位错线. 低温诱发形变孪晶是Ti--2Al--2.5Zr低温疲劳寿命升高的原因.     

基于DIC与Irwin模型的工业纯钛疲劳裂纹尖端循环应变场表征

为了实现工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹尖端循环应变场的表征,采用数字图像相关(digital image correlation, DIC)方法并结合Irwin模型,研究了TA2紧凑拉伸试样在多级疲劳载荷下的裂纹扩展规律、循环应变场的实验划分方法以及循环应变环的演化规律。首先通过多级载荷试验获得了TA2紧凑拉伸试样的疲劳裂纹扩展规律,在此基础上结合DIC和Irwin模型,建立了疲劳裂纹尖端循环应变场的实验划分方法,实现了循环塑性区、单调塑性区和弹性区的划分。另一方面,采用DIC获得不同区域的滞回应变环,讨论了不同区域应变环的差异,从而论证了划分方法的有效性,并且揭示了裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端应变场从弹性区、单调塑性区到循环塑性区的演化规律。研究工作实现了TA2疲劳裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端循环应变场的表征,能够满足疲劳裂纹扩展研究的需要。     

Low-Cycle Fatigue and Creep-Fatigue Behaviors of a Second-Generation Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy at 760 ℃

Low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behaviors of a second-generation nickel-based single-crystal superalloys with [001] orientation at 760 °C have been investigated. Different strain amplitudes were introduced to investigate the creep-fatigue effects. The LCF life of none tensile holding (NTH) was higher than that of the 60-s tensile hold (TH) at any strain amplitude. As the strain amplitude was 0.7%, the stacking and cross-slip dislocations appeared together at the γ/γ’ coherent microstructure in both TH and NTH specimens. At the strain amplitude of 0.9%, plenty of the cross-slip dislocations appeared in γ channel and other dislocations were stacking at γ/γ’ interfaces. However, the SFs still appeared in γ’ phase with 60-s TH which caused cyclic softening. As the strain amplitude increased up to 1.2%, the dislocations are piling up at the γ/γ’ interfaces and cutting through the γ’ phase in both TH and NTH tests, which caused cyclic hardening. The influences of strain amplitude and holding time were complicated. Different stress response behaviors occurred in different loading conditions. The surface characteristic and fracture mechanism were observed by scanning electron microscopy. This result is helpful for building the relationship of various blade fatigue failure modes, cyclic stress response and microstructure deformation under different strain amplitudes.     

Cyclic deformation behaviors of Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B alloy during thermo-mechanical fatigue tests

Thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were carried out on the gamma-TiAl alloy in the temperature range of 500-800 °C under mechanical strain control in order to evaluate its cyclic deformation behaviors at elevated temperature.Cyclic deformation curves,stress-strain hysteresis loops under different temperature-strain cycles were analyzed and dislocation configurations were also observed by TEM.The mechanisms of cyclic hardening or softening during thermo-mechanical fatigue(TMF) tests were also discussed.Results showed that thermo-mechanical fatigue lives largely depended on the applied mechanical strain amplitudes,applied types of strain and temperature.On the hysteresis loops appeared two apparent asymmetries:one was zero asymmetry and the other was tensile and compressive asymmetry.Dislocations configuration and slip behaviors were contributed to cyclic hardening or cyclic softening.     

Ti-1023钛合金的低周疲劳行为

研究了室温Ti-1023钛合金由应变控制的低周疲劳行为。对循环应力-应变数据和应变-疲劳寿命数据进行了分析，通过双对数线性回归处理，得出了Coffin-Mason处理模型的疲劳参数。结果表明：合金总应变幅在0．6％-0．8％时，循环初期表现出轻微的循环硬化，然后循环稳定；总应变幅超过0．8％时则表现为循环软化。表明合金的循环应力响应行为取决于外加总应变幅。