基于现场测试的列车引起地基振动分析

 对秦沈客运专线列车引起地基振动进行现场测试,通过对实测数据的时频分析,得到一个由轨道不平顺引起的基频。推导考虑轨道不平顺条件下列车动荷载的简化解析解,基于波数有限元理论推导动荷载作用下地基动力响应的柔度矩阵。以现场实测数据为依据,建立列车–轨道–地基振动模型,以推导的列车荷载为输入,计算轨道不平顺条件下列车运行引起的地基振动。分析不平顺幅值、波长以及车速对动态轮轨力的影响;研究层状地基上多轮荷载作用产生的动力响应,讨论车速变化对地基振动的影响。研究结果表明：所提出计算模型可以高效地预测轨道不平顺引起的地基振动;不平顺波长与列车运行速度一定时,轨道不平顺幅值越大,地基振动响应和轮轨作用力越大;不平顺幅值与列车运行速度一定时,不平顺波长越长,地基振动加速度和动态轮轨作用力越小;轨道不平顺波长与不平顺幅值一定时,车速越大振动加速度越大。     

高速铁路路基动力响应计算中列车荷载的模拟

高速铁路列车荷载是一个比较复杂的问题,同时涉及列车轴重、悬挂体系、行车速度、轨道组成、线路平顺等因素。在试验区段测试的基础上,考虑了轴重、速度、轨道不平顺等影响因素,采用正弦激励函数模拟列车荷载,以期为高速列车动荷载的确定和路基动力响应分析提供借鉴和参考。     

公轨共建高架车站车桥耦合振动分析

公轨共建结构体系是一种复合型交通模式,有利于节约城市的土地和构建合理的城市空间资源。公轨共建高架车站作为典型的交通建筑,同时承受汽车和列车的振动荷载。以温州市域铁路S2线的人民路站为例,研究车辆-车站结构系统的耦合振动分析。先假定汽车荷载为连续的移动荷载,忽略轨道不平顺的因素,研究汽车荷载对列车运行的影响;然后考虑轨道不平顺因素,单列车及双列车越行通过车站,忽略上部汽车荷载的影响,研究列车-车站结构系统的振动响应;最后对汽车-列车-车站结构的整体系统进行耦合振动分析,研究汽车及列车分别以不同的速度通过车站时系统的响应,依据规范采用平稳性指标评价乘客对列车运行平稳性的感知程度。研究结果表明,各工况下列车运行的平稳性指标均小于规范规定限值,总体评价为优秀。     

环氧沥青混凝土柔性防水保护层在铁路钢桥上的应用

对铁路钢桥柔性防水保护层体系进行了系统的研究,通过调研、理论分析、关键性能试验以及复合结构试验,提出了"钢板+环氧富锌漆+环氧沥青黏结层+3cm环氧沥青混凝土+环氧沥青黏结层+3cm环氧沥青混凝土"的铁路钢桥道砟槽柔性防水保护层体系。试验表明,该柔性防水保护层体系能够较好地满足铁路钢桥道砟槽板防水保护层的相关技术要求。该项技术已经在南昌枢纽东新赣江特大桥主桥上顺利实施。采用柔性防水保护层技术较好解决了钢桥面板的防水保护技术难题,突破了传统采用刚性防水保护层的思路,其使用效果有待实践的进一步检验。     

不平顺条件下高速列车运行引起的地基振动

为准确地研究高速列车运行产生的环境振动,从列车运动平衡方程出发,结合轨道弯曲方程,推导不平顺条件下的列车动荷载简化解析表达。以推导的列车振动荷载作为输入,利用2.5维有限元法,研究不同列车运行速度下不平顺幅值和波长对地基振动的影响。分析结果表明：不平顺波长与列车运行速度一定时,不平顺幅值越大,引起的轮轨作用力和地基振动加速度越大;不平顺幅值与列车运行速度一定时,不平顺波长越长,引起的动态轮轨力及地基振动加速度越小。     

桥墩沉降下纵连板式轨道与桥面间动态#br# 接触行为及其对列车动态特性的影响

桥墩沉降在高速铁路运营过程中不可避免,其会导致纵连板式轨道与桥面之间的变形不协调,进而引起底座与桥面之间的动态接触行为,恶化轨道力学性能并最终影响列车正常运行。这对这一问题,文章首先研究该动态接触过程的产生机制,并基于列车-轨道-桥梁动力相互作用理论提出纵连板式轨道和桥面间动态接触行为的研究方法;借助该方法从静态与动态两个角度研究桥墩沉降下轨道-桥梁动态接触行为;在此基础上探讨列车通过时的动态特性。结果表明：桥墩沉降和列车荷载会导致底座与桥面出现三处明显的动态接触区域;桥墩沉降导致的相邻桥墩处梁体上拱位移远小于沉降桥墩处的梁体下沉,但是沉降对上拱区域力学特性的影响却不可忽略;轨道的纵向连接特性可以在一定程度上缓解高速列车通过沉降区域时的振动;轨道随机不平顺不能完全掩盖桥墩沉降对系统动态特性的影响,表明沉降对系统的影响是不可忽视的。     

高速列车随机激振载荷无砟轨道路基的动应力分布规律

相较于传统的列车-轨道-路基整体耦合三维有限元模型,提出一种优化处理列车荷载的方法,基于多体系统动力学理论建立列车-轨道垂向耦合模型,并通过数值计算得到考虑了轨道随机不平顺条件下的轮轨激振载荷,随后利用二次开发子程序将轮轨载荷导入无砟轨道-路基-天然地基土非线性数值分析三维有限元模型,在此基础上研究分析高速移动荷载作用下路基的动应力分布规律。研究结果表明:采用的车辆荷载处理方法在保证计算精度的前提下代替车辆-不平顺轨道-路基-地基整体耦合振动模型,降低了建模及计算时间成本;竖向动应力沿横向分布规律,在轨道结构中数值较大,路基基床内远小于轨道结构中的数值,基床表层及基床底层底面出现"马鞍形"分布;沿竖向分布,随着深度的增加,竖向动应力逐渐减小,在基床表层内的衰减率较大,甚至超过50%;沿纵向分布,在各结构层内产生了与转向架数目相等的应力峰值数目,列车运行过程中轨道及路基动应力的变化可以看作是反复的加、卸载过程;列车移动速度对路基动力响应影响作用明显,时速由200km/h增长到350km/h时,各结构层动应力幅值增长均超过30%。     

高速铁路板-路基系统静力特性分析

介绍了国内外高速铁路无碴轨道及铁路路基基床研究的发展现状.针对高速铁路列车、轨道、路基相互作用问题,提出了将板式轨道和路基基床结构作为一个系统来考虑.利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了三维空间轨道板-路基模型,对板-路基系统在列车静荷载作用下的受力和变形进行分析,为板式轨道和路基基床的设计和力学参数的选择提供依据.     

短波随机不平顺对列车-板式无砟轨道-桥梁系统动力特性影响

运用弹性系统动力学总势能不变值原理及形成矩阵的"对号入座"法则建立列车-板式无砟轨道-桥梁竖向振动方程组。分析列车高速运行时,短波随机不平顺对列车-板式无砟轨道-桥梁系统动力特性的影响,并对不同种类不平顺对列车-板式无砟轨道-桥梁系统动力特性的影响进行对比研究。研究表明:短波随机不平顺对车体垂向加速度、钢轨位移、轨道板位移、桥梁位移影响很小;短波随机不平顺对轮轨垂向力、钢轨垂向振动加速度、轨道板垂向振动加速度、扣件竖向压应力、CA砂浆竖向压应力有很大的影响;短波随机不平顺对钢轨最大弯矩、轨道板最大弯曲应力、桥梁振动加速度也有一定的影响。为了降低短波随机不平顺的危害,高速铁路定期打磨钢轨十分重要。     

浅述铁路轨枕结构设计方法与分析

针对轨枕在铁路轨道结构中的重要性,通过力学理论,分析研究了在行车荷载条件下,轨枕的应力和变形情况,并根据轨道结构特点而确定其承载能力和稳定性,在重载铁路和非标准铁路发展建设中将起到很大的作用。     

On the use of under sleeper pads in transition zones at railway underpasses: experimental field testing

The railway track at transition zones to bridges or to other structures usually requires considerably more interventions to maintain the same open track service quality and safety levels. Under sleeper pads (USP) have been reported to contribute to reduce degradation and frequency of maintenance operations in open ballasted tracks, and recent numerical studies have suggested its use in transition zones. In this study, the influence of using USP at transition zones to underpasses was investigated. The structural behaviour of two transitions to similar box culverts was compared. USP were added to the sleepers in one of the transitions. Track characterisation using non-destructive tests is presented and analysed. Measurements of track response from passing trains are also presented and discussed. Results indicate that USP influence the dynamic behaviour of the track, increasing its vertical flexibility and amplifying both rail displacements and sleeper accelerations.     

轨道结构形式对箱梁中高频振动的影响研究

为探讨不同轨道结构对桥梁中高频振动的影响,在频域内建立考虑多轮对相互影响的车辆-轨道系统耦合模型和桥梁有限元模型,以某城市轨道交通30 m简支箱梁的现场动载试验为依据,对所建模型进行验证。在此基础上,采用数值方法就三种轨道结构形式（埋入式轨枕、梯形轨枕以及钢弹簧浮置板）对箱梁中高频振动的影响规律及原因进行了探讨。结果表明：“车轮-轨道系统”的固有频率影响轮轨力的峰值频段;频率低于“钢轨-扣件系统”的固有频率时,钢轨的动柔度受到轨道结构形式的影响;各轨道结构系统的固有频率决定着力传递率的衰减趋势,并在该固有频率附近放大力传递率;轮轨力（外因）与力传递率（内因）共同决定着传递到箱梁上的力,从而影响箱梁中高频振动;对于箱梁中高频振动的减振效果而言,钢弹簧浮置板最优,梯形轨枕次之,埋入式轨枕最差。     

铁路既有线提速对轨道结构的要求

为了提高列车的运行速度，从钢轨、轨枕、扣件、道岔、道床和线路的养护维修方式等方面对铁路轨道技术方面提出了更高的要求，针对钢轨磨耗和伤损的严重情况，提出了延长钢轨使用寿命的措施，为铁路的建设和维修提拱了参考借鉴。     

Effect of linearized contact spring in track dynamic system

In recent years, a number of researches into dynamic characteristics of the noise and vibration in the railway have been performed. Since the high frequency vibration, which occurs in the irregularity(roughness) of the wheel and rail running surfaces, causes the track noise in railway system, analytic study with measurement of the vibration for the wheel and rail is needed. So, the algorithm and program for the vibration analysis in the track system were developed as a part of the analytic study. In this study, evaluation for the effect of the linearized contact spring in track dynamic system was studied with the developed program. In addition, analytical study for the comparison between hysteretic and viscous damping in this system was performed. The result shows that both the linearized contact spring stiffness and damping of track system are important factors in track dynamic analysis model.

     

Experiment study on fatigue performance of perforated shear connectors

In order to investigate the fatigue behavior of perforated shear connection in steel-concrete composite bridges, 24 connection specimens with different geometric configurations were subjected to static and fatigue testing protocols. Using the design shear resistance of perforated shear connectors obtained from static push-out tests as a reference load level, numbers of fatigue cycles under different cyclic load levels were determined. Accumulated relative slip between steel and concrete components was used to characterize and track fatigue damage accumulation. The relationship between cycle numbers and accumulated relative slip between steel and concrete was established. Test results revealed that the fatigue damage of perforated shear connectors can be divided into three stages, and fatigue life of perforated shear connectors can be evaluated by the accumulated slip, which depends on the maximum shear stress and stress range.     

Comparisons of the mechanical properties of timber,steel and concrete sleepers

In this research, the mechanical behaviour of steel, timber and concrete sleepers is investigated and compared by conducting several laboratory and field tests. The main sleeper design parameters including rail seat loads, sleeper-ballast contact pressures and sleeper bending capacities are considered in this investigation. New formulae for the calculation of sleeper design parameters are developed for steel, timber and concrete sleepers. Results indicate that the new formulae can improve the accuracy of current practices in the analysis and design of sleepers. Comparisons of the mechanical properties of steel, timber and concrete sleepers indicate the optimum sleeper type based on railway structural and operational conditions.     

The Evaluation of Axial Stress in Continuous Welded Rails via Three-Dimensional Bridge–Track Interaction

The crucial differences between conventional rail with split-type connectors and continuous welded rails are axial stress in the longitudinal direction and stability, as well as other issues generated under the influence of loading effects. Longitudinal stresses generated in continuously welded rails on railway bridges are strongly influenced by the nonlinear behavior of the supporting system comprising sleepers and ballasts. Thus, the track structure interaction cannot be neglected. The rail-support system mentioned above has properties of non-uniform material distribution and uncertainty of construction quality. The linear elastic hypothesis therefore cannot correctly evaluate the stress distribution within the rails. The aim of this study is to apply the nonlinear finite element method using the nonlinear coupling interface between the track and structural model and to illustrate the welded rail behavior under the loading effect and uncertain factors of the ballast. Numerical results of nonlinear finite analysis with a three-dimensional solid and frame element model are presented for a typical track–bridge system. A composite plate girder, modeled by solid and shell elements, is also analyzed to consider the behavior of the welded rail. The analysis result showed buckling under the independent calculations of load cases, including ‘temperature change’, ‘bending of the supporting structure’, and ‘braking’ of the railway vehicle. A parametric study of the load combination method and the loading sequence is also included in this analysis.     

高速铁路无砟轨道基础结构垂向位移分布特性分析

建立高速铁路无砟轨道-路基结构动力有限元模型,系统分析高速列车荷载作用下轨道和路基垂向位移在时间和空间上的分布规律,比较轨道不平顺和断面位置对位移分布的影响规律。数值分析结果表明,轨道不平顺和横断面位置对轨道和路基垂向位移分布的影响可以忽略不计;高速列车荷载作用下钢轨和轨道板垂向位移的最大值分别为0.79mm和0.238mm,结果都在京津铁路现场试验实测数据的范围之内;轨道板和底座的垂向位移沿横向衰减非常缓慢,仅分别降低了3.6%和6.5%,沿深度基本没有变化;路基各层面垂向位移在轨道宽度范围内沿横向仅衰减10%左右,轨道宽度范围外位移按指数函数快速衰减,在距离线路中心线3m和4m附近,基床表层和基床底层的垂向位移已衰减一半以上,路基位移沿深度线性衰减,在距钢轨底面4m附近,垂向位移衰减50%左右,到基床底面处位移衰减70%以上。     

Impact fatigue responses of pre-stressed concrete sleepers in railway track systems

Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are the main components of railway track systems. To carry and transfer the dynamic wheel loads from the rails to the ground, their current design and construction are limited by allowable flexural stress constraints under service conditions. In current design practice for such a component, the dynamic load effects due to wheel/rail interactions are treated as a quasi-static load using a dynamic impact factor. Then, the allowable stresses eliminate a crack initiation. In reality, the impact events are frequently recorded because of the uncertainties of wheel or rail irregularities such as flat wheels and dipped rails. These effects cause cracking in the concrete sleepers, resulting in excessive maintenance. Limit states design philosophy for the pre-stressed concrete sleepers, containing ultimate and fatigue limit states, has been recently proposed based on structural reliability concept to rationalise the design method and minimise the maintenance. On the basis of probabilistic approach, the high-magnitude low-cycle fatigue limit states, which are more significant in terms of damage evolution, have been addressed in this article. Series of repeated impact tests for the in-situ pre-stressed concrete sleepers were carried out using the Australian largest high-capacity drop weight impact testing machine at the University of Wollongong. The impact forces have been simulated in relation to the probabilistic track force distribution obtained from a heavy haul rail network. This article focuses on the impact responses of the cumulatively damaged sleepers. The effects on such responses of the track environments including soft and hard track supports are also highlighted in this article. It is found that a concrete sleeper damaged by the impact fatigue cycles could possess significant reserve capacity for resisting the axle load in a similar manner as the undamaged sleeper.