精冲与液压模架

为了获得一个高质量的精冲零件,必须解决精冲压力机、精冲模具,精冲材料以及精冲工艺润滑剂等一系列技术关键问题。精冲压机是首要条件,但是短期内要在国内普及精冲压力机是很困难的,这给新工艺的推广带来很大障碍。为此,我们设计了液压精冲模架,将它装在普通机械压力机或液压     

摩擦学的进展和未来

在过去的20年内,随着纳米技术的飞速发展和人们社会需求的日益增加,摩擦学迅速发展,并随之产生了几个新的领域,比如纳米摩擦、生物摩擦、超滑、表面织构摩擦学、极端工况摩擦学、微动摩擦学等等。在未来的10年,这些领域和其他新出现的概念,比如:绿色摩擦、纳米制造摩擦学、新型超滑材料和新能源领域摩擦学等等,将在摩擦学研究工作中发挥重要的作用。纳米摩擦学包括纳米尺度下的薄膜润滑、纳米摩擦、纳米磨损、表面黏附等等。绿色摩擦学包括环境友好润滑剂、摩擦噪声的减小、没有环境污染的磨损。生物摩擦学包括人类器官中的摩擦学和仿生摩擦学。超滑包含不同类型的润滑剂,比如类金刚石膜、水基润滑剂、一些生物润滑剂,其具有极低的摩擦因数(0.001量级)。纳米制造摩擦学包括纳米结构制造中的摩擦学、纳米精度制造中的摩擦学和跨尺度(微观、中观和宏观)制造中的摩擦学。这些领域需要不同的理论和技术,以适应不同的制造对象和尺度。极端工况摩擦学包括在重载下、在高/低温度下、在高/低速度下和强腐蚀或氧化环境条件下的摩擦学问题。与表面织构相关的摩擦学理论和技术也是当今发展较快的领域。这些领域的新进展和未来10年的新需求将在下文中具体介绍。     

固体膜润滑剂耐燃油及摩擦学性能研究

通过系列耐燃油及摩擦学性能试验设计,模拟固体膜润滑剂在发动机燃油系统中的实际应用条件,对比研究满足MIL-PRF-46010标准的固体膜润滑剂(牌号A)、航空通用高温固体膜润滑剂(牌号B)以及航天用中温固体膜润滑剂(牌号C)在燃油系统中的耐燃油及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:喷气燃料对A型固体膜润滑剂的影响不大,喷气燃料浸泡前后A型固体膜润滑剂的平均摩擦因数均在0.02~0.05范围内,耐磨寿命均在1 h以上;A型固体膜润滑剂与喷气燃料长期接触不会影响喷气燃料的性能;A型固体膜润滑剂材料不论是在承载能力、耐磨寿命还是耐燃油性能方面都明显优于B型及C型固体膜润滑剂,这是因为A型固体膜润滑剂中的MoS_2和Sb_2O_3起到了协同抗磨作用。     

环戊二烯基有机金属化合物的摩擦化学特性

本文首先阐述了一些过渡金属配合物的摩擦学特性。根据配位化学的概念和有关配合物与金属表面间发生摩擦化学反应的假说，将所测试的有机金属配合物分成了8类。从摩擦学的要求来看，一些锯的硫代共价配合物显示了良好的摩擦学特性，可以与二硫化钼及石墨之类的固体润滑剂相出。然后，利用红外吸收光谱和核磁共振波谱分别直接地和间接地分析了这些幌的硫代化合物的摩擦化学反应。红外光谱提供了所谓第三体(即润滑剂降解残留物)和转移膜分子结构的数据，核磁共振波谱给出了摩擦前原始分子的电离特性。转移膜的非腐蚀接枝与双核表面配合物的形成有关。依照Lewis酸碱规则，润滑剂的碱度是一个决定性的因素。     

IF—3干膜润滑剂的研制及其应用

本文介绍了ＩＦ－３干膜润滑剂在大气和真空和条件下的摩擦磨损性能并与同类型其他干膜相对照，评价结果表明，该干膜具有良好的摩擦学特性。ＩＦ－３干膜润滑剂在北京正负电子对撞机探测器真空活动组件上获得了成功应用。应用结果表明，该干膜不仅真空润滑性好，寿命长，而且性能稳定，完全满足在该机上长期服役使用要求。     

齿轮摩擦学的研究现状与展望

介绍了中国齿轮摩擦学技术的发展概况，论述了齿轮摩擦学的理论研究、润滑剂开发及其应用技术。并对发展我国齿轮摩擦学技术提出几点建议。     

国际学术会议预报

第八届国际摩擦学学术讨论会《摩擦学2000》 时间:1992年1月14～16日 地点:德国Esslingen 主办单位:埃斯林根技术研究院 德国摩擦学学会 主要题目:飞机和宇航润滑 金属加工润滑新材料和陶瓷的摩擦学 添加剂——类型、性能、应用 基础油类、矿物质和合成流体 润滑剂性能及测试 基础——摩擦、磨损、弹流动力学、流体动力学 环保润滑剂 润滑剂的分子模型和分子动力学仿真     

表面织构对二硫化钼喷涂膜摩擦学性能的影响研究

在试件表面激光加工表面织构,采用喷涂法制备二硫化钼固体润滑膜,在环块摩擦磨损试验机上研究沟槽型表面织构对二硫化钼固体润滑膜的摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明,在一定的工况条件下,就固体润滑膜的寿命而言,微沟槽的几何参数存在最优值。分析发现,织构可以储存固体润滑剂,在一定的工况条件下,会使得织构内的固体润滑剂被挤出,不断地补充摩擦接触面间的固体润滑剂,使得固体润滑膜的寿命延长。     

表面织构对二硫化钼喷涂膜摩擦学性能的影响

在试件表面激光加工表面织构,采用喷涂法制备二硫化钼固体润滑膜,在环块摩擦磨损试验机上研究沟槽型表面织构对二硫化钼固体润滑膜的摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明,在一定的工况条件下,就固体润滑膜的寿命而言,微沟槽的几何参数存在最优值。分析发现,织构可以储存固体润滑剂,在一定的工况条件下,会使得织构内的固体润滑剂被挤出,不断地补充摩擦接触面间的固体润滑剂,使得固体润滑膜的寿命延长。     

固体润滑剂在轴承上的应用研究

以水轮发电机轴承为应用研究实例，介绍了轴承镶嵌固体润滑剂的摩擦磨损机理，镶嵌轴承套的结构，固体润滑剂材料；并用摩擦学性能试验及台架模拟试验验证；在水轮发电机轴承上使用固体润滑剂可以提高润滑性能、降低摩擦系数，使摩擦副间能不断形成自补偿固体润滑转移膜，说明在重载，低速，摆动，间歇运动和泥水环境苛刻条件下工作的水轮发电机轴承使用固体润滑剂，比液体润滑具有更优越的性能。     

Nanotribology Application in the Coining Industry (I)—Turn off Stamping Oil Sprayer during Coining

The most common tribological cases involve two solid surfaces repeatedly contacting each other. During coining, however, a pair of dies strikes each blank that has been stamped only once. The requirements of the surface physical and chemical properties for coining are different compared to the common tribological conditions. For example, a low-viscosity stamping oil is used during coining in the United States Mint, as well as other industries. Under coining tonnage this small amount of liquid on die surfaces may promote microcrack propagation. In this case, lubrication does not prolong die life but shortens it.

In this work, the lubrication mechanism during coining was studied. A lubricant layer was applied on blank surfaces before coining. Based on the special stamping condition, blank surfaces must meet several tribological requirements. According to these requirements, a new technology was employed and the use of a new lubricant was implemented. As a result, fatigue die life was increased almost three times on high-volume production lines and coin surface quality was improved.     

Tribological properties of self-assembled monolayers on Au,SiOx and Si surfaces

Using interfacial force microscopy (IFM), the tribological properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on Si surfaces produced by a new chemical strategy are investigated and compared to those of “classical” SAM systems, which include alkanethiols on Au and alkylsilanes on SiO_x. The new SAM films are prepared by depositing n-alkyl chains with OH-terminations onto Cl-terminated Si substrates. The chemical nature of the actual lubricating molecules, n-dodecyl, is kept constant in all three thin film systems for direct comparison and similarities and differences in tribological properties are observed. The adhesion strength is virtually identical for all three systems; however, frictional properties differ due to differences in film packing. Differences in the chemical bonds that attach the lubricant molecules to the substrate are also discussed as they influence variations in film wear and durability. It is demonstrated that the new SAM films are capable of controlling the friction and adhesion of Si surfaces equally well as the classical SAMs and are potentially more reproducible and more durable.     

Formation,structure, and properties of lubricant-derived antiwear films

In recent years, surface analytical methods that determine structure have been combined with methods that measure elemental composition and oxidation states, to yield an improved understanding of lubricant-derived tribofilms. Methods assessing the mechanical properties of thin films have also been applied to tribofilms with thicknesses of the order of nanometres. These methods, in combination with chemical and physical studies of bulk lubricant systems and assessments of lubricant behaviour in tribological environments, have made it possible to describe comprehensively film forming mechanisms, structures and tribological properties. This paper outlines the initial results of such an attempt, focusing on zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates and overbased detergents in model systems and engine oils.     

二聚酸盐的合成及在水性基础液中的摩擦学及防腐防锈性能

采用二聚脂肪酸和二乙醇胺合成一种二聚酸二乙醇胺盐,在四球摩擦磨损试验机上考察其在水性基础液中的摩擦学性能,用 X 射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）分析试验后钢球磨斑表面典型元素的化学状态。结果表明：该添加剂在水性基础液中具有优良的承载能力和抗磨减摩性能以及良好的液相防锈和抑制铜片腐蚀的性能;在摩擦过程中,磨斑表面形成了含氮的吸附膜和含 Fe2 O3的化学反应膜,二者协同作用使添加剂在摩擦过程中具有良好的抗磨减摩性能。     

Chemical and physical characterization by EELS of strontium hexanoate reverse micelles and strontium carbonate nanophase produced during tribological experiments

Electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the analytical electron microscope has been used to characterize nanometre‐scale phases of overbased strontium 3,5‐dimethylhexanoate reverse micelles and the tribological film obtained during a friction test when the phases are used as lubricant additives. Accurate chemical, molecular and structural information on these materials are deduced by interpreting the EELS near‐edge structure. This approach allows confirmation of the composite structure of the micelles, which contain a mineral core and amorphous strontium carbonate surrounded by an organic shell. It also allows identification of the chemical composition and physical structure of the tribological film as an assembly of pure strontium carbonate microcrystals, i.e. strontianite, distributed in an amorphous intergranular phase.     

Effect of tetraalkylphosphonium based ionic liquids as lubricants on the tribological performance of a steel-on-steel system

A series of asymmetrical tetraalkylphosphonium ionic liquids were synthesized and evaluated as a new kind of lubricant for the contact of steel/steel using an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester in ambient condition. The phosphonium ionic liquid shows excellent tribological performance when being used as the lubricating oil, and is superior to the conventional high temperature lubricants X-1P and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) in terms of anti-wear performance and load-carrying capacity. The chemical compositions of the boundary film generated on different contact surfaces were analyzed on a scanning electron microscope with a Kevex energy dispersive X-ray analyzer attachment (SEM/EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The friction–reduction and anti-wear mechanism of tetraalkylphosphonium as the lubricant were proposed to originate from the active elements P in the tetraalkylphosphonium ionic liquids reacting with the fresh surface to form a reaction film onto specimen surface, an extreme-pressure film with lower shearing strength, which leads to lower friction coefficient, and good wear resistance.     

边界润滑摩擦面固体润滑涂层技术发展的若干趋势

随着表面工程与涂层技术的发展,固体润滑涂层在机械零件上得到了广泛的应用,涂层材料与涂层工艺取得了很大的进展。本文论述了边界润滑摩擦面固体润滑涂层技术发展的若干趋势,指出开发新的涂层材料、涂层结构、涂层工艺,实现固/液混合润滑,以及利用涂层激光纹理技术提高润滑效果是固体润滑涂层技术发展的重要方向。     

Erratum to: Response Characteristics of the Potential-Controlled Friction of ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Stainless Steel Tribopairs in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Aqueous Solutions

The tribological properties of room temperature ionic liquids containing tetraalkylphosphonium cations were evaluated on the basis of the chemical structure of their salts. The tribochemistry of these ionic liquids was discussed on the basis of the results of tribo-tests and surface analyses. The tribological properties of the tetraalkylphosphonium salts examined in this work were observed to be better than those of 1,3-alkylimidazolium salts. The structure of the alkyl group in the phosphonium cation also has a slight effect on the tribological properties of the salts. During a friction test carried out under low-load conditions, the phosphonium cation was oxidized to phosphate to form a boundary film. This film inhibited the reaction of the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide anion that yielded metal fluoride on the rubbed surfaces. The combination of the phosphonium cation with a phosphate anion or thiophosphate anion resulted in a better lubricant than 1,3-alkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide. The reactions of the phosphate anion and thiophosphate anion yielded a phosphate boundary film that exhibited better tribological properties than those of the fluoride boundary film.     

有机钼复合润滑剂在高温微动和滑动条件下的摩擦磨损行为

以矿物基650SN油作为基础油,采用复配技术制备了有机钼复合润滑剂。利用SRV微动磨损试验机和T-11滑动磨损试验机考察了该复合剂的高温摩擦学行为,采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对其润滑下的磨痕表面形貌和表面膜的元素组成进行了分析,探讨了复合剂的减摩润滑机制。结果表明:有机钼复合剂具有良好的高温微动和滑动摩擦学行为,与基础油相比,复合剂能够使钢-钢摩擦副在高温微动和滑动过程中的摩擦因数降低28%和43%,抵抗微动和滑动磨损的能力分别提高53%和54%。这是由于有机钼复合剂通过分解、吸附和摩擦化学反应,在摩擦副金属表面形成了含磷酸盐的沉积膜和含FeS、MoS2的化学反应膜共同组成的复合边界润滑膜,从而表现出优良的减摩润滑效果。     

几种纳米添加剂在环境友好润滑剂中的摩擦化学特性

采用机械化学修饰法研制了三种纳米润滑添加剂,二硫化钼(MoS2)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和氟化石墨(CxFy),考察了这些纳米级润滑剂在环境友好润滑剂中的摩擦化学特性。结果发现：这些纳米添加剂在环境友好润滑剂中具有较好的抗磨性能和良好的减摩性能;减摩性能优于常用的极压抗磨剂,其机理是在摩擦副表面形成迁移膜,起“滚动微轴承”的作用。