Error Probability Distribution and Density Functions for Rayleigh and Rician Fading Channels with Diversity

This paper analyzes the distribution and density functions of the probability of error for Rayleigh and Rician fading channels with diversity. An expression for the signal-to-noise ratio is derived for an asynchronous CDMA (A-CDMA) system with diversity. The error probability distribution and density functions are derived and plotted for different mean energy-to-noise ratios.

Error Probability for <Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis>-branch Coherent BPSK Equal Gain Combiners over Generalized Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this paper, a closed-form expression for the probability of error in a coherent BPSK system over Generalized Rayleigh fading channels is derived. An L-branch equal gain combining diversity scheme is used. Theoretical results for the probability of error are plotted for various values of the number of degrees of freedom (n) and diversity order (L). A simulation is performed and the simulated results are found to match very well with the theoretical results.

Improved Fractional Fourier Transform Based Receiver for Spatial Multiplexed MIMO Antenna Systems

In this work the performance of a Fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) based Minimum Mean Squared Error receiver for MIMO systems with space time processing over Rayleigh faded channels is presented. The proposed receiver called Optimum FrFT based MIMO receiver (OFMR) shows improved performance outperforming the simple MMSE receiver in Rayleigh faded channel.

Capacity and SER Analysis of MIMO MRC Systems in an Interference-Limited Environment

The effect of co-channel interference (CCI) is considered in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems employing maximal ratio combining (MRC) under independent and identically distributed Rayleigh fading. Closed-form capacity and symbol error rate expressions are presented to evaluate the performance without any numerical integrations or statistical simulations. The analytical results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations and the good agreement is obtained.

Cognitive Radio with Single Carrier TDCS and Multicarrier OFDM Approach with V-BLAST Receiver in Rayleigh Fading Channel

This article presents the performance comparison of TDCS and OFDM based cognitive radio for MIMO system using VBLAST receiver architecture to reconstruct the transmitted data. The interference avoidance performance in terms of BER and bitrate are improved by adding multiple antennas to the system and the use of V-BLAST technique at the receiver. The results show the most promising interference avoidance technique combined with MIMO V-BLAST architecture to be applied in the CR system.

An Expression for the Average Quantization Error

The quantization error for MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) downlink channels is known to be the minimum of independent and identically distributed beta random variables. In this note, an exact expression is derived for the average quantization error. Computational issues relating to its correctness, usage and approximations are discussed.

The Criterions with LCR and AFD of Dual-Branch SC Diversity over Specified Wireless Radio Fading Channels

In this paper we proposed the results of average LCR (level crossing rate) and AFD (average fading duration) criterions applied to evaluate the performance of dual-branch SC (selection combining) reception in the specified fading channels characterized as statistical distributions with correlated-Rayleigh and correlated-Rice models. Moreover, in order to unify and clarify the criterions of performance formulas with average LCR and AFD for SC diversity over different kinds of fading models, include such as Rayleigh, Rice, Nakagami-m, and Weibull distributions etc., almost all of the ever researched and published results from discussing about the LCR and AFD of SC diversity are comprehensively collected in this report. On the other hand, for the purpose of comparison, there are a large number of LCR and AFD performance formulas for SC diversity and the generalized fading statistic models are extracted and tabulated together, in which the cases of correlated and independent proprieties between diversity branches are taken into consideration too (some of the formulas are illustrated by the assumption of dual-branch SC diversity).

Finite-state Markov Model for Lognormal,Chi-square (Central), Chi-square (Non-central), and <Emphasis Type="Italic">K</Emphasis>-distributions

This paper formulates a finite-state Markov channel model to represent received signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios having lognormal, K-distribution, chi-square (central) and chi-square (non-central) distributions in a slow fading channel. The range of the SNRs is partitioned into a finite number of states following earlier works in literature. Performance measures like level crossing rates, steady-state probabilities, transition probabilities, and state-time durations are derived, and numerical results are plotted and discussed for the FSMC models for all the distributions.

Hardware Organization to Achieve High-Speed Elliptic Curve Cryptography for Mobile Devices

Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is recognized as a fast cryptography system and has many applications in security systems. In this paper, a novel sharing scheme is proposed to significantly reduce the number of field multiplications and the usage of lookup tables, providing high speed operations for both hardware and software realizations.

Isolation of Failing Scan Cells through Convolutional Test Response Compaction

This paper describes a non-recursive fault diagnosis technique for scan-based designs with convolutional test response compaction. The proposed approach allows a time-efficient and accurate identification of failing scan cells using Gauss–Jordan elimination method.

On the Analysis of Envelope Correlation and Spectra for Rician Fading Channel

Physical fading radio channels encountered in wireless mobile communication are often modeled as a complex Gaussian process whose envelope is statistically described by Rayleigh or Rician probability distribution function (PDF). In most of the literature, the accuracy of the simulation model is estimated by comparing the simulated autocorrelation function (ACF) of inphase (or quadrature phase) component of the fading process and ACF of squared envelope with the analytical ones. In this paper, we examine the performance of a sum of sinusoid (SOS) based Rician fading channel simulator on the basis of the ACF and power spectral density (PSD) of the fading envelope. We obtained simplified approximate expressions for the autocorrelation and mean value of the fading envelope which become more accurate as the value of Rice factor increases. In the simulation, the line-of-sight (LOS) component is modeled as a zero-mean random variable with pre-chosen angle of arrival (AOA) and random initial phase. We showed that the AOA of the LOS component significantly affects the level crossing rate (LCR) and average fade duration (AFD) of the fading envelope. All simulation results are compared with the analytical results and a very good agreement between them is found.

Layereless Communications: From Dream to Reality?

The paper summarizes the main results of one of the key panel session of the Workshop, focused on the investigation about the possible translation of the “layerless communications” from a dreaming vision to reality.

A Tool for Unbiased Comparison between Logarithmic and Floating-point Arithmetic

For applications requiring a large dynamic, real numbers may be represented either in floating-point, or in the logarithm number system (LNS). Which system is best for a given application is difficult to know in advance, because the cost and performance of LNS operators depend on the target accuracy in a highly non linear way. Therefore, a comparison of the pros and cons of both number systems in terms of cost, performance and overall accuracy is only relevant on a per-application basis. To make such a comparison possible, two concurrent libraries of parameterized arithmetic operators, targeting recent field-programmable gate arrays, are presented. They are unbiased in the sense that they strive to reflect the state-of-the-art for both number systems. These libraries are freely available at .

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Spectrum Efficiency Evaluation for MRC Diversity Schemes Under Different Adaptation Policies Over Generalized Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this paper, closed-form expressions for the capacities per unit bandwidth for Generalized Rayleigh fading channels are derived for optimal power adaptation, constant transmit power, channel inversion with fixed rate, and truncated channel inversion adaptation policies. The closed-form solutions are derived for the single antenna reception (without diversity combining) and MRC diversity reception cases. Optimal power adaptation policy provides the highest capacity over the other adaptation policies both with and without diversity combining. Truncated channel inversion policy suffers a large capacity penalty relative to the optimal power adaptation policy as the number of degrees of freedom is increased. However, with increase in diversity, the capacity penalty for the truncated channel inversion policy decreases. Capacity gains are more prominent for channel inversion with fixed rate policy as compared to the other adaptation policies.

Adaptive Multiuser Channel Estimation using Reduced Kalman/LMS Algorithm

This paper presents an adaptive multiuser channel estimator using the reduced-Kalman least-mean-square (RK-LMS) algorithm. The frequency-selective fading channel is modeled as a tapped-delay-line filter with smoothly time-varying Rayleigh distributed tap coefficients. The multiuser channel estimator based on minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) criterion is used to predict the filter coefficients. We also present its convergence characteristics and tracking performance using the RK-LMS algorithm. Unlike the previously available Kalman filtering algorithm based approach (Chen, Chen IEEE Trans Signal Process 49(7): 1523–1532, 2001) the incorporation of RK-LMS algorithm reduces the computational complexity of multiuser channel estimator used in the code division multiple access wireless systems. The computer simulation results are presented to demonstrate the substantial improvement in its tracking performance under the smoothly time-varying environment.

A novel approach to smart multi-cell radio resource management based on load gradient calculations

This paper presents a novel methodology for capturing the coupling between the different cells in both the uplink and downlink directions in a Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) scenario. It is based on the definition and computation of the gradient of the uplink cell load factor and the downlink transmitted power, which are the two main parameters that reflect the actual cell load in the two link directions. The paper shows that the gradient is able to capture the relevant information about the spatial distribution of traffic, which has an impact on cell performance. The proposed methodology is also used as the basis for defining and evaluating new Radio Resource Management (RRM) strategies that operate at a multi-cell level.

Design of Power and Area Efficient Digital Down-converters for Broadband Communications Systems

This paper shows that when a digital receiver is designed utilizing two clock scopes, the digital down-converter can be designed to be efficient in terms of area and power consumption. The main design parameter that contributes to make the design efficient is the relationship between the transition band of the designed filter and its sampling frequency.

Dynamic Sensor Self-Organization for Distributive Moving Target Tracking

To support distributive tracking of moving targets in a wireless sensor network, sensors that receive signal from the same target must collaborate to facilitate collaborative, distributed target tracking. We present an efficient dynamic sensor self-organizing algorithm that clusters sensors into groups without requiring a centralized control. Extensive simulations are conducted to verify the performance improvement as well as the communication reduction for the proposed methods.

A New Routing Metric for Satisfying Both Energy and Delay Constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks

Besides energy constraint, wireless sensor networks should also be able to provide bounded communication delay when they are used to support real-time applications. In this paper, a new routing metric is proposed. It takes into account both energy and delay constraints. It can be used in AODV. By mathematical analysis and simulations, we have shown the efficiency of this new routing metric.

Directional Diversity of Smart Antenna in LAS CDMA Systems

The performance of code division multiple access (CDMA) systems can be affected by small scale fading such as Rayleigh fading channel. In this paper, the application of smart antenna and Large Area Synchronous CDMA (LAS CDMA) systems, which introduce directional diversity channel, is presented. A novel interference cancellation scheme through dynamic space code (DSC) algorithm is briefly described. The directional diversity can be realized from the directional gain of smart antenna system. It can be found that when the number of elements in smart antenna is increase the directional gain of antenna system is much higher than single antenna. The system performance analysis in term of error probability is compared between traditional and LAS CDMA systems in both single and smart antenna systems. From the performance analysis it is found that CDMA system is more susceptible to multipath fading channel than interferences from existing users.