基于三相感应电机的小型化超低频发射天线研究

针对低频电磁传输中天线尺寸过大的问题，设计了一种基于三相感应电机的小型化超低频发射天线.电机工作时产生了时变低频电磁场，可作为超低频发射天线.为有效分析其电磁场分布，文章建立旋转磁偶极子数学模型以等效电机内部旋转时产生的磁场.首先，对电机内部磁场和旋转磁偶极子的关系进行阐述，利用麦克斯韦方程组，得到旋转磁偶极子的电磁场分布.其次，通过电磁仿真软件验证旋转磁偶极子的近场分布特性和远场辐射特性.最后，通过实验对电机近场的磁场分布进行验证.仿真和实测结果表明，三相感应电机具有超低频天线的辐射特性.     

基于IRA天线的辐射波模拟器天线辐射性能研究

将通常用于超宽带领域的IRA天线应用到辐射波电磁脉冲模拟器中,提出一种基于反射器脉冲辐射天线的核电磁脉冲辐射波模拟器,分析其天线结构,给出四种馈臂形式,通过仿真比较了四种馈臂形式天线的辐射效率、远场和近场波形以及频率增益特性。结果表明:该天线的低频辐射效率有待进一步提高;具有锥形渐缩形式馈臂的天线能产生较好的远场和近场波形。IRA天线相较笼形天线具有体积小、方向性好等优点,如果能进一步提高其低频辐射性能,IRA天线将成为理想的辐射波模拟器天线。     

基于未知源域重构的无相位近场测量技术

天线的远场对于研究天线辐射特性具有重大意义,由于远场的直接测量有着诸多限制,近场测量技术计算远场因其简洁准确的特点得到广泛应用. 然而,传统的近场测量技术要求获取近场区的幅度和相位分布才能发挥作用,随着天线频率的升高,人们想要在近场区获取准确的相位信息变得十分困难. 为了解决该技术难题,文中提出一种无相位近场测量技术. 利用一个封闭面上的幅度信息重建或猜测出包围待测天线的球面切向电场分布,并采用遗传算法进行全局优化,其最初为四组随机数据,经过数次优化后将逐渐接近准确结果. 仿真结果表明,本文方法能够在忽略相位信号的前提下,计算出准确的远场辐射特性.     

考虑互耦的阵列天线辐射近场近似计算方法

针对大规模阵列天线辐射近场电磁兼容性问题,基于有源单元方向图原理和子阵信息的综合方法计算了大规模阵列天线辐射近场场强的分布。该方法采用等效技术获取大规模阵列天线的端口特性,进一步结合天线单元的远场数据综合分析得到大规模阵列天线的近场分布;计算结果表明,在满足天线单元辐射远场条件下,该方法能够准确计算出大规模阵列天线的辐射近场分布。相较于全波分析,本方法在保证精度的同时,提高了计算效率,并且具有良好的灵活性。通过全波分析的数值算例验证了该方法的正确性。     

基于切换天线的类跳频方向调制物理层安全传输方法

为了提高阵列天线通信的安全性,提出了一种具有跳频特征的类跳频方向调制物理层安全传输方法。发射机利用射频开关变速切换阵列天线,使非期望方向的信号随着时间的变化发生相位的周期变化进而表现出跳频特性,在不影响期望方向正常通信的条件下使窃听者更难截获通信信号。从载波相位改变的角度分析了通信信号在不同方位角的时频域特性,最后仿真了不同方位角信号时频谱图以及针对BPSK和2FSK两种通信信号窃听者的接收性能,结果表明类跳频方向调制是一种具有低截获特性的物理层安全通信方法。      

球面近远场和远近场变换算法

天线的远场对于研究天线辐射特性具有重大意义，近场测量技术因其能够避免直接测量远场而得到广泛应用，该技术采用近远场变换获得远场，然而，检验该远场的准确性也是很重要的.为了解决此类问题，文中以球面近场测量为例，提供了一种解决方案.该方案主要探讨了球面波模式展开理论，该理论是实现球面近远场变换算法的关键，其将待测天线在空间建立的场展开成球面波函数之和，天线的加权系数既包含了远场信息也包含了近场信息.因此，不仅能够利用近场测量信息获得远场辐射特性，同样能够利用远场辐射特性反推得到近场处电场，这样就能检验由近远场变换算法得到的远场是否准确.文中首先推算得到了近远场变换公式，随后进一步推算得到远近场变换的公式，最后将本文算法计算结果与FEKO测量结果进行比较，二者吻合良好，从而证实了本文两种算法的有效性.     

基于大规模可重构智能表面的近远场混合信道模型

近来,可重构智能表面(RIS)作为一种全新的革命性技术引起了学术界和工业界的广泛关注。随着通信频率的提高以及RIS孔径的增大,RIS辅助无线通信的工作条件逐渐靠近天线的近场辐射模式,而非仅仅存在传统意义中的远场辐射。单独考虑远场或者近场的信道模型均无法准确刻画RIS辅助无线通信的传输特性,造成性能损失。针对此问题,该文梳理了大规模RIS辅助通信近场和远场信道模型,通过引入权重因子,构建了大规模RIS辅助无线通信场景下近远场混合信道模型。在此基础上,推导了近远场混合信道模型下系统的增益与损耗,并进行鲁棒性分析,仿真结果表明该混合模型带来的系统增益与模型鲁棒性均显著提升。     

同频方向图可重构印刷振子天线设计

为了在同一副天线、同一频段实现方向图可重构,提出了一种方向图可重构印刷振子天线。通过改变开关的状态,天线实现单极子和带反射器的偶极子两种工作方式。单极子辐射全向方向图,带反射器的偶极子辐射方向图为定向。利用Ansoft HFSS10.0 仿真软件对天线尺寸进行了分析和优化。仿真结果表明：开关断开、闭合时,天线实现 了在2.34～2.64GHz 工作频带上的定向和全向方向图;在2.45GHz 处,最高点增益分别为6.7dB 和3.1dB。     

圆锥螺旋天线的脉冲信号发射色散特性与数值仿真

圆锥螺旋天线是一种宽频带天线.然而,由于存在色散问题,使得发射的信号发生扭曲,对于加载的宽频带脉冲信号,通过该天线发射出去的并不是与激励相类似的脉冲电磁波,而是一个振荡波.基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)对圆锥螺旋天线进行了仿真,验证了该天线脉冲发射时不同频率分量信号所对应的天线有效作用区域特性,分析了近场和远场的电磁波波形,由此来阐述圆锥螺旋天线的色散与发射特性.仿真得到的结果,对于指导天线设计与相关试验具有一定意义.     

偏馈反射器天线角锥喇叭的几何绕射理论研究

本文论述一种有效的计算方法,以确定由角锥喇叭照射反射器天线的远场方向图。均匀几何绕射理论(GTD)公式用于确定喇叭的近场和远场特性。利用物理光学(PO)公式以及雅可比——贝塞耳(Jacobi-Bessel)展开式得出偏馈反射器天线的远场方向图。还给出了反射器天线远场方向图的许多典型结果。特别是详细研究了用来照射反射器的喇叭最佳位置与最佳相位中心的关系,并得出了一些有用的结论。     

Transmitter Architectures Based on Near-Field Direct Antenna Modulation

A near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) technique is introduced, where the radiated far-field signal is modulated by time-varying changes in the antenna near-field electromagnetic (EM) boundary conditions. This enables the transmitter to send data in a direction-dependent fashion producing a secure communication link. Near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) can be performed by using either switches or varactors. Two fully-integrated proof-of-concept NFDAM transmitters operating at 60 GHz using switches and varactors are demonstrated in silicon proving the feasibility of this approach.      

Ground penetrating radar antennas: theoretical and experimentaldirectivity functions

The prediction of the directivity function of a GPR antenna still remains a partially unsolved problem because of the subject complexity. First, the far-field conditions are often not satisfied and second, the antenna design has little in common with the Hertzian dipole for which an analytical approach can be used. The authors' contribution is both theoretical and experimental. On one side, they solve the (electromagnetic) EM integral equations numerically to derive the wavefield components from near to far-field distances. On the other side, they experiment with two novel techniques for measuring the directivity functions in the near to far-field range on dry and saturated sand. Theoretical and experimental results show that neither the analytic approximation of far-field directivity for the numerical integration of near-field directivity can perfectly match the measured functions, although near-field solutions are generally more consistent. The mismatch should be attributed to the present-day GPR antenna design that includes absorbers and shields. Although the effects of these elements are not included in the present numerical near-field solutions, they believe the approach to be of practical value to predict an average directivity function. A smoothed version of the analytic far-field solution can also be used in the range of the near to far-field transition but near-field solutions are really recommended when TX-RX distances are shorter than five wavelengths     

移动通信天线远场三维测试系统集成技术

针对现有及未来5G移动通信天线空间辐射特性测试需求和特点,设计了一套分布式天线远场三维测试系统,集成于高性能微波暗室内。发射天线采用多工位设计,高效率地实现了远程无人值守测试。基于U型测试转台实现了待测天线的三维方向图一键测试,具备双测试通路多频点多端口测试功能,有效提高了天线测试效率。系统软件具有较强后处理能力,将测试理论知识有效地应用于工程实践,如软件时域门和远场修正技术等,可获取更为精确的测试结果。以运营商提供的定向基站天线作为系统性能验证鉴定天线,通过与其在其它优良测试远场获取的测试数据进行对比。结果表明,本系统能够较好地满足运营商对目前移动通信天线测试场地及设备的测试要求,具备一键测试、多功能、宽频带、高精度、高效率等特点,易于拓展具备5G移动通信天线空间辐射特性的测试功能。     

球模式展开理论近远场变换及快速算法

基于球模式展开理论的近远场变换是天线球面近场测量系统实现的关键,它将待测天线在空间建立的场展开成球面波函数之和,由于其计算公式复杂,因而计算耗费时间长。该文在实际计算中利用快速傅里叶变换及矩阵的思想可以大幅度提高程序运行速度,节省计算时间。采用该方法对角锥喇叭天线的近远场数据进行仿真验证,结果表明外推远场的结果和理论值吻合良好,说明了该方法在保证计算精度的同时,可缩短计算时间。     

Far-field pattern determination from the near-field amplitude ontwo surfaces

The possibility of determining the far field of radiating systems by measuring only the near-field amplitude is investigated. The main difficulties of the problem are examined in some detail and a new near-field/far-field transformation technique is developed, based on the measurement of the near-field amplitude over two surfaces surrounding the antenna under test. The accuracy of the far-field reconstruction results are related both to the distance between such surfaces and to some a priori information concerning the near-field phase and/or the radiating system. The information on the radiating system allows relaxation of the need for any information on the near-field phase provided that the distance between the measurement surfaces is high enough. Conversely, the knowledge of a more or less corrupted near-field phase allows reduction of such distances without affecting the accuracy of the far-field reconstruction. Numerical examples validating the effectiveness of the developed algorithm are provided for the planar scanning case     

近场散射与远场RCS的链条关系式

与远场RCS比较,近场散射问题更复杂、更普遍,且有重要意义。近场散射与远场RCS之间的关系是近场散射研究中的前沿课题之一。本文首先引用三天线概念,其次利用天线耦合公式及电磁场的互易定理导出简洁的链条关系式。最后利用线性系统理论中的基本概念对链条关系式作物理意义的解释。链条关系式在目标特性研究、远场和近场散射测量等方面有重要意义。     

Near-field diagnostics of small printed antennas using theequivalent magnetic current approach

A near-field to far-field transformation based on the antenna representation by equivalent magnetic current (EMC) sources has been proposed and validated experimentally on large high-directivity antenna arrays. In this paper, the use of EMC is extended to the diagnostics of low-directivity printed antennas. The limitation of the near-field to far-field transformation applied to EMC models of low-directivity antennas, caused by the finite dimensions of the antenna ground plane, is demonstrated. A method to partially overcome this limitation by including the contribution of diffracted rays is implemented, and its effectiveness is demonstrated with antenna prototypes. It is shown that the agreement between the far-field patterns measured in an anechoic chamber and the patterns computed from the EMC model obtained from the near-field measurements is significantly improved upon, within a sector of ±90° with respect to the antenna boresight in the E plane. The influence of the near-field sampling density and topology of the EMC model on the accuracy of the predicted far-field pattern is examined