动态复合细化变质对A356铝合金显微组织的影响

为弥补Al-10Sr中间合金对A356铝合金变质处理的不足,采用自制的Al-5Ti-1B-1RE中间合金与A1-10Sr中间合金对A356铝合金进行动态复合细化变质处理,研究变质处理后合金的显微组织,并与理论计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:采用JJ-1型精密增力电动搅拌器对熔体进行强力搅拌、振动,动态复合细化变质不仅能使共晶硅相由粗大的板片状转变为细密的颗粒状,并在α-Al边界均匀析出,而且使α-Al相明显细化,力学性能显著提高,与约翰逊-梅尔方程理论对组织晶粒尺寸控制研究结果相一致;同时A356铝合金熔体吸气倾向显著减轻,与热力学近似计算方程和斯托克斯定律对除气机制进行定量计算研究结果相一致。     

Microstructural features of as-cast A356 alloy inoculated with Sr, Sb modifiers and Al-Ti-C grain refiner simultaneously

This article focuses on the microstructural refinement of as-cast A356 alloy, obtained by melt inoculation of the same. The inoculants used are Sr (modifier), Sb (modifier) and Al-Ti-C (grain refiner). Microstructural characterization of A356 alloy reveals that the Secondary Dendritic Arm Spacing (SDAS) of α-Al dendrites and size/morphology of eutectic silicon decrease by treating the melt with pre-defined amounts of Sr, Sb and Al-5Ti-2C grain refiner. Microstructure of the inoculated as-cast A356 alloy shows that, modified eutectic-silicon exhibits fine fibrous morphology at shorter melt holding, while the same exhibits fine lamellar morphology on longer melt holding.     

变质细化和热处理对挤压铸造成形A356铝合金构件性能的影响

用Al-10Sr变质剂和Al-5Ti-B细化剂处理A356铝合金熔体,并结合挤压铸造和T6热处理工艺,研究变质细化与热处理对A356铝合金挤压铸造件的组织和性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着Al-10Sr变质剂加入量的增加,共晶Si的形貌由片状和长杆状变为颗粒状和蠕虫状,α-Al的晶粒尺寸先减少后增大。当Al-10Sr的加入量(质量分数)为0.3%时,挤压铸造成形件的最优抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为221.3 MPa、104.5 MPa和10.3%。Al-10Sr变质能提高形核率、细化α-Al晶粒尺寸和改变共晶硅形貌,使铸造件的力学性能提高。随着A-5Ti-B的增加,晶粒尺寸先降后增,力学性能先增后降。Al-5Ti-B的加入量为0.6%时,最优抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为215.6 MPa、106.6 MPa和9.0%。T6热处理(固溶540℃/4 h+时效190℃/4 h)使屈服强度和抗拉强度显著提高和延伸率降低。经过0.6% 的Al-5Ti-B细化处理,T6处理挤压铸造件的最优的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为297.5 MPa、239.3 MPa和8.0%。共晶硅的球化和细化、成形件成分的均匀化以及Mg₂Si强化相在基体中弥散析出,是热处理后构件力学性能提高的主要原因。     

Effect of Al-5Ti-1B on the microstructure of near-eutectic Al-13.0%Si alloys modified with Sr

The addition of Sr in Al-Si alloys as a modifier causes a transition of the morphology of eutectic silicon from coarse plate-like or acicular to fine fibrous. However, it may also lead to the formation of long columnar dendritic -Al phase. Al-5Ti-1B master alloy is often used as a grain refiner to achieve the fine equaixed grains in aluminum and aluminum alloys. The aim of the present study is to highlight the effect of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy additions on the microstructure of near-eutectic Al-Si alloys modified with Sr. When the addition of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy was below 0.82 mass%, the dendritic -Al phase changed from long columnar to equiaxed, and there were no noticeable changes of the morphology and size of eutectic silicon, while the size of eutectic cells decreased slightly. However, when the addition was above 0.82 mass%, the deleterious influence of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy on the modification effect of Sr emerged and with further increases in addition level a fully unmodified microstructure was finally produced. The results indicate that the effective Sr in the melt decreases with increased addition of Al-5Ti-1B. The poisoning event of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy on the modification of Sr is supposed to be related with the interaction between Sr and Ti.     

Preparation of Al–Ti–C–Sr master alloys and their refining efficiency on A356 alloy

Al–Ti–C–Sr master alloys with various amounts of Sr were prepared through a method of liquid solidification reactions. The as-prepared Al–Ti–C–Sr master alloys were then used as grain refiners to modify A356 alloy. The microstructures of the Al–5Ti–0.25C–2Sr, Al–5Ti–0.25C–8Sr alloys and modified A356 alloy were investigated. The results showed that the Al–5Ti–0.25C–2Sr alloy consisted of phases of α-Al, lath-shaped or tiny blocky TiAl₃, granular TiC, and blocky or rim AlTiSr, while the Al–5Ti–0.25C–8Sr alloy contained an irregular blocky Al₄Sr phase besides the above-mentioned phases. Satisfactory grain refining and modifying effects were obtained by the addition of Al–Ti–C–Sr alloys (0.5 wt.%) to the A356 alloy. Meanwhile, the sizes of the α-Al dendrites / SDAS(40 µm) decreased to 32.7 µm (or 30 µm).The morphology of eutectic silicon was changed from needle-/platelike form to fibrous/globular form. The grain refinement and modification effects of Al–Ti–C–Sr alloys on A356 alloys were mutually promoted. Compared with the Al–5Ti–0.25C–2Sr alloy, the Al–5Ti–0.25C–8Sr alloy possessed higher efficiency in grain refinement and modification of the A356 alloys.     

添加Al-5Ti-B和Al-2Zr-Er对铸态铝锌镁合金力学性能的影响

铝锌镁合金以其优异的力学性能广泛应用于航空、航天、交通运输等工业领域,而铝合金的细化一直是铝加工行业的研究重点.为细化晶粒并提高其力学性能,本文将传统细化剂Al-Ti-B与RE复合添加到铝锌镁合金中,借助于XRD、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸实验等测试方法研究了不同细化剂对Al7Zn2.4Mg合金组织及其力学性能的影响.试验结果表明,合金中加入Al-5Ti-B和Al-Zr-Er后细化效果明显,单独添加Al-Ti-B的细化效果最好,但仍有少部分的晶粒保留的树枝晶形态.随着Al-Ti-B和Al-Zr-Er添加量的增多,合金的晶粒发生明显变化,塑性也随之增加,其中,添加0.4wt.%Al-5Ti-B细化剂对合金的塑性影响最大,而抗拉强度呈先增大后减小的趋势,复合添加0.2wt.%Al-2Zr-Er和0.2wt.%Al-5Ti-B细化剂的合金晶粒圆整且未出现树枝晶,晶界析出物最少平均抗拉强度最高.Al-Ti-B和Al-Zr-Er均可细化铸态铝锌镁合金的晶粒,同时添加两种细化剂更有利于提高合金的综合力学性能.     

Influence of Ti,B and Sr on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy

In the present investigation, the microstructural and mechanical properties study of A356 alloy have been discussed. The microstructural aspect of cast A356 alloy employed in the present study is strongly dependent on the grain refinement (Ti and B) and modification (Sr). The mechanical properties such as PS, UTS, %E, %R, YM and VHN have been investigated. This paper deals with the combined effect of grain refinement and modification, which improves the overall mechanical properties of the alloy. It is also a well-known fact that the mechanical properties of cast A356 alloy were improved by subjecting suitable melt treatment such as grain refinement, modification and mould vibration, etc. The quality of castings and their properties can be achieved by refining of α-Al dendrites in A356 alloy by means of the addition of elements such as Ti and B which reduces the size of α-Al dendrites, which otherwise solidifies with coarse columnar α-Al dendritic structure. In addition, modification is normally adopted to achieve improved mechanical properties. Metallographic studies reveal that the structure changes from coarse columnar dendrites to fine equiaxed ones on the addition of grain refiner and further, plate like eutectic silicon to fine particles on addition of 0.20% of Al–10Sr modifier. The present result shows that a reduction in the size of α-Al dendrites, modification of eutectic Si and improvement in the mechanical properties were observed with the addition of grain refiner Al–3Ti, Al–3B and modifier Al–10Sr either individual addition or in combination. The change in the microstructure from coarse columnar α-Al dendrites to fine equiaxed dendrites and plate like eutectic silicon to rounded particles leads to improved mechanical properties.     

Comparation about efficiency of Al–10Sr and Mg–10Sr master alloys to grain refinement of AZ31 magnesium alloy

In the article, the effects of Al–10Sr and Mg–10Sr master alloys on the grain refinement of AZ31 magnesium alloy, are compared and analyzed. The results indicate that adding Al–10Sr or Mg–10Sr master alloys to AZ31 magnesium alloy could effectively reduce its grain size, but the refinement efficiency of Mg–10Sr master alloys is higher than that of the Al–10Sr master alloys. In addition, for a given melt holding time, the refinement efficiency of the two master alloys respectively increase with Sr adding amount increasing from 0 to 0.1 wt%, and the increasing laws are similar. For a given Sr adding amount, the refinement efficiency of Al–10Sr mater alloy gradually increases with the melt holding time increasing from 20 to 80 min, but its changing is not obvious for the Mg–10Sr mater alloy. The difference of refinement efficiency for the Al–10Sr and Mg–10Sr master alloys might be related to the dissolution modes and rates of Al₄Sr and Mg₁₇Sr₂ phases in the melt of AZ31 magnesium alloy.     

Investigation of the grain refining performance of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy on the recycling process of A356 alloy

In this paper, the grain refining performance of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy on the recycled A356 alloy is investigated using the macrostructure examination and chemical analysis. Results show that Al-5Ti-1B is composed of the dispersion of blocky TiAl₃ particles and mixtures of small TiAl₃ and TiB₂ particles. Both particles refine grain structures of A356 alloy. As the initial recycling process proceeds, A356 alloy still exhibits fine structures. However, during the subsequent recycling process, the grain size of A356 alloy become larger. The concentration of titanium and boron decreases with increasing the number of recycling, especially in the subsequent recycling process. It is proposed that recycling of refined A356 can best be conducted in the initial recycling process and then additional grain refiner needs to be added to maintain the grain refining performance for the continuous recycling process of A356 alloy.     

Al-5Ti-B及RE对挤压铸造7075铝合金传动空心轴组织和性能的影响

本文采用挤压铸造的方法制备了7075铝合金传动空心轴,研究了Al-5Ti-B及RE对挤压铸造7075铝合金铸件微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明：未加入细化剂的合金晶粒大小约为50μm,拉伸强度为454 MPa;加入0.29%RE的合金和1%A1-5Ti-B的合金,晶粒尺寸分别了减小到26μm和25μm,拉伸强度分别提...     

Microstructures and modification performance of melt-spun Al-10 Sr alloy

The microstructures of Al-10 Sr alloy quenched at various wheel speeds have been investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental results show that the microstructures of melt-spun Al-10 Sr alloy are quite different from those of ingot-like alloy consisting of coarse plate-like Al₄Sr embedded in the eutectic matrix. For lower wheel speeds of 500 and 1000 rpm, the microstructure is composed of nanoscale particle-like Al₄Sr embedded in -Al solid solution. With wheel speeds exceeding 1500 rpm, the formation of primary Al₄Sr phase is completely suppressed and the eutectic microstructure consisting of alternate dark and bright zones is obtained. Eutectic Al₄Sr in dark zones is stripe-like and irregular blocky, while regular stripe-like in bright zones, about 10–20 nm in width. Furthermore, modification tests indicate that the modification performance of melt-spun Al-10 Sr alloy is much better than that of ingot-like alloy, reducing the amount of Sr addition and greatly shortening the incubation time. The reasons for the formation of microstructures and the improvement of modification performance of melt-spun Al-10 Sr master alloy have also been discussed.     

Influence of boron on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-11.6Si-0.4Mg casting alloy modified with strontium

Abstract

The influence of the addition of Al-1B master alloy on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-11.6%Si-0.4%Mg alloy modified with 0.030%Sr has been investigated. The mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of the alloys as cast and after T6 heat treatment with three different melt treatments (no treatment; 0.030%Sr modifying treatment; and 0.030%Sr + 0.028%B combined melt treatment) were also compared. Al-1B master alloy has a strong action in refining the dendritic structure in near eutectic Al-Si casting alloys modified with Sr. The Sr+B combined melt treatment can improve considerably the mechanical properties of the alloys, both as cast and after T6 heat treatment. Fracture modes of the alloys with the Sr modifying treatment and the Sr+B combined melt treatment are typically ductile. However, fractographs indicate that the alloy with combined melt treatment suffered greater ductile deformation before fracture. The Sr+B combined melt treatment significantly improves the mechanical properties of near eutectic Al-Si casting alloys.     

高温熔体反应法制备Al-5Ti-1B细化剂

利用高温熔体反应法成功制备Al-5Ti-1B细化剂。通过热力学计算,确定Al-5Ti-1B细化剂的起始反应温度,研究熔体温度对细化剂组织形貌及吸收率的影响。利用X射线衍射,扫描电子显微镜和X射线能谱仪观察细化剂的相组成和形貌,同时对Al-5Ti-1B细化剂铸锭进行高温挤压,并对挤压出的Ф9.5mm丝材进行微观组织分析和细化实验。结果表明:细化剂主要由TiB_2,TiAl_3,α-Al相组成;850℃制备的细化剂铸锭组织形貌最佳,且Ti和B吸收率达到最佳匹配。挤压后TiAl3相呈细小的块状和TiB_2弥散分布在基体内。添加0.2%(质量分数)细化剂后,纯铝的晶粒尺寸由3.99mm细化到0.45mm。     

Sb对Mg-5Al-2Sr合金组织和性能的影响

采用表面活性元素Sb微合金化的方法制备了Mg-5Al-2Sr-xSb(x=0,0.3,0.6,1.0)合金,通过金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和力学性能测试等方法研究了Sb含量对Mg-5Al-2Sr合金微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,Mg-5Al-2Sr-xSb合金铸态组织主要由枝晶α-Mg、沿晶界或分布在枝晶间的层状或离异共晶的Al4Sr相、块状三元Mg9Al3Sr相(τ相)和颗粒状SbSr2相组成,随着Sb含量的增加,Sb-Sr2相的数量逐渐增多,τ相逐渐减少.Sb的质量分数为0.6%时,断续分布的Al4Sr相和细小弥散分布的Sb-Sr2相能够提高Mg-5Al-2Sr合金的室温和高温(150℃)机械性能.     

Influence of melt treatments and polished CVD diamond coated insert on cutting force and surface integrity in turning of Al-7Si and Al-7Si-2.5Cu cast alloys

The microstructures, machinability and surface characteristics of Al-7Si and Al-7Si-2.5Cu cast alloys were studied after various melt treatments like grain refinement and modification. The results indicate that combined grain refined and modified Al-7Si-2.5Cu cast alloys have microstructures consisting of uniformly distributed α-Al grains, eutectic Al-silicon and fine CuAl₂ particles in the interdendritic region. These alloys exhibited better machinability and surface characteristics in the cast condition compared with the same alloy subjected to only grain refinement or modification. Performances of the turning inserts (uncoated and polished CVD diamond coated) were evaluated in machining Al-7Si and Al-7Si-2.5Cu cast alloys under dry environment using a lathe. The polished CVD diamond coated insert outperformed the uncoated cutting insert which suffered from sizeable edge buildup leading to higher cutting force and poor surface finish. The polished CVD diamond coated insert shows a very small steady wear without flaking of the diamond film during cutting. This paper attempts to investigate the influence of grain refinement, modification and combined action of both on the microstructural changes in the Al-7Si and Al-7Si-2.5Cu cast alloys and their machinability and surface finish when different turning inserts are used.     

Al-5Ti-0.25C细化剂对2024铝合金组织及力学性能的影响

研究了Al-5Ti-0.25C细化剂对2024铝合金铸态显微组织及力学性能的影响。试验结果表明:未添加细化剂时,2024铝合金显微组织呈粗大的枝晶状,平均尺寸约为150μm;添加Al-5Ti-0.25C后,晶粒为细小的等轴晶。本试验条件下,最佳的细化剂添加量为0.3%,此时,2024铝合金的平均晶粒尺寸为56μm,其力学性能得到显著提高,抗拉强度和延伸率分别为382 MPa、2.60%,与未细化试样相比增幅分别为12.4%、69.9%。     

Study on the grain refinement of A356 alloy by Al–3 wt-% VN master alloy

ABSTRACT

A novel Al–3?wt-% VN master alloy, mainly consisting of α-Al and VN phases, was successfully prepared by stir casting. The grain refinement performance of the master alloy on A356 alloy was then investigated. The results showed that the α-Al grain size of A356 alloy refined by Al–3?wt-% VN master alloy was 350?±?95?µm while that of A356 alloy treated by traditional Al–5Ti–B master alloy was 570?±?105?µm. Moreover, for A356 alloy with Al–3?wt-% VN addition, the good grain refining efficiency did not fade significantly within 30?min. The effectiveness of grain refinement might be attributed to VN particles, which acted as the heterogeneous nuclei of α-Al grains. Owing to the refinement strengthening, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation of A356 alloy were improved.     

Effect of grain refiner on the tensile and impact properties of Al–Si–Mg cast alloys

The present study aims to investigate the influence of the addition of Ti and B in the form of five different grain refiners/aluminium master alloys (Al–10%Ti, Al–5%Ti–1%B, Al–2.5%Ti–2.5%B, Al–1.7%Ti–1.4%B and Al–4%B) in conjunction with that of Sr (as modifier) added in the form of Al–10%Sr master alloy to A356.2 alloy. Grain refinement of an A356.2 alloy with Ti and B additions in the ranges of 0.02–0.5% and 0.01–0.5%, respectively, was examined using these different types of grain refiners. Strontium additions of 30 and 200 ppm were made. All alloys were T6-heat treated before mechanical testing. Tensile and impact tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of the interaction between grain refiner and modifier on the mechanical properties. The properties were determined for both the as-cast and heat-treated conditions.     

Effect of melt treatment on microstructure and impact properties of Al-7Si and Al-7Si-2.5Cu cast alloys

The microstructures and impact toughness of Al-7Si and Al-7Si-2.5Cu cast alloys were studied after various melt treatments like grain refinement and modification. The results indicate that combined grain refined and modified Al-7Si-2.5Cu alloys have microstructures consisting of uniformly distributed α-Al grains, interdendritic network of fine eutectic silicon and fine CuAl₂ particles in the interdendritic region. These alloys exhibited improved impact toughness in as cast condition when compared to those treated by individual addition of grain refiner or modifier. The improved impact toughness of Al-7Si-2.5Cu alloys are related to breakage of the large aluminum grains and uniform distribution of eutectic silicon and fine CuAl₂ particles in the interdendritic region resulting from combined refinement and modification. This paper attempts to investigate the influence of microstructural changes in the Al-7Si and Al-7Si-2.5Cu cast alloys by grain refinement, modification and combined action of both on the impact toughness.     

抗Zr“中毒”Al-Ti-B-C中间合金对7050铝合金力学性能的影响

通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM),X射线衍射仪(XRD),能量色谱仪(EDS)分析Al-5Ti-1B,Al-4Ti-1C和Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C中间合金的微观组织与物相组成,比较研究3种中间合金对7050铝合金晶粒尺寸与力学性能的影响。结果表明:Zr的存在削弱了Al-5Ti-1B和Al-4Ti-1C中间合金的细化效果,而对Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C中间合金细化效果影响较小。含掺杂型TiC粒子的Al-5Ti-0.8B-0.2C中间合金具有较好的抗Zr"中毒"能力,加入量为0.2%(质量分数,下同)时,含Zr7050铝合金平均晶粒尺寸由200μm细化至(60±5)μm,室温极限抗拉强度由405MPa提高到515MPa,提高了27.2%,伸长率由2.1%提高到4.1%。而加入0.2%的Al-5Ti-1B或Al-4Ti-1C中间合金时晶粒尺寸较粗大且分布不均匀,表现出明显的细化"中毒"。