微富氧条件下煤粉燃烧及NO生成特性的研究

利用热重分析技术对微富氧条件下煤粉的燃烧特性进行了研究,并与富氧条件下煤粉的燃烧特性进行了对比,利用固定床测定了燃煤NO的生成规律,分析了反应气氛和煤种的影响．结果表明：随着氧体积分数增加,微富氧条件下煤粉的燃烧向低温区移动,综合燃烧特性指数S逐渐增大;在相同的氧体积分数下,由于N2和CO2的物性差异,煤粉的微富氧燃烧特性优于富氧燃烧特性,但当氧体积分数升高到40％时,两种气氛的燃烧特性差别不大;反应气氛和煤种均对燃料氮的转化率影响显著;氧体积分数升高或N2的参与会使反应温度上升,影响燃料氮的转化率;煤的挥发分和元素氮的质量分数也会影响燃料氮的转化率．     

基于O2/CO2气氛的煤粉燃烧性能研究

采用热重分析法研究富氧燃烧(O_2/CO_2)气氛、O_2体积分数和煤粉活性对褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤3种煤粉燃烧性能的影响,并进行分温度区间的燃烧反应动力学分析。结果表明:褐煤和无烟煤发生非均相着火,烟煤发生均相-非均相着火;相比空气气氛,O_2体积分数相同的O_2/CO_2气氛下煤粉的着火温度和燃尽温度升高,燃尽时间延长;在O_2/CO_2气氛下,当O_2体积分数增大时,煤粉着火温度和燃尽温度降低,燃尽时间缩短;相同气氛下,煤粉活性显著影响其着火和燃尽;根据综合燃烧特性指数判断,增大O_2体积分数显著改善了煤粉的燃尽特性;在低温区,煤粉燃烧属于0.3级反应,在高温区则为1～2.5级反应。     

一次氧化剂O_2体积分数对富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离影响的数值模拟

对40kW同轴射流富氧煤粉燃烧试验系统进行数值模拟,研究了在总体O2体积分数和氧化剂过量系数一定的条件下,不同一次氧化剂O2体积分数对同轴射流富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离的影响,分析了低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧煤粉着火及火焰稳定性.结果表明:在总体O2体积分数为40%和氧化剂过量系数为1.15的条件下,当一次氧化剂O2体积分数为20.9%时,着火距离较小,为附着火焰;当一次氧化剂O2体积分数减小至14.6%、10.0%和5.5%时,着火距离明显增大,着火延迟,为分离火焰;适当提高二次氧化剂预热温度有利于低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧的煤粉着火及火焰稳定.     

一次氧化剂O2体积分数对富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离影响的数值模拟

对40 kW同轴射流富氧煤粉燃烧试验系统进行数值模拟,研究了在总体O2体积分数和氧化剂过量系数一定的条件下,不同一次氧化剂O2体积分数对同轴射流富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离的影响,分析了低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧煤粉着火及火焰稳定性.结果表明:在总体O2体积分数为40％和氧化剂过量系数为1.15的条件下,当一次氧化剂O2体积分数为20.9％时,着火距离较小,为附着火焰;当一次氧化剂O2体积分数减小至14.6％、10.0％和5.5％时,着火距离明显增大,着火延迟,为分离火焰;适当提高二次氧化剂预热温度有利于低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧的煤粉着火及火焰稳定.     

富氧煤粉气流着火机理的实验研究

针对环境氧浓度发生变化时,煤粉气流的反应动力学级数和机理都会发生变化的情况,采用一维火焰炉对神木烟煤在富氧条件下的着火机理进行了实验研究.结果表明:采用着火时烟气中CO和CO2体积分数的变化规律来判断煤粉气流的着火是可行的;当环境中氧气体积分数从21%升高到40%时,神木烟煤的着火完成了从均相着火向多相着火的转变,同时随着着火温度的降低,着火时刻烟气中热解产物的含量迅速降低.     

低氧稀释条件下不同煤种着火燃烧特性实验研究

在平面火焰煤粉燃烧实验系统上研究了O2/CO2气氛中不同热协流温度(1473～1873 K)和氧气体积分数(5％～20％)下神木西烟煤、长平贫煤和济源无烟煤煤粉的着火和燃烧特性.采用光纤光谱仪和CMOS相机分别获取了煤粉燃烧的火焰辐射光谱和火焰图像,比较了不同燃烧条件下不同煤种的煤粉着火距离、颗粒温度和颗粒温度波动系数.结果 表明:随着热协流氧气体积分数的减小,煤粉火焰长度和着火距离增加,颗粒平均温度下降,颗粒温度波动系数减小;煤粉挥发分质量分数越高,颗粒温度波动系数越小,颗粒温度分布越均匀;在热协流温度为1473 K、氧气体积分数为5％的条件下,神木西烟煤的煤粉颗粒温度波动系数为2.0％,比济源无烟煤低70％,更易于实现煤粉的低氧稀释燃烧.     

掺混比对半焦与烟煤混合燃烧及NO_x排放特性影响的试验研究

在350 kW中试煤粉锅炉上研究了热解半焦掺混比对神华烟煤与神木半焦混合燃烧时着火特性、燃尽特性以及NO_x排放特性的影响,测量了不同轴向位置处炉膛温度以及O_2体积分数、CO体积分数和NO_x质量浓度等参数。结果表明:随着掺混比的增大,着火性能变差,着火距离增加且着火温度升高,主燃烧区出口NO_x质量浓度逐渐增大;采用EGA气体释放法分析燃料着火点时,CO释放法对掺混比为60%和100%的燃料适合,NO_x释放法在分析高挥发分烟煤的着火时效果更好;纯半焦燃烧时燃尽率最低,掺混高挥发分烟煤对整体燃尽有较大改善。     

基于富氧燃烧的超高温火焰点火实验研究

为应对火电机组锅炉内燃式点火燃烧器存在的结焦和烧损问题,提出了一种基于富氧燃烧的超高温火焰点火方法。利用热态实验的方法研究了超高温火焰发生器在纯氧条件下的着火特性,重点分析了火焰特征与氧气体积流量的内在联系,提出外燃式富氧-煤粉燃烧器模型,并通过实验研究了该燃烧器点燃贫煤煤粉气流的实际情况,分析了给煤量和氧气体积分数对煤粉燃烧的影响。结果表明:在纯氧助燃条件下,超高温火焰发生器能够产生温度高达1 970℃的眩白色燃油火焰;本方法产生的煤粉火焰的最高温度达到947℃,煤粉气流的最佳煤粉浓度为0.35 kg/kg,最佳氧气体积分数范围为33%～37%。     

增压富氧鼓泡床的NO生成特性

搭建小型增压富氧燃烧鼓泡床试验台,以试验结果为基础结合偏最小二乘法对增压富氧燃煤NO生成特性进行了研究和分析.试验结果表明,压力对NO排放规律的影响与反应气氛中的氧体积分数有关.在增压空气燃烧时,随着系统总压的升高,燃烧过程中NO的生成量有明显降低,但在增压富氧燃烧时,系统总压升高后,燃煤NO生成量反而逐渐增加.分析显示,在加压燃烧过程中,挥发分燃烧速率增加对煤粉热解的促进作用与CO和焦炭对NO的还原作用共同决定了燃煤NO的生成特性.在低氧气体积分数时,系统总压升高后CO和焦炭对NO的还原作用强于燃料氮的氧化作用,导致燃料氮的NO转化率逐渐下降,但是在高氧体积分数时,系统总压升高后,快速燃烧的挥发分使得挥发分氮的释放和转化强于CO和焦炭的还原作用,导致燃料氮的NO转化率逐渐增加.     

废轮胎热解半焦的单颗粒燃烧特性实验研究

在单颗粒燃烧系统上研究了废旧轮胎热解半焦颗粒的燃烧特性，并探究了温度与颗粒粒径对燃烧的具体影响．结果表明，半焦颗粒在850℃及以下燃烧时经历挥发分析出及着火、挥发分燃烧、焦炭着火及焦炭燃烧4个阶段，在机理上属于典型的均质着火机理；在950℃以上时，焦炭着火早于挥发分着火，其着火机理转变为联合着火．此外，温度升高会缩短半焦颗粒着火时间等特征时间，而半焦颗粒粒径的增加则会增大挥发分火焰的体积并显著延迟焦炭的着火时间．研究结果为高效清洁利用轮胎衍生燃料提供了一定的基础研究数据．     

煤粉再燃过程中最佳停留时间的实验研究

采用实验研究了煤粉再燃过程中停留时间与氧浓度影响脱硝效率的依赖关系,发现最佳停留时间与煤粉着火状态有直接关联。在再燃温度及氧浓度较低时,煤粉尚未着火,同相脱硝作用在整个脱硝反应中占优,最佳停留时间与烟气中碳氢化合物的消耗速率有关。随着再燃区氧浓度进一步上升,挥发分着火,大量挥发分被燃烧反应消耗掉,最佳停留时间与挥发分着火时间基本吻合,过多延长停留时间对脱硝没有实际意义。氧浓度更高时煤焦被挥发分的燃烧热引燃,颗粒大幅升温,煤焦的异相脱硝作用在总体脱硝作用中开始占优,并随停留时间延长持续上升,此时最佳停留时间的确定应与煤粉燃尽一起来考虑。     

Thermal analysis and kinetics of coal during oxy-fuel combustion

The pyrolysis and oxy-fuel combustion characteristics of Polish bituminous coal were studied using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. Pyrolysis tests showed that the mass loss profiles were almost similar up to 870℃ in both N_2 and CO_2 atmospheres, while further mass loss occurred in CO_2 atmosphere at higher temperatures due to char-CO_2 gasification. Replacement of N_2 in the combustion environment by CO_2 delayed the combustion of bituminous coal. At elevated oxygen levels, TG/DTG profiles shifted through lower temperature zone, ignition and burnout temperatures decreased and mass loss rate significantly increased and complete combustion was achieved at lower temperatures and shorter times. Kinetic analysis for the tested coal was performed using Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS) method. The activation energies of bituminous coal combustion at the similar oxygen content in oxy-fuel with that of air were higher than that in air atmosphere. The results indicated that, with O_2 concentration increasing, the activation energies decreased.     

低氧气氛下煤粉燃烧特性及动力学

采用热重分析仪研究了不同煤粉在烟气气氛下的燃烧特性,考虑了升温速率和氧气浓度对燃烧特性的影响。研究结果表明:低氧条件、高升温速率下,煤粉的TG、DTG曲线均向高温区靠近,燃烧速率变慢,燃尽时间增长;改变氧气浓度和升温速率对煤的着火温度影响不大,在一定氧浓度(5%~15%)范围内,高水分低阶煤采用烟气干燥输送的制粉系统,能满足其安全性要求;氧气浓度和升温速率主要对煤的燃烧阶段产生影响,随着升温速率的升高和氧浓度的降低,燃尽温度明显升高,且氧浓度对燃烧特征参数的影响大于升温速率的影响。此外,采用Coats-Redfern积分法对煤粉在程序升温过程中的燃烧反应做了相应的动力学分析。结果表明:氧气浓度和升温速率的变化均对活化能产生影响,且随着氧气浓度的降低,煤阶对活化能的影响逐渐减弱。     

Experimental study on ignition and combustion of coal-rice husk blends pellets in air and oxy-fuel conditions

The ignition and combustion characteristics of anthracite-rice husk (AC-RH) and bituminous coal-rice husk (BC-RH) pellets were investigated in a vertical heating tube furnace under different experimental condition, for gas temperature (873 K–1073 K) and under air and different oxygen concentration (21–70%) in CO₂/O₂ atmosphere. The investigation of the ignition and combustion characteristics focused on ignition mechanism, ignition delay, ignition temperature and combustion process. AC-RH pellets had two ignition mechanism in CO2/O2 atmosphere: homogeneous ignition of volatile and heterogeneous ignition of char. Heterogeneous ignition region decreased while homogeneous ignition increased as rice husk blending ratio increased in oxygen concentration-gas temperature plane. Only homogeneous ignition was observed when rice husk blending ratio was 30%. As for BC-RH pellets, only homogeneous ignition occurred in all experimental conditions. The effect of the rice husk blending on the anthracite was more pronounced than the bituminous coal for ignition mechanism. As oxygen concentration increased, a significant reduction in ignition delay and ignition temperature was observed at low rice husk blending ratio and low gas temperature. but at 1073 K, high oxidizer temperature weakened the effect of biomass blending and oxygen concentration on ignition delay and ignition temperature. Meanwhile, at 20% and 30% rice husk blending ratio, it also weakened the effect of oxygen concentration and oxidizer temperature on ignition delay and ignition temperature. In contrast, blending ratio had a more significant effect on ignition behavior. The replacement of N₂ by CO₂ at the same oxygen concentration contributed to an increase in ignition delay time and internal ignition temperature, which suppressed the ignition behavior. Different ignition mechanisms corresponded to different combustion processes.     

多联产半焦燃烧特性的热重研究

利用热重分析仪对热-电-气-焦油多联产工艺中煤干馏半焦的燃烧特性进行了分析,采用可燃性指数Kr、燃烧特性指数S、燃烧稳定性指数Rw、燃尽特性指数Cb及样品反应活化能考察了干馏温度对半焦燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:随着干馏温度的升高,半焦的着火性能、燃烧稳定性及总体燃烧性能变差,燃尽性能变佳,燃烧活化能增加;半焦的燃烧反应可用一级反应来描述,4种半焦的活化能在88.72～112.83 kJ/mol范围内.     

褐煤混煤燃烧特性的热重分析法研究

利用热重分析法对三种褐煤及其混煤的热解、着火和燃尽等燃烧特笥及其活化能进行了研究。试验结果表明,混煤中的单一煤种在混煤燃烧过程中基本保持各自的着火和燃尽特性;而其热解特性和活化能与掺混比例有关。提出了能够表征单煤及混煤燃烧性能的综合燃烧特性指数SN。     

The effect of wood biomass blending with pulverized coal on combustion characteristics under oxy-fuel condition

In this study, combustion from the co-firing of coal and wood biomass, and thermal characteristics such as ignition temperature, burn-out temperature, and activation energy were discussed using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). We investigated the effects of biomass blending with two kinds of pulverized coal (bituminous Shenhua, and sub-bituminous Adaro) under air and oxy-fuel conditions. The coal fraction in the blended samples was set to 1, 0.8, and 0.5. The oxygen fraction in the oxidant was set to 0.21, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.8. The ignition temperature was governed by the fuel composition, particularly in the blended biomass which has a much higher content of volatile matter comparing to coal. However, the burnout temperature, which shows a strong relationship with char combustion, depended on the oxidant ingredients rather than on the fuel components. Thermal characteristics such as ignition, burnout temperature, reaction region, and heat flow were very similar between air and a 0.3 oxygen concentration under oxy-fuel conditions with Shenhua coal.     

Combustion of particles in a large pulverized brown coal flame

A model of the ignition of a polydisperse cloud of brown coal particles, in a known gas environment, is presented and used to predict the behavior of the particles in a burner jet of a utility boiler. The model allows for drying, devolatilization, and char combustion of the particles. It is assumed that the volatiles burn in the free stream so that char combustion can occur during volatiles evolution, the diffusion of oxygen to the particle surface being inhibited due to the net outflow of volatiles. The model is used to calculate the behavior of a cloud of p.f. size particles along the centerline of a brown coal burner jet in which the gas temperature and composition have been measured. Rates of volatile release and char combustion are calculated and shown to be in agreement with measurements of volatile material in the flame. It is found that particles smaller than about 80 μm contribute most to the ignition of the jet and that they closely follow the local gas temperature. The unique character of brown coal of combustion, its high volatile evolution on rapid heating, the high activity of its char at low temperature, and the demonstrated ignition of its char without a jump in temperature make the overlap of devolatilization and char combustion more likely than with other coals. The mathematical formulation that allows this overlap gives oxygen consumption levels consistent with measurement. An analysis is made of the relative importance of radiation from the flame front to the particle, and entrainment of hot combustion gases into the jet. It is found that the radiation is of secondary importance compared to the effect of entrainment which is the controlling mechanism in the initial heating of the particles. Also, the significance of the assumption that the volatiles burn in the free stream is discussed.     

炭黑非催化燃烧特性的固定床实验研究

含碳燃料在还原气氛下燃烧会生成炭黑，在动力设备的燃烧装置中，炭黑的后期氧化对污染控制是非常重要的。利用石英管固定床反应器对天然气扩散火焰中生成的炭黑在不同氧浓度下（20％、15％、10％和5％）的燃烧特性进行了研究，并选用了蜡烛炭黑、丁烷炭黑和煤焦作为对比。根据实验中得出的燃烧特性，与煤焦相比，炭黑的着火温度较低，但是炭黑的燃烧活化能相对更高。氧浓度对各试样着火温度影响不大，而却影响各试样燃烧过程。还进行了水蒸汽对天然气炭黑燃烧的影响研究，水蒸汽能引起炭黑燃烧速率的显著增大。图9参12     

运行参数对锅炉煤粉着火燃烧和飞灰含碳量影响的数值研究

为了达到锅炉的优化运行以保证煤粉气流及时着火和充分燃尽，采用IPSA两相流动模型和煤粉燃烧综合模型，在不同的一次风率和煤粉细度的工况下，对1台350MW锅炉煤粉燃烧过程进行了数值模拟，得出了炉内燃烧器区域以及出口处烟气温度场和燃烧产物的组分浓度分布。分析了一次风率和煤粉细度对煤粉着火燃烧和飞灰含碳量的影响规律，并确定了优化的运行参数。结果表明：一次风率对煤粉气流的着火影响较大，而对出口处烟气温度、氧量以及飞灰含碳量影响较小。煤粉细度对煤粉气流的着火、燃烧以及燃尽均有较大影响。图8表2参9