曲轴连杆颈圆度误差的测量与评定方法研究

曲轴轴颈圆度是评价曲轴合格性和加工精度的一项重要指标。针对曲轴综合测量过程中连杆轴颈沿主轴颈公转运动,导致连杆轴颈的检测数据无法直接用于圆度误差评定的问题,建立基于运动坐标系的圆度误差检测模型,实现了连杆轴颈检测数据转换处理。同时,深入分析用于圆度误差评定的3种最小二乘法的适用条件,结合采样数据的特点实现了连杆轴颈圆度误差的高精度检测。以某型号发动机曲轴为例进行大样本误差检测试验,并与最小区域评定结果进行对比,偏差在1μm以内。数据分析表明了所提出的曲轴连杆轴颈圆度误差检测方法理论上的正确性及工程实践的可行性。     

数控曲轴铣床加工发动机曲轴实例

我厂在小松公司GPM900B-2型曲轴数控铣床上加工从德国引进B/F8L413F型风冷发动机的主轴轴颈、连杆轴颈和卵形轮廓曲臂外圆(附带加工曲臂端面),如图1所示。铣刀主轴转速36r/min,刀盘直径920mm,切削速度104m/min,最大进给速度2400mm/min;工件主轴转速0～5r/min。一根曲轴毛坯整个铣削(一次完成精加工)过程只需40min左右。到目前为止,在该机床上已加工出曲轴4000余根,与传统加工方法比较,经济效益相当显著(详见表1)。 图2是曲轴装夹和同时加工主轴轴颈及连杆轴颈示意。由图可以看出各个曲臂的分度情况(90°分度),曲轴绕回转中心转一周即可…     

汽车发动机曲轴连杆轴颈圆度临床测量的研究

本文根据三点法和两点法误差分离理论，给出了汽车发动机曲轴连杆轴颈圆度测量的新方法，为在ＭＢ８２６０曲轴磨床上实现连杆轴颈圆度误差的临床测量，设计并制作了一套临床测量系统，在此基础上进行了一些初步的试验研究，试验结果表明，在车间条件下临床测量曲轴连杆轴颈的圆芳误差是行之有效的。     

曲轴的数控铣削粗加工

曲轴适合于数控铣削加工(当然轴颈还需磨削),装夹方式见图1。现以X轴为工件回转轴,Y轴为主轴铣刀盘进给轴,Z轴为连杆轴颈或曲臂外圆铣刀盘进给轴,编制主轴轴颈、连杆轴颈和曲臂外圆的加工程序。在编程中以X、Y、Z轴负向为进给方向,尺寸以G91方式编制,长度单位0.01mm,角度单位0.01°(机床专用子程序除外)。一、主轴轴颈程序主轴轴颈相对工件回转中心剖面为同心圆。可使用切入铣削加回转铣削法或阿基米德螺线(以下简称阿线)铣削加回转铣削法。在使用前法时,可先编程     

曲轴的高效加工

曲轴粗加工广泛采用数控车床、数控内铣床、数控车拉床等对主轴颈、连杆轴颈进行数控车削、内铣削、车一拉削加工,以有效减少曲轴加工的变形量。曲轴精加工广泛采用NC控制的曲轴磨床对其轴颈进行精磨加工。玉柴机器股份有限公司对六缸柴油发动机曲轴主轴轴颈和连杆轴颈粗加工采用车一车拉工艺,精加工采用精磨工艺。由于使用的机床为多动力头,控制系统采用多通道数控,因此精度高、效率高。     

精密曲轴连杆颈磨削加工技术的研究

汽车发动机曲轴结构复杂,加工要求高,保证连杆轴颈的各项技术要求是曲轴加工的关键。分析了连杆轴颈的主要技术要求和工艺,巧妙设计了精磨连杆轴颈夹具,并基于Pro/E软件行为建模技术对精磨连杆轴颈夹具的静平衡配重进行了设计,实现了用普通曲轴磨床磨削精密汽车曲轴,为企业取得了良好的经济效益。     

圆度补偿在曲轴磨床上的应用

以曲轴磨削加工表面形状误差为研究对象,针对曲轴工件自身刚性极差,在装夹应力、磨削作用力因素影响下,对在加工过程中其弹性变形对连杆颈圆度误差而产生的圆度问题进行探讨,重点论述磨床圆度补偿功能对曲轴加工质量作用。     

基于误差转换的汽车曲轴圆度及圆柱度误差评价数学模型构建研究

针对国内汽车曲轴轴颈圆度误差、圆柱度误差检测普遍存在的效率低、精度低等问题,建立基于误差转换的平面曲线和空间曲线误差数学模型,结合圆和圆柱的数学表达建立满足最小包容条件的圆度和圆柱度误差评定数学模型,并采用遗传优化算法计算出符合最小评定要求的曲轴轴颈形位误差,解决了理想包容要素位姿参数不精确的问题。同时,建立基于图像域的汽车曲轴轴颈形状误差检测试验台,针对测量过程中连杆轴颈沿主轴颈公转运动,从而导致连杆轴颈图像域检测数据存在坐标不归一问题,以曲轴法兰端特征孔为基准,通过模板匹配特征与孔边缘提取实现了连杆轴颈圆度和圆柱度测量数据空间坐标归一化处理。以某型号发动机曲轴为例进行大样本误差检测试验,并与三坐标测量机测得的结果进行对比,数据分析表明提出的曲轴轴颈形状误差检测方法的精度为1μm,且重复检测误差在0.1μm以内,证明了其理论上的正确性及实践操作的可行性。     

异型配重铁曲轴连杆颈车削夹具的设计与应用

S-217曲轴连杆颈车床是车削曲轴连杆颈主要设备之一.对称型配重铁曲轴连杆颈的加工,其圆周方向的定位一般是铣削末端配重铁边缘形成一平面加以定位.对于非对称型配重铁曲轴连杆颈的加工,则无法采用这种方法.文章采取了一种全新的、完全脱离依赖末端配重铁办法,首先在末端弧顶处铣一平面加以定位加工曲轴第1、6连杆颈(6拐曲轴),然后再以第6连杆颈外圆定位加工第2、5和3、4连杆颈.经生产实践证明,该方法定位精度高,加工过程稳定,具有很好的应用推广前景.     

国内外曲轴磨床及磨削生产线

一、国内曲轴磨床及磨削生产线 1.采用普通外圆磨床(M131、M1350)加工曲轴主轴颈,采用曲轴磨床(MQ8240、MQ8260)加工曲轴连杆轴颈,加上曲轴运载装置组成曲轴磨削生产线。 (1) 磨削曲轴轴颈时,砂轮只作横向进给(切入法)。由于横向进给磨削时砂轮作用在曲轴上的横向压力很大,为了防止曲轴的弯曲,被加工的轴颈要支承在可以调节的机械开式中心架上,边磨边调整。若中心架的支承性能不好,曲轴在弯曲的情况下磨削,会破坏被磨轴颈的同轴度并产生圆度误差,情况严重的还会在磨削时产生自激振动,破坏磨削表面质量。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Fifth International Summer School on Screw-Theory Based Methods in Robotics

正3-11 September,2014University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy www.summerscrews.org summerscrews2014.ing.unibo.it SUMMER 20SCREWS 14In 2014,our screw-theory school comes to the world's oldest university.In early September,Summer Screws'14 will gather six experts in the application of screw theory in robotics and up to 40 participants at the University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy.The school will teach attendees how to apply existing methods and empower them to develop new ones in their own research.The basic theoretical notions will be introduced in a rigorous manner,emphasizing examples,applications,and exercises.Scholarships are available.     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND VISUALISATION-A PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

Taking the actual project of teaching and researching process for example, the relationship between the industrial engineering and product development is discussed. And use the novel visualization technology to support the industrial engineering and product development. How to use the new computer modeling and simulating technologies to support the product development and industrial engineering, is introduced especially. The support includes both domestic products and industrial systems. The visualization and computer technologies take a very important role in some system or multi-direction modeling, those technologies mentioned above can help the industrial engineers study the effect of design on the whole life circle, including the producing steps. So the engineers can avoid making the wrong decision which may cause bad effects on the whole industrial engineering.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.