丹麦人工湿地技术治污的实践研究

人工湿地去除污染物的范围广泛,包括氮、磷、悬浮物、有机物、微量元素、病原体等,其对污水的处理有十分复杂的净化机理.湿地中填料、微生物、植物3者协同作用,通过物理、化学及生化反应等过程实现污水的净化.通过丹麦人工湿地技术在污水治理中的实践应用与研究,分析了该项技术在温榆河流域污水治理的适用性及功能性,以求为温榆河流域污水治理提供技术支撑.     

人工湿地系统污水净化机理及其影响因素研究

通过阐述人工湿地分类及净化污水的机理,并综合国内外人工湿地的研究进展,对影响净化效果的关键因素进行了分析。综述结果表明,人工湿地的出现和发展为净化污水提供了一条新的途径,用人工湿地净化污水也是未来污水处理领域发展的一种趋势。     

污水人工土壤植物床处理

污水湿地处理的研究始于 2 0世纪 5 0年代 ,有系统地利用湿地处理污水始于 70年代。人工湿地污水处理技术的发展主要经历了两个阶段 :①利用保持原有结构而以泥沼形式存在的天然湿地和氧化塘结合起来处理污水的阶段 ;②人工建造的、以不同粒径的砾石和豆石为滤料 ,种植一定类型有效植物的植物床 (人工土壤植物床 )处理污水并进入规模化应用的阶段。介绍了人工土壤植物床的工艺布置、人工土壤及植物在污水处理中的作用并提供了一些数据。     

水环境数学模型与人工湿地模拟

水环境数学模型这种高效、经济、简便的模拟工具有了长足的发展,欧美国家开发出QUAL,MIKE,WASP,SWM,FEFLOW等多种水环境模拟软件,并在河流、湖泊、河口、海岸等水环境预测和水污染控制中得到广泛应用。人工湿地是一种借鉴天然湿地净化污水功能的生态技术措施,近年来在世界各地逐渐得到广泛研究与应用;人工湿地数学模型与数值模拟也正在成为一项重要的研究内容。由于人工湿地处理污水技术内在机理复杂,目前尚未形成通用的人工湿地数学模型与应用程序。鉴于水环境模拟软件的广泛成功应用及模型结构的开放性,利用成熟的水环境模型工具进行人工湿地数值模拟是一种有效途径;模拟应用时需结合湿地特性对模型程序进行适用性分析、并作必要的前后处理。     

人工湿地在江西农村水环境生态治理中的应用研究

随着城镇化进程不断加快,农村水环境形势不容乐观,利用人工湿地处理污水是改善农村水环境的一种有效途径。文章介绍了国内外人工湿地生态治理技术的研究进展和应用,以江西省抚州市临川区大岗镇污水设施完善工程为典型案例进行了应用效果评估,最后给出了人工湿地在江西省农村水环境生态治理方面还处于初步推广阶段、未来研究中应进一步加强人工湿地净化能力研究等结论。     

日照市山海天污水综合治理及人工湿地修复工程介绍

面临滨海区生态系统受到水污染和生态环境破坏的压力,日照市山海天旅游度假区根据区内污水来源和自身生态环境特征,提出实施污水综合治理技术及人工湿地修复工程.该项工程技术综合性强,工程运行管理简便、费用低,在类似滨海区污水人工湿地处理具有推广意义.     

浅谈人工湿地污水处理技术

阐述了人工湿地的定义，分类和净化污水的原理，简单探讨了湿地植物的作用和人工湿地植物的选择，例举了人工湿地污水处理技术在我国的应用以及出现的一些问题。     

潜流人工湿地水力设计浅议

人工湿地水处理技术是模拟自然条件人为创建湿地,利用自然界微生物学、生物学、物理和化学过程来处理污水。在发达国家应用非常广泛。目前我国对人工湿地的设计还没有形成规范化的标准和导则。着重论述EPA人工湿地手册中潜流人工湿地的水力设计理论、步骤等,并针对其局限性提出了改进措施,以期为国内的人工湿地工程设计提供技术参考。     

人工湿地在温榆河生态治污中的实践与应用

人工湿地象天然湿地一样,起到调节生态平衡,调节微观气候环境等作用.位于温榆河上游的龙道河丹麦人工湿地技术实验点通过实践证明:人工湿地技术治污是完全可以做到既保证生物技术含量高,又保证低成本运行,达到可持续发展的目标,是实现污水资源化的有效途径之一,应该在北运河和温榆河的污水治理中广泛推广应用.     

人工湿地污水处理方式在农村污水处理工程中的应用

针对农村污水的水污染特点,因地制宜地采用人工湿地处理农村污水,通过在实际工程中的应用,发现人工湿地处理方式在广东农村污水处理中易于推广、见效快,且环境和社会效益显著。     

Winery wastewater treatment by constructed wetlands and the use of treated wastewater for cash crop production.

A 45 m long, 4 m wide and 1 m deep wetland was constructed at Goudini in 2002 to treat distillery and winery effluent. After the plants were fully established, the wastewater with an average chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 14,000 mg/l was introduced to the wetland system at a rate of 4,050 litres per day. After treatment, wastewater at the outlet had an average COD of 500 mg/l, indicating more than 90% COD removal. After treatment, the wastewater was used to irrigate cash crops as part of poverty alleviation for farm workers. The experiment consisted of four treatment: clean irrigation water with fertilizer applied (B1); clean irrigation water without fertilizer applied (B2); wastewater irrigation with fertilizer applied (B3); and wastewater irrigation without fertilizer applied (B4). These were replicated seven times. Cabbage was cultivated as a cash crop. The results indicated that cabbage could be irrigated with winery wastewater treated by wetlands. The study found that there was significant difference between treatments that were fertilized compared with those that were not fertilized. The results indicated that wastewater irrigation improved the nutritional status of the soil.     

吉林西部构建人工湿地处理污水的可行性与效益分析

本文分析了人工湿地处理污水的特点及其在吉林省西部应用的可行性。同时进行了效益分析;根据吉林西部生态环境特点。在城市及近郊地区构建人工重地,不仅可取得废水处理的环保效益,而且取得改良盐碱地、遏制湿地退化的生态、社会效益。以及废化资源用于灌溉、种植芦苇等经济作物的经济效益等。     

The reuse of treated wastewater for agricultural purposes in Nicaragua; Central America.

The first subsurface flow wetland (SSFW) system for about 1,000 PE, was constructed in Nicaragua in 1996 to apply this technology in the form of an integral project, combining the treatment of domestic wastewater with its reuse for crop production in small and medium size communities. The SSFW-effluent meets all standards established in the national regulations for wastewater reuse in agriculture, except for faecal coliforms, existent at an average concentration of 7 x 10(4) MPN/100 ml. A conventional surface irrigation method was used to irrigate different crop species selected to establish their risk of contamination. To judge the potential health risk for consumers and farmers, samples of vegetables and fruits harvested in the dry seasons of the years 1997 to 2002, were analyzed for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms like faecal coliforms, salmonella and shigella. In addition, a yield comparison between crops irrigated with well water using chemical fertilizers, and crops irrigated with the effluent of the SSFW-system was made, to analyze the economical benefits of the wastewater reuse.     

Pollutant removal in a multi-stage municipal wastewater treatment system comprised of constructed wetlands and a maturation pond, in a temperate climate

A multi-stage municipal wastewater treatment system is proposed to comply with Mexican standards for discharge into receiving water bodies. The system is located in Santa Fe de la Laguna, Mexico, an area with a temperate climate. It was designed for 2,700 people equivalent (259.2 m3/d) and consists of a preliminary treatment, a septic tank as well as two modules operating in parallel, each consisting of a horizontal subsurface-flow wetland, a maturation pond and a vertical flow polishing wetland. After two years of operation, on-site research was performed. An efficient biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (94-98%), chemical oxygen demand (91-93%), total suspended solids (93-97%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (56-88%) and fecal coliform (4-5 logs) removal was obtained. Significant phosphorus removal was not accomplished in this study (25-52%). Evapotranspiration was measured in different treatment units. This study demonstrates that during the dry season wastewater treatment by this multi-stage system cannot comply with the limits established by Mexican standards for receiving water bodies type 'C'. However, it has demonstrated the system's potential for less restrictive uses such as agricultural irrigation, recreation and provides the opportunity for wastewater treatment in rural areas without electric energy.     

Experimental study of a novel hybrid constructed wetland for water reuse and its application in Southern China

A new type of hybrid constructed wetland (CW), consisting of both vertical-baffled flow wetland (VBFW) and horizontal subsurface flow wetland (HSFW), has been deployed in Southern China to naturally accelerate the removal of organic matter and nitrogen. The hybrid CW system is characterised by a combination of continuous baffled flow vertical wetland and 'S' pattern horizontal subsurface flow wetland with natural aeration ditches to increase the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the HSFW bed. An internal circulatory system from the HSFW effluent back to the VBFW may optionally be operated to enhance the biological denitrification effect. Cyperus alternifolius is the main macrophyte in the wetland bed. The performance of the hybrid CW was studied with a pilot-scale system and three full-scale systems for municipal sewage treatment in Southern China. The results suggest that this new hybrid CW can achieve removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus of better than 83.6, 95.0, 71.7, 64.5 and 68.1% respectively, with a specific wetland bed area of 0.70-0.93 m(2) PE(-1). The mean effluent concentrations of these parameters would meet the regulatory discharge limits for wastewater treatment systems (GB18918, 2002) and reuse in the context of agricultural irrigation solutions in China.     

人工湿地在城市水污染治理中的应用

人工湿地污水处理是由相互关联的基质、植物和微生物通过物理、化学、生物过程的协同作用完成的,它只需要投入极少的人力和能源,就可以去除有机污染物、营养物质、固体悬浮物、重金属物质,实现对生活污水、面源污染径流、农田废水、二级污水处理厂出水、河道末端水进行长期稳定的净化处理。目前,该工艺在郑州和成都得到了应用,均取得了很好的效果,然而人工湿地在城市水污染治理中还存在有机质积累、占地面积大、受季节影响等问题。人工湿地是耐用而高效的系统,不断完善人工湿地的设计、性能、操作及维护,将能够更有效地改善水质。     

Waste stabilization ponds and rock filters: solutions for small communities.

In temperate climates facultative ponds and rock filters (either unaerated or, if ammonia removal is required, aerated) are a low-cost but high-performance treatment system for small rural communities. Effluent quality is suitable for surface water discharge or, in summer, for restricted crop irrigation. In tropical climates anaerobic and facultative ponds and either unaerated rock filters or, if ammonia reduction is required, subsurface horizontal-flow or vertical-flow constructed wetland, can be used if the effluents are discharged to surface waters. However, if the treated wastewater is to be used for crop irrigation, then a 3-log unit pathogen reduction by treatment in anaerobic, facultative and single maturation ponds is required for both restricted and unrestricted irrigation, provided that, in the case of unrestricted irrigation, there are in place post-treatment health-protection control measures that together provide a further 4-log unit pathogen reduction.     

Feasibility of a constructed wetland and wastewater stabilisation pond system as a sewage reclamation system for agricultural reuse in a decentralised rural area.

The performance of a constructed wetland (CW) and wastewater stabilisation pond (WSP) system for sewage reclamation and paddy rice irrigation in a decentralised rural area was examined using a feasibility study. The CW was satisfactory for sewage treatment, with good removal efficiency even in the winter period, but the effluent concentration was relatively high in the winter period owing to the high influent concentration. The CW effluent was further treated in a WSP and the WSP effluent was considered safe for crop irrigation with respect to sewage-borne pathogens. Reclaimed water irrigation did not adversely affect the yield of rice; on the contrary, it resulted in an approximately 50% greater yield than in controls. The chemical characteristics of the soil did not change significantly during the experimental period of irrigation with reclaimed water. In the winter, CW effluent could be stored and treated in a WSP until the spring; the water could then be discharged or reused for supplemental irrigation during the typical Korean spring drought. Overall, sewage treatment and agronomic reuse using a CW-WSP system could be a practical integrated sewage management measure for protecting receiving water bodies and overcoming water shortages in decentralised rural areas.     

垂直流人工湿地系统保护饮用水源的实例

简述了复合垂直流人工湿地污水处理系统专有技术的由来,并结合石岩人工湿地一期工程叙述了垂直流人工湿地的工艺原理、技术特点、植物特点、处理效果等,结果表明采用垂直流人工湿地生态污水处理系统保护饮用水源,能达到污水净化和美化环境的“双赢”目标。     

Integrated constructed wetland systems: design, operation, and performance of low-cost decentralized wastewater treatment systems.

Several different types of constructed wetland systems are being used as decentralized treatment systems including surface-flow, subsurface-flow, vertical-flow, and hybrid systems. Archetypical wetland systems have design strengths and weaknesses, and therefore it should be possible to design combined (integrated) systems to optimize a number of important treatment processes. This study provides comparative efficacy data for two integrated wetland treatment systems (IWTS) designed to enhance treatment of medium strength wastewater generated from a pilot-scale intensive fish farm. Results from the twenty eight months study included consistently high removal of COD (84% +) and ammonia nitrogen (93%) in both systems. Initially, phosphorus removal was also high (>90%) in both systems, but removal efficacy declined significantly over time. Nitrate removal was significantly better in the system that provided sequential aerobic and anoxic environments. Short hydraulic retention times coupled with sustained removal of COD and ammonia indicate that the ReCip components could be a least-cost wastewater treatment technology in the decentralized market sector.