对称式三辊矫圆工艺研究

为揭示对称式三辊矫圆原理,优化矫圆策略,对三辊矫圆工艺进行理论解析和试验研究。基于平面曲梁纯弯曲弹复方程,采用双线性简单随动强化模型,通过数学归纳法建立往复弯曲弹复曲率方程和弹复曲率统一方程。理论解析结果表明:管坯周向不同初始曲率的管壁微段在矫圆加载过程中经历多次往复弯曲湮灭了初始曲率的差异,最终使各管壁微段弹复后曲率统一。通过几何关系,建立上辊压下量、弯曲曲率半径和弹区比的定量关系,进而可实现上辊压下量的预测。三辊矫圆试验验证了对称式三辊矫圆原理。试验结果表明:随着弹区比减小,残余椭圆度逐渐减小,当弹区比接近40%时,残余椭圆度接近0.3%,远小于美国石油管道协会API 5L的规定。同时验证了在小变形范围内,残余椭圆度与初始椭圆度关系不大。     

大型管件扩径矫圆弹复分析

扩径矫圆工艺是大型直缝焊管生产过程中的重要工序之一,研究管件扩径矫圆弹复规律是合理确定扩径矫圆工艺参数的理论基础.将扩径矫圆过程按时序分为整圆、扩径、弹复三个阶段,根据其工艺特点认为整圆阶段为弹性纯弯曲过程,扩径阶段根据管壁所处的弹塑性应变状态又分为完全弹性变形、部分塑性变形和完全塑性变形三种情况,其分界点为弹性临界扩径率λ1和塑性临界扩径率λ2,借助扩径矫圆几何约束方程和弹复方程给出了不同扩径情况下弹复后管坯壁厚中心线任意一点曲率半径的表达式.通过扩径矫圆的物理模拟试验和大型直缝焊管的扩径矫圆试验,验证了理论解析结果的正确性,并从理论上揭示扩径矫圆的工艺原理和主要影响因素对弹复后形状参数的影响规律,具有重要的实际应用价值.     

无缝钢管双向等长缩径时壁厚变化的试验研究

利用普通液压机对初始直径为φ102mm、壁厚为4.5mm的20号热轧无缝钢管试件进行四次双向等长缩径,管坯试件上端润滑,下端不润滑.通过测量试件周向四个方向上的初始壁厚以及缩径后端部及均匀区的壁厚及外径,揭示出缩径后管坯壁厚在周向上变化不均匀的现象,给出了管坯初始壁厚偏差、润滑条件对各次缩径后管坯壁厚变化的影响以及管坯法向应变与周向应变比值的变化规律,解释了缩径中出现的管坯内壁周向起皱及管端轴向开裂等特殊现象,以利于实际生产中合理限定无缝管坯的初始壁厚偏差并对其进行正确润滑,从而得到壁厚变化较为均匀的合格制件.     

大口径焊管JCO成形回弹的影响因素研究

为了提高采用卷曲式JCO工艺成形的大口径直缝焊管质量,研究了管材屈服强度、弹性模量、钢管壁厚、芯轴直径、钢管公称外径、扩径率等因素与管坯成形后回弹形成的管坯开口的关系。研究发现,随屈服强度的提高,管坯回弹明显增加;材料弹性模量增加,回弹略有减小;钢管壁厚对回弹影响较大,但是影响随壁厚增加逐渐减小;芯轴直径对开口大小有明显影响,扩径率则影响相对较小,可以通过芯轴直径和扩径率调整管坯的开口量。     

带壁厚偏差的无缝钢管推压-拉拔复合缩径

通过测量、分析某载重6.5 t胀压成形汽车桥壳用钢管的轴向及周向的壁厚,建立了带壁厚偏差管坯的几何模型及推压-拉拔复合缩径的力学模型,分析了薄壁侧、厚壁侧管坯的受力及变形差异;通过对不同壁厚偏差管坯两侧的推压-拉拔复合缩径进行数值模拟,揭示了壁厚偏差对传力区应力及管坯壁厚的影响规律,并基于传力区不失稳条件给出了初始管坯的周向壁厚偏差的最大值;在专用缩径设备上成功试制出缩径样件,试验结果与有限元模拟所得规律一致。     

管线钢管JCO精确弯曲成形技术

为了减小管线钢管JCO成形工艺中成形管坯的椭圆度,基于塑性弯曲工程理论和机器视觉测量技术提出了管线钢管JCO精确弯曲成形工艺。在管坯首道次成形过程中,采用两次预弯法,识别出板材的弹复规律,结合管坯目标成形角,预测出精确的压制行程;在后续成形道次中,利用误差补偿技术循环补偿上一道次的成形误差,实现管坯每道次精确弯曲成形。确定了适合管坯端面的图像处理算法、图像处理流程和直线检测算法,提出了采用正三角形作为标定模板求解摄像机外部参数的标定方法,由单幅图片快速、高精度地标定出摄像机的外部参数,建立了将图像角转换为管坯真实成形角的数学模型。实验结果表明,管坯成形角监测误差在0.2°以内,可控制成形管坯的椭圆度在1.5%以内,减小了成形管坯的椭圆度,改变了成形管坯的椭圆度控制依赖于操作者经验的现状。     

芯轴外径对大变形推压-拉拔复合缩径的影响

通过推压-拉拔复合缩径的力学模型定性分析了不同外径芯轴缩径时管坯的受力及变形差异,并给出了芯轴外径设计公式;针对某载重6.5 t胀压成形汽车桥壳管件的第一道次推压-拉拔复合缩径,设定不同的芯轴外径影响系数并进行了有限元模拟,分析了芯轴外径对管坯缩径成形的影响规律,基于传力区不失稳及管端不开裂给出了芯轴外径影响系数的设定范围;在专用设备上进行了第一道次推压-拉拔复合缩径试验,成功试制出缩径样件,试验结果与有限元模拟结果相吻合。     

普通液压机半滑动式液压胀形汽车桥壳的工艺研究

提出适合制造汽车桥壳大型复杂管类件的半滑动式液压胀形工艺：缩径后的管坯经两次液压胀形成形,采用由中间固定模块、左右滑动模块组成的半滑动式模具,管坯单次胀形量大、管壁减薄量较小,有效减小了合模力及滑动模块与模具导向板之间的摩擦力。给出了适合终胀形的预胀形管坯形状的确定方法。针对某小型汽车桥壳,设计了普通液压机上的液压胀形模具,进行了工艺试验,试制出合格的样件,得到了适合的预胀形及终胀形的加载路径。     

往复弯曲统一曲率定理及其试验验证

辊式矫直工艺和辊式矫圆工艺均通过往复弯曲方式达到统一曲率的目的,辊式矫形过程中的往复弯曲变形规律是确定矫形工艺参数的理论依据。针对往复弯曲变形过程,建立一套符号系统,将弯曲曲率和弯矩矢量化。基于小曲率平面弯曲弹复方程和应变叠加原理,引入初始当量应变和当量应变的概念,采用图解法对往复弯曲弹复过程进行分析,在考虑稳定金属材料往复弯曲过程中的形变硬化、Baushinger效应和循环软化,分三种情形证明往复弯曲可以湮灭初始曲率的差异,最终使曲率统一到同一方向、同一数值,提出往复弯曲统一曲率定理。进而,设计模压往复弯曲试验装置,选用不同初始形状、不同材料的板坯进行往复弯曲试验,讨论残余曲率半径和拟合圆弧偏差随弯曲次数的变化规律,验证往复弯曲统一曲率定理的正确性,为辊式矫直和辊式矫圆工艺方案和控制策略的制定奠定了理论基础。     

薄壁圆杯缩径工艺方案的优化设计

采用薄壁圆杯缩径成形工艺生产汽车产品是一种新技术.与薄壁管缩径比较,缩径时存在着口部起皱、圆筒壁和项盖弯曲失稳的缺陷.为了得到高质量的产品,缩径工艺方案设计要考虑材料性质、摩擦系数、缩径变形量、模具参数等诸多因素.以汽车后弹簧座缩径成形为例,研究了上述参数对缩径工艺方案设计的影响.并分别采用近似理论解析和有限元数值模拟两种方法进行工艺方案的优化设计,得到了应用于实际的工艺方案.相比而言,有限元模拟设计的工艺方案,可以得到更少的工序次数,并缩短了工艺开发周期,成本更低,生产效率更高.     

类椭圆干式变压器4波压模设计与修复

类椭圆变压器在工作中因考虑其散热性,箱壁采用波纹的方式以增大散热面积,而箱壁波纹的制作是变压器制作任务量最大的部分.四波压模的设计不但提高了波纹的生产效率,同时减少了单波双边修边的材料、人工的浪费,减轻了波纹组对劳动强度,为后期的水压试验也提供了结构保障.考虑模具长期高压作业产生的磨损、变形及波纹尺寸超差,对激光沉淀焊接及激光熔覆等新技术在模具修复中的应用进行了探讨研究.     

Some theoretical considerations for the direct drawing of section rod from round bar

The maximum reduction of area obtainable, when directly drawing section from round bar, is calculated from a lower bound analysis; this reduction is less than that occurring when drawing round rod from round bar. Also it is shown, unlike the drawing of round section from round bar that there must be, for the section to be accurately formed, a minimum reduction in area. An upper bound solution to the problem of the prediction of draw stress ratio for the direct drawing of section is given some consideration and it is shown that the predicted values are higher than those for the drawing of round rod. A lower bound solution for the direct drawing of section is presented in detail and compared with the upper bound solution. Comparison is made also between both the lower and upper bound solutions and with published data on the drawing of round to round, since either of these new theories is applicable to the drawing of a symmetric section with an infinite number of sides. It is shown, that not only can the draw stress be calculated but that the equivalent die angle can be optimised for every relevant combination of the coefficient of friction and reduction of area.     

Near net shape processing of a sintered alumina component: adjustment of pressing parameters through finite element simulation

Near net shape forming of alumina powder by cold die pressing and pressureless sintering was investigated. From experimental data of triaxial compression test of alumina powder, a hyperbolic cap model with a critical state line was proposed for densification of alumina powder at room temperature. For pressureless sintering, the phenomenological model for densification and viscous behavior of alumina powder proposed by Kim and co-workers was used. The constitutive models were implemented into a finite element program (ABAQUS) to simulate densification of alumina powder under cold die pressing and pressureless sintering. Finite element results were compared with experimental data for density distribution and deformation of an alumina powder compact under cold die pressing and pressureless sintering. New conditions of compaction were then proposed to reduce the distortion of the sintered part.     

水平井裸眼封隔器密封结构优化研究

针对水平井压缩式裸眼封隔器存在的密封性差、坐封力低、胶筒与井壁间存在间隙等问题,对其密封结构进行改进与优化,设计出一种凸球形隔环和凹球形胶筒组相结合的新型密封结构。运用 ABAQUS 软件模拟密封结构封隔器胶筒的坐封情况,获得胶筒组轴向接触压力的分布规律,并分析胶筒硬度和摩擦因数对接触压力的影响。结果表明：新型密封结构凸球形隔环在轴向压缩胶筒的同时也起径向压缩作用,提高了胶筒与井壁和中心管间的接触压力,增强了封隔器的密封性能;胶筒与井壁间的接触压力随着胶筒硬度和摩擦因数的增大而增大,但过大的摩擦因数会导致下胶筒接触压力明显减小,应选择硬度和摩擦因数合适的胶筒,从而保证封隔器的密封可靠性。     

Analytical,numerical and experimental approach for design and development of optimal die profile for the cold extrusion of B4C DRMM Al 6061 composite billet into hexagonal section

Aluminium based matrix composites with boron carbide as particle reinforcement called Discontinuous reinforced metal matrix composites (DRMMs) possess high specific strength, high elastic modulus, good wear resistance, damping capacity and thermal stability. But during the development of DRMM composites, compression process like extrusion is an advisable secondary process for homogenous structure. This research work investigates the metal flow behavior of Al-B₄C based DRMM composite through six different die profiles namely third order polynomial, fourth order polynomial, cosine, elliptical, hyperbolic and conical geometry. Extrusion load, stress and strain distribution, and metal flow for above said die profiles are predicted by using analytical approach upper bound technique and compared with finite element method. Cosine and third order polynomial profiles are found to be most optimal in terms of homogenous and minimal extrusion load requirement. To validate the results, specially made Al-B₄C composite through stir casting route was extruded from round to hexagon through an exclusively fabricated cosine die. Results observed from the experiment have good agreement with both analytical and numerical.

     

An analysis for extrusion of helical shapes from round billets

A method of analysis is proposed for three-dimensional extrusion of a helical shape from a round billet. It is reported that a helical shape can be made by hot extrusion through a square die. In this paper, it is suggested that a helical shape be effectively cold extruded through a continuous die with appropriate lubrication. The extrusion of helical shapes can find practical application in some useful products. However, the analytical method regarding this kind of extrusion has not been attempted so far.A kinematically admissible velocity field is derived for the extrusion model where a round billet is extruded into a twisted helical section with a long elliptic cross section. The axis of the cross section is rotating during extrusion. By assuming proper stream surfaces, the velocity field is obtained by deriving the equation of a stream line. Then, an upperbound solution is formulated for the rigid-perfectly plastic material. Computation for the upperbound pressure is carried out for various process variables such as reduction of area, friction, rotation of axis, aspect ratio of a product, die length and overall die profiles.     

Monitoring mechanical impedance of the thorax with compression and decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation device

To reduce the complications of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and increase its effectiveness, the quality of CPR must be measured and feedback provided to the CPR practitioner. Although CPR ancillary devices that attach sensors to measure the compression frequency and depth have been used, these devices did not previously capture the parameters necessary to determine whether the compression position was appropriate, or whether the thorax was deformed by fracture or other causes. In this study, we proposed a system for measuring the mechanical impedance of a patient’s thorax using a load cell and an accelerometer, incorporated into a CPR ancillary device; the mechanical impedance measurements enabled monitoring of the characteristics and deformations of the thorax during in vitro experiments using dummies, and in an animal experiment using two pigs. When CPR was performed, sensors attached to the CPR assist device measured the compression force and movement, and then the single frequency elements of force and velocity at chest compression frequency were calculated. The mechanical impedance can be determined by calculating the ratio of the obtained force to the velocity. Dummies with different elastic moduli show differences in mechanical impedance. In the animal experiment using pigs, the mechanical impedance of the pig’s thorax steadily decreased in response to successive chest compressions. The mechanical impedance system proposed in this study may be useful in the development of new methods to rapidly measure the mechanical properties of the human body or other complex structures.

     

Quantitative prediction of reduction in large pipe setting round process

The control manner during the process to ensure the quality of pipe products mainly relies on the operator’s experience, so it is very necessary to study the setting round process and obtain its spring-back law. The setting round process is shaping an oval section pipe into circular section, so it is difficult to provide a quantificational analysis for its spring-back process because of the curvature inequality of pipe section neutral layer. However, the spring-back law of the circle-oval process can be easily predicted. The experimental method is firstly used to establish the equivalent effect between the setting round process and the circle-oval process. The setting round process can be converted into the circle-oval process. There are two difficulties in the theoretical analysis for the circle-oval process: elastic-plastic bending problem of curved beam; statically indeterminate problem. A quantitative analytic method for the circle-oval process is presented on the basis of combination of the spring-back law of plane curved beam with the element dividing idea in finite element method. The ovality after unloading versus the relative reduction is plotted with analytical and experimental results respectively, which shows a fair agreement. Finally, the method of quantitative prediction of reduction for large pipe setting round is given based on the equivalent effect and the analytical results. Five pipes, which are needed to be set round, are used to carry out experiment so as to verify this method. The results of verification experiment indicates that, in the experimental range, the residual ovality are all under 0.35% after the once only setting round with the theoretical prediction reductions. It is much less than the 1% requirement of pipe standard. Applying the established theoretical analysis is able to correct the pipe ovality with sufficient accuracy, which provides theoretical direction to plant use.     

含可变形件的变形装配

实际装配作业常利用可变形装配件的变形来完成插入、压合等装配操作 ,这里称为变形装配。本文以必须利用可变形圆环型零件的变形才能实现杠杆两端插入该圆环型件内壁上二孔的装配为例 ,研究变形装配的一些问题。文中探讨了杠杆两端都要插入孔中的不同方式 ,并根据虚功原理推导出线弹性材料、等截面圆环型零件受对心力作用时的变形规律 ,以及使圆环型零件变形的最佳加载方案。     

口模压缩段对塑料挤出流动影响的有限元分析

在塑料挤出成形过程中，压缩段是调节模头流道各部分流量(流速)的主要区段，对熔体的流动具有重要影响。本文采用有限元数值分析方法，计算了熔体在口模内流动的速度场和压力场，定量分析了压缩比和压缩角等压缩段模具结构参数对挤出速度分布、挤出流量和挤出流动均匀性等的影响规律，为优化流道结构参数，提高挤出流动均匀性的研究提供了基础。