高含水致密凝析气藏特殊相态变化

高含水致密凝析气藏具有储层低孔、致密、含水饱和度高的特征，在其开发过程中，当压力降低至露点压力以下，流体会发生复杂的相态变化，析出凝析油，形成油、气、水三相渗流，导致渗流阻力进一步增大。与常规凝析气藏相比，高含水致密凝析气藏开发过程中相态变化具有特殊性：①储层含水饱和度较高，水相会影响流体的相态变化；②由于储层致密、流体复杂，井底附近渗流阻力较大，压降漏斗陡峭，流体相态表现出强非平衡相态变化特征，这与常规凝析气藏平衡相变特征存在明显差异。基于室内PVT筒实验、长岩心驱替实验及非平衡相态理论，系统研究了高含水致密凝析气藏的相态变化特殊规律。研究结果表明：①水相会降低凝析气藏的露点压力，增大反凝析油饱和度；②凝析气藏存在"凝析滞后"现象，非平衡相变效应可降低凝析油饱和度；③针对受地层水影响较小的气井可增大生产压差采出更多的凝析油。针对特殊相变特征，研究结果可以为高含水致密凝析气藏开发过程中制定合理的生产压差提供依据。     

利用气藏生产指示曲线计算凝析气藏水侵量

水驱凝析气藏在已开发的气田中占有一定比例,其在开发过程中会出现凝析油析出的特殊现象,导致该类气藏水侵量的计算更加复杂。 凝析气藏作为一类特殊气藏,当气藏压力低于露点压力时,流体中会出现反凝析液相物。 基于水驱凝析气藏的生产特征,推导出新型的水驱凝析气藏物质平衡线性方程, 该方程考虑了当凝析气藏压力低于露点压力时析出凝析油对水侵量计算的影响。 利用该方程绘制的生产指示曲线可方便、快速并准确地计算出水驱凝析气藏不同时期的水侵量。 实例应用表明,与其他水驱凝析气藏水侵量计算方法相比,该方法更简便、快捷,而且计算结果准确,实用性强。     

凝析气藏地质储量的计算方法

随着石油、天然气勘探工作的深入,我国陆上与近海地区已发现许多凝析气藏(Gas condensate Reservoir)。这类气藏的特点是,在原始地层压力和地层温度条件下,地层流体呈单相气态存在。原始地层压力大于露点压力的凝析气藏称未饱和凝析气藏;原始地层压力等于露点压力时称饱和凝析气藏。 对于未饱和凝析气藏,只有当地层压力降至露点压力以下时,在地层中才会出现反     

凝析气藏流体露点压力预测模型对比与开发

凝析气田的开发需要准确的凝析气藏流体相态性质数据,其中露点压力的快速、准确预测对于凝析气的工业开采非常重要.对比分析了现有凝析气藏流体露点压力关联式的优缺点,并从凝析气藏流体本身的特性出发,通过实测数据资料拟合,建立了综合气藏温度、组成、C7+组分性质的凝析气藏流体露点压力预测关联式.对14组国内不同地区凝析气藏流体样品的露点压力预测结果对比表明,新关联式的绝对平均偏差为1.24％,精度远高于其他经验关联式和状态方程模型,并且适用于甲烷摩尔组成为65.59％～93.09％,气油比为1 002～63 377m3/m3的较广阔范围的凝析气藏流体.     

不同压力下确定凝析气井二项式产能方程的一种新方法

凝析气藏在低于露点压力的情况下，地层中的流体将由单一的气相变成气液两相。这种相态变化对凝析气井产能存在两方面的影响：一是气相流体相对密度降低，其粘度、偏差因子等也随之发生变化；二是重烃液化后吸附于岩石表面并在近井地层中富集，降低了含气饱和度及气相相对渗透率，严重影响了气井产能。从气井二项式产能方程的主要影响因素出发，利用初期凝析气井测试资料获得的二项式产能方程，依据凝析气藏气相流体组成、相对密度、粘度及偏差因子随压力的变化情况，结合凝析气藏油、气相渗实验结果，提出了对初期二项式产能方程系数的修正，便可获得在不同压力下符合凝析气井实际的二项式产能方程，实例验证该方法具有良好的预测效果。     

注烃提高凝析气井产能方法研究

凝析气井在低于露点压力生产时，由于凝析油析出并在井筒附近发生聚集，导致气井产能下降，通过向井内注入烃类溶剂，利用反蒸发及混相机理，可以恢复气井产能，提高凝析气藏采收率。以实际凝析气藏为例，利用数值模拟方法研究注入介质、储层物性、流体性质等因素对提高气井产能的影响。结果表明，注入丁烷加戊烷可以完全解除近井地带凝析液堵塞，改善凝析气藏开发效果。     

计算凝析气井产能时相对渗透率的测量

1　前言　　产能是凝析气藏开发中普遍关心的事 ,特别是渗透率较低的情况 ,当井底压力下降到露点压力以下时 ,凝析液将在井筒周围区域聚积 ,使得气体渗透率及产能随之下降。有时液相饱和度可以达到 5 0 %～ 60 % ,井的产能也会随液量增大而降低。哪怕在很贫的凝析气藏中 ,凝析液聚积引起的产能下降也应给予足够的重视 ,例如在Ａｒｕｎ凝析气藏 ,这个凝析气藏很贫 ,在近井区最大反凝析液量也不过为 1 % ,但是当压力下降到露点压力以下时 ,产能却下降了近一半。绝大多数由凝析液堵塞而引起的压降发生在井筒周围几英尺 ,在这里流体的流速极快。…     

深部凝析气井流入动态分析研究

根据天然气和反凝析流在地层中渗流特点，结合凝析气体系相态理论及闪蒸计算方法，运用状态方程进行模拟，考虑流体相态和组分的变化以及凝析及气井的表皮系数，引入稳态理论的两相似压力函数，建立适用凝析气流入动态预测的方法，并根据凝析汪的临界压力和临界饱和度渗流的关系，给出了预测凝析气井井底流压的数学模型；（1）井底压力高于露点压力时的渗流数学模型；（2）井底流压低于露点压力且凝析油饱和度小于临界和度时的渗流数学模型；（3）井底流压低于露点压力且凝析油饱和度大于临界饱和度时的渗流数学模型，根据这一思路编制了完整的计算软件，该方法适用于凝析气井流入动态预测。参9（喻西崇摘）。     

复合模型在凝析气藏试井解释中的应用

凝析气藏在低于露点压力生产时，井筒附近出现两相流区，使得地层中析出的液体大大影响开发过程中的流动特性。应用多区复合试井模型，对某复杂凝析气藏中实际试井资料进行处理，提出了在凝析气藏试井中可以确定因析油反凝析引起的地层多相作用区，同时分析了试井过程中出现的曲线异常问题。     

确定凝析气藏相渗曲线的新方法

凝析气藏的生产过程中,由于凝析油的析出和聚积使得近井区油气两相渗透率的变化十分复杂,凝析油、气的相渗实验很难获得反映真实流体特性的相渗曲线。文中提出一种直接利用现场数据确定凝析气藏相渗曲线的新方法。对拟压力恢复试井方程中的时间进行求导,建立了试井压力和流体渗透率、饱和度之间的关系,直接利用试井资料确定出凝析气藏的相渗曲线,取代了过去用岩心实验确定油气两相渗透率曲线的方法,避免了前人拟压力积分函数分解法和压力导数求导法中计算步骤复杂、计算结果不准确等缺点。     

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目前在研究凝析气的渗流和相态问题时，当地层压力降低到露点压力之后，采用的都是等温瞬时平衡的概念，而在凝析气井生产过程中，当近井带压力降至体系露点压力以下后，采用的都是等温瞬时平衡的概念，而在凝析气井生产过程中，当近井带压力降至体系露点以下，由于气相的高速流动，气液相并不充分接触，液相析出后运动滞后而逐渐沉积，部分液相组分会因高速气流夹带而呈气相运动一段距离后才变成液相析出，也就是说液相析出量的多少要受到平衡时间的影响。章从体系的强度性质出发，引往平衡时间因素建立非瞬时平衡相态描述方法。利用LHSS方程研究了凝析气井近井地带高速流动区在非瞬时相平衡条件下凝析液的析出和温降。结果表明，由于非瞬时平衡作用导致高速流动区液相析出量减少，近井带的凝析油动态饱和度比用瞬时平衡预测的低。     

Mechanisms of Liquid Buildup in Gas Condensate Reservoirs

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs are different from dry and wet gas reservoirs in many cases, and these differences lead to weird and wonderful properties. When reservoir pressure falls below dew point, liquid dropout and its saturation may increase to a point that could flow. Therefore, in a reservoir three different regions are developed with different effects on well productivity. The authors studied three regions and introduce mechanisms of liquid buildup. Then, by utilizing material balance equations and other formulas, they studied the dependency of the rate of fill up (liquid buildup). After that, the proposed method of Robert Mott, verified by a compositional simulator (ECLIPSE 300), was used to evaluate growth of region 1 for 2 different gas condensates. The results obtained from that method verify the conclusion taken from equation describing dependency of rate of liquid buildup on two parameters in region 1.     

Investigating the Effect of Capillary Number on Performance Prediction of an Iranian Fractured Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs are one of the most complicated reservoirs in which the special thermodynamic behavior of reservoir fluid leads to condensate buildup instead of gas expansion, when the reservoir pressure drops below dew point pressure. To justify the phase behavior of such reservoirs, several models have been proposed. One of the models is a capillary number model that has a considerable effect on the shape of relative permeability curves. Taking account of capillary number is shown to improve the performance prediction of gas condensate reservoirs that otherwise is poorly predicted. In pressures below dew point pressure, velocity and surface tension between gas and oil increases more rapidly in the vicinity of the well compared with other parts of the reservoir, which results in condensate saturation reduction and gas relative permeability improvement. The authors model a fractured gas condensate reservoir with and without taking capillary number into consideration; the performance prediction results are compared to the actual results. The model with capillary number included is shown to be able to predict the performance with a greater accuracy than the case without capillary number.     

Improved neural-network model predicts dewpoint pressure of retrograde gases

Accurate prediction of dewpoint pressure is a critical element in reservoir-engineering calculations. The objective of this paper is to present a novel and highly accurate application of the neural-network model (NNM) to predict dewpoint pressures in retrograde gas reservoirs. We were able to demonstrate that the model described in this paper is more accurate than any presented to date. In addition, the model is simple and is able to duplicate with reasonable accuracy the temperature–dewpoint pressure behavior of constant-composition gas condensate fluids.The neural-network model was developed using a set of 802 experimental constant volume depletion (CVD) data points. To train the neural-network model, a set of 641 experimental data points of CVD for different gas condensate fluids was used. The model was tested with 161 experimental data points, not used during the training process, to prove its accuracy. The study also considered a detailed comparison between the results predicted by this more efficient neural-network model and those predicted by other correlations for estimating dewpoint pressure of retrograde gas. The performance of this improved neural-network model and available correlations was evaluated versus the Peng–Robinson Equation of State (PR-EOS) model for the same reservoir fluid composition, a gas condensate from the Cusiana Field, in Colombia.This improved neural-network model was able to predict the dewpoint pressure with an average absolute error of 8.74%, as a function of temperature, hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon compositions, molecular weight, and specific gravity of heptanes-plus fraction. Neural-network models can save calculation time in the prediction of the dewpoint pressures with more reliability than available multiple-regression techniques.     

凝析气藏水平井试井分析

受复杂的相态变化和流动特征影响,凝析气藏水平井试井分析一直是凝析气藏动态描述的难点。通过三维全组分模拟器,建立一个理想的均质等厚的凝析气藏水平井模型,设置长时间的压力降落和压力恢复测试序列,研究凝析气藏水平井测试期间的流动规律,为试井分析中的流动阶段识别和参数解释提供依据。研究表明,反凝析影响下的凝析气藏水平井典型试井曲线不同于理想的干气流动,反凝析造成的凝析油饱和度增加、气相相对渗透率降低和表皮系数的增加在试井曲线上一一对应,流动规律的认识验证了不同流动阶段在典型试井曲线上的反应。     

变形介质中毛细管压力对凝析气藏相态的影响

低渗凝析气藏在开采过程中,随着地层压力的降低,储集层会发生变形,孔隙半径会随有效应力的增大而减小,毛细管压力效应会随孔隙半径的改变而发生变化.为研究毛细管压力对凝析气藏相态的影响,定量分析了储集层变形对平均孔隙半径的影响,建立了同时考虑储集层变形和毛细管压力影响的相平衡数学模型,模拟了一个凝析气藏露点和等组成膨胀过程的相态特征,研究结果表明,变形介质中毛细管压力对凝析油气相态特征的影响比无变形多孔介质中的影响更强,应当考虑变形介质中毛细管压力对液相压力、反凝析液饱和度、液相摩尔含量等产生的影响（对液相压力的影响尤为明显）.在相态特征分析和组成分析的基础上,剖析了毛细管压力对凝析油气相平衡过程的作用机理.     

毛细管压力对凝析气相态的影响

凝析油气体系和储层多孔介质是一个相互作用的系统,考虑多孔介质界面现象对凝析气相态规律和渗流规律的影响,能更真实地反映凝析气在储层多孔介质中的相态特征和渗流特征,特别是低渗透凝析气藏,更不能忽略毛细管压力对凝析气相态的影响。建立了考虑毛管力的凝析气相态计算模型,利用SPE 21428的流体组成研究了毛管力对凝析气露点及反凝析进程的影响。研究认为,毛管力和界面张力决定毛管力对凝析气相态影响的强弱,当孔隙半径达到10-8m数量级时,毛管力对凝析气露点及反凝析进程的影响十分显著。     

The Effect of Hydraulic Fracturing on the Performance of Gas Condensate Systems

Gas condensate reservoirs usually exhibit complex flow behaviors due to the buildup of condensate bank around the wellbore when the bottom-hole pressure falls below the dew point. Hydraulic fracturing improves well productivity by delaying the onset of dew point pressure and also reducing the condensate saturation near the wellbore area. The authors present the results of a study that compared the near wellbore behaviors and productivities of a vertical nonfractured well and a vertical hydraulically fractured well in a low permeability lean gas condensate reservoir. Results show that there is no indication of capillary number effects in this low permeability reservoir because of low production rates.     

The Effect of Nitrogen Injection on Production Improvement in an Iranian Rich Gas Condensate Reservoir

In gas condensate reservoirs, after a decrease in pressure below the dew point pressure, condensate formation would occur. One of the common and practical methods for prohibiting the rapid pressure drop in the reservoir and reduction of liquid dropout is gas injection. In this study, experimental measurement, the full field reservoir model and an economical evaluation have been performed to investigate the effect of nitrogen injection on an Iranian Southwestern gas condensate reservoir. At first, swelling and CVD tests were carried out to determine the swelling factor and changing the saturation pressure by nitrogen. Then, the full field simulation (history matching and prediction) was performed and finally an economical evaluation has been made. The results show that injecting more volumes of nitrogen cause to decrease the liquid dropout, increase the dew point pressure, and condensate ultimate recovery, but this process is not an economical project.     

Use of Two-Phase Pseudo Pressure Method to Calculate Condensate Bank Size and Well Deliverability in Gas Condensate Reservoirs

This paper introduces a novel approach in the use of two-phase pseudo pressures for the calculation of condensate bank radius and productivity index of wells and the interpretation of gas condensate well test data. It is shown that knowledge of the relationship between condensate saturation and pressure is necessary for the integration of pseudo pressure in all regions of the reservoir. In the region of the reservoir where immobile condensate saturation develops, an equation that is valid for the region far from the wellbore has been used. While for the region where condensate is considered to be mobile, an equation has been used based on the steady state method. This method is tested using a data set that was generated by a compositional simulator for radial homogenous. A set of real PVT data from a producing gas condensate field is used for simulation of the gas condensate reservoir. Using this approach, it is possible to calculate condensate bank radius and total skin, mechanical skin, and permeability of the reservoir, yielding answers that are extremely close to those of the simulator. It is also shown that the condensate saturation profile in the reservoir produced using this method is also similar to the one produced by the simulator. An inflow performance curve is calculated using two-phase pseudo pressures. In this curve, the impact of the presence of condensate around the wellbore on productivity is studied.