碲锌镉表面腐蚀坑所对应缺陷的特性研究

文中通过使用Nakagawa、Everson、EAg1和EAg2四种常用腐蚀剂对碲锌镉材料的腐蚀 坑空间分布特性进行研究,结果显示, 20μm厚的(111)晶片A、B面上的腐蚀坑在空间位置上不存在对应关系,这表明腐蚀坑所对应的缺陷不是具有穿越特性的位错。腐蚀坑的空间局限性特征和热处理后腐蚀坑密度(EPD)减少等实验结果表明,腐蚀坑更有可能对应某种微沉淀物缺陷,将目前常用腐蚀剂的EPD作为碲锌镉材料的位错密度是缺乏实验依据的。     

(112)B碲锌镉衬底表面Everson腐蚀坑与材料缺陷的关系

通过研究碲锌镉衬底(112)B面缺陷腐蚀坑和(111)B面缺陷腐蚀坑之间的关系,揭示了(112)B面腐蚀坑与材料缺陷之间的关系。结果显示,Everson腐蚀剂在碲锌镉材料(112)B面上揭示的棒状腐蚀坑起源于材料中的体缺陷,或由延伸缺陷腐蚀坑在缺陷终止后演变而成,三种典型形状的锥形腐蚀坑分别来自延伸方向为110、112和123的延伸缺陷。研究结果同时显示,Everson腐蚀剂对部分取向的延伸缺陷所形成的腐蚀习性面在(112)B表面不能构成锥形腐蚀坑,通过观察(112)B面锥形坑随腐蚀深度发生横向移动的方向,进一步证实Everson腐蚀剂只能揭示延伸方向位于(112)极图上[011]和[101]连线附近区域的延伸缺陷。基于上述实验结果,文章进一步讨论了(112)B面Everson腐蚀坑密度与材料缺陷密度的关系,其结果将有助于碲镉汞分子束外延识别源自衬底的材料缺陷,并对碲锌镉(112)B衬底的质量进行更好的控制。     

碲锌镉材料腐蚀坑及其缺陷特性研究

跟踪观察了Everson腐蚀剂在碲锌镉晶体(111)B面形成的腐蚀坑的形貌特征和空间延伸特性,并分析了各种腐蚀坑所对应的缺陷的特征.研究表明:碲锌镉材料的腐蚀坑具有三角锥型坑、平底三角坑、彗星状腐蚀坑和不规则腐蚀坑4种类型,其中三角锥型坑的坑尖又有5种不同的空间取向.彗星状腐蚀坑、三角锥型坑和不规则腐蚀坑具有定向移动特性.这表明这类腐蚀坑所对应的缺陷与材料的位错相关,但其穿越深度都不超过18μm,即缺陷同时具有局域化的特性.没有观测到平底三角坑的空间延伸特性,其所对应的缺陷可能是材料中的微沉淀缺陷.研究还发现:对于不同样品,各类腐蚀坑的数量和比例可有很大差异.而且,有些腐蚀坑所揭示的缺陷在被观察位置已经消失.因此,简单地用腐蚀坑密度(EPD)来描述碲锌镉材料表面缺陷密度和性能是不准确的.     

(111)晶向碲锌镉晶片双面腐蚀的对比

通过对材料减薄，并采用红外透射显微镜观察的手段，实现了对A面和B面腐蚀坑的同时观察.结果发现采用标准腐蚀剂在同一晶片的（111) A和（111) B面上形成的腐蚀坑大都不存在对应关系，深度腐蚀的实验也发现，表面腐蚀坑所对应的缺陷只局限于10μm的表层内，这表明大部分腐蚀坑所对应的不是通常认为的穿越位错. 进一步分析的结果表明，不同腐蚀剂形成的腐蚀坑所对应的缺陷有可能是不同类型的位错，甚至也可能起源于微沉淀物，通常将碲锌镉材料的腐蚀坑所对应的缺陷简单地归结为材料的位错是缺乏实验依据的.     

(111)晶向碲锌镉晶片双面腐蚀的对比

通过对材料减薄,并采用红外透射显微镜观察的手段,实现了对A面和B面腐蚀坑的同时观察.结果发现采用标准腐蚀剂在同一晶片的(111)A和(111)B面上形成的腐蚀坑大都不存在对应关系,深度腐蚀的实验也发现,表面腐蚀坑所对应的缺陷只局限于10μm的表层内,这表明大部分腐蚀坑所对应的不是通常认为的穿越位错.进一步分析的结果表明,不同腐蚀剂形成的腐蚀坑所对应的缺陷有可能是不同类型的位错,甚至也可能起源于微沉淀物,通常将碲锌镉材料的腐蚀坑所对应的缺陷简单地归结为材料的位错是缺乏实验依据的.     

碲锌镉衬底表面处理研究

主要从碲锌镉表面处理工艺及表面位错缺陷揭示两个方面对碲锌镉衬底的表面处理研究进行了详细介绍。从表面处理机理和工艺参数对衬底表面的影响两个方面介绍了机械研磨、机械抛光、化学机械抛光以及化学抛光4种表面处理工艺。同时，介绍了能揭示碲锌镉不同晶向表面的位错缺陷的Everson、Nakagawa及EAg三种化学腐蚀液。     

碲锌镉晶体的范性形变研究

从经典的晶体范体形变的理论模型和面心立方闪锌矿结构晶体所具有的滑移特性出发，对碲锌镉晶体经特定化学试剂侵蚀后在（１１１）和（１－↑１－↑１－↑）面上出现的不同形貌蚀坑的形成机理进行了探讨，提出了碲锌镉晶体中存在多系滑移，从而阐明了不同极性面上蚀坑的成因。     

大尺寸碲锌镉基碲镉汞材料分子束外延技术研究

针对高质量、大规模碲镉汞红外焦平面探测器需求的持续增加,本文开展了使用分子束外延方式在50 mm×50 mm(211)B碲锌镉衬底上外延碲镉汞材料技术的研究.通过对碲锌镉衬底改进湿化学腐蚀、碲锌镉衬底预处理、碲锌镉衬底缓冲层生长、碲锌镉基碲镉汞材料工艺开发等方面的研究,开发出了能够稳定获得碲锌镉基碲镉汞材料的工艺.材料...     

碲锌镉晶体第二相夹杂物特性研究

高质量的碲锌镉单晶是制备碲镉汞红外焦平面器件的理想衬底材料,然而目前碲锌镉材料中的第二相夹杂物严重制约着晶体的质量.根据红外透射形貌的描述和表征,碲锌镉晶体的常见夹杂物被分成了五类,并在此基础上讨论了各自的形成机制,A、B和C类夹杂物与化学配比及其变化密切相关,而D和E类夹杂物与源材料中或者在生长工艺控制过程中氧含量相关.进一步的研究表明大尺寸、高密度的Te夹杂物将会严重降低红外透过率,同时腐蚀坑密集分布在与Cd夹杂对应的六重对称线上,该结果揭示了第二相夹杂物会产生其他缺陷的增殖,但夹杂物引起的应力影响区域是局限的.     

Everson腐蚀剂在表征碲锌镉材料位错中的应用

位错密度是晶体材料的重要参数之一,碲锌镉晶体位错研究也一直是红外焦平面研究领域热点之一。由于外延材料对衬底晶向的要求,Everson腐蚀剂在表征位错密度参数方面得到了非常重要的应用,利用Everson腐蚀剂做的位错研究也取得了很多新成果。     

HgCdTe外延材料的缺陷腐蚀特性

通过对Schaake和Chen腐蚀剂在HgCdTe外延材料(111)B面腐蚀坑特性的研究,揭示了HgCdTe液相外延材料中的缺陷特征及其密度分布规律.深度腐蚀实验显示外延材料中确实存在着通常认为的具有定向穿越特性的穿越位错.将两种腐蚀剂作用于同一样品后发现,Schaake和Chen腐蚀剂形成的具有穿越特性的腐蚀坑有一一对应的关系.除了穿越位错外,在两种腐蚀方法揭示出的腐蚀坑中都还存在着一种不具备穿越特性的腐蚀坑,两者在密度分布以及界面处密度增值方面具有相同的特性,但前者在宏观缺陷附近密度出现明显的增值,而后者则没有出现类似的现象.     

HgCdTe外延材料表面腐蚀坑特性的研究

文中对Schaake[ 1 ]和Chen[ 2 ]两种腐蚀剂在{111}B的HgCdTe外延材料上形成的腐蚀坑特性进行了研究。通过实验确定了两种腐蚀剂的最佳腐蚀时间,实验结果发现两种方法都在外延材料表面产生了两种不同类型的腐蚀坑, Schaake腐蚀坑是一种为三角形,另一种为腰果状,而Chen腐蚀坑是侧向腐蚀面坡度不同的两种三角形。实验进一步证明Chen的较陡三角形腐蚀坑和Schaake的两种腐蚀坑具有位错腐蚀坑的特性,并且我们发现大部分位错具有穿越特性,而且位错线方向与〈111〉方向具有一定的角度。实验观察发现,宏观缺陷附近的腐蚀坑密度会有比较大的增值。     

InSb(111)A面腐蚀坑成因分析

采用光学显微镜和光学轮廓仪分析了InSb晶片(111)A面经特定腐蚀剂腐蚀后出现的两种特征腐蚀坑,并通过多次腐蚀试验观察了这两种腐蚀坑形貌的演变。从理论上对腐蚀坑形貌的成因进行了分析,结果显示1类特征腐蚀坑的成因是由于晶片固有的位错缺陷,2类特征腐蚀坑可能是由于晶片表面存在一定深度的损伤层引起的。     

Impact of Tellurium Precipitates in CdZnTe Substrates on MBE HgCdTe Deposition

State-of-the-art (112)B CdZnTe substrates were examined for near-surface tellurium precipitate-related defects. The Te precipitate density was observed to be fairly uniform throughout the bulk of the wafer, including the near-surface region. After a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) preparation etch, exposed Te precipitates, small pits, and bumps on the (112)B surface of the CdZnTe wafer were observed. From near-infrared and dark field microscopy, the bumps and small pits on the CdZnTe surface are associated with strings of Te precipitates. Raised bumps are Te precipitates near the surface of the (112)B CdZnTe where the MBE preparation etch has not yet exposed the Te precipitate(s). An exposed Te precipitate sticking above the etched CdZnTe surface plane occurs when the MBE preparation etch rapidly undercuts a Te precipitate. Shallow surface pits are formed when the Te precipitate is completely undercut from the surrounding (112)B surface plane. The Te precipitate that was previously located at the center of the pit is liberated by the MBE preparation etch process.     

Influence of Cd-rich Annealing on Defects in Te-rich CdZnTe Materials

The influence of Cd-rich annealing at temperatures of 440–900 °C on the defect properties of Te-rich CdZnTe materials was studied. Cd-rich annealing at temperatures above the melting point of Te was confirmed to effectively reduce the size of Te-rich inclusions in the materials. However, dislocation multiplication occurred in the regions near Te-rich inclusions. Etch pit clusters were observed on the surfaces of annealed materials etched with Everson etchant. The etch pit clusters were much larger than the as-grown Te-rich inclusions. The dependence of the cluster size on that of the Te-rich inclusions and the annealing conditions was investigated. The density of etch pits in the normal region increased when the annealing temperature exceeded 750 °C. The mechanisms of the evolution of the Te-rich inclusions and the formation of new defects during the Cd-rich annealing are discussed.     

Etch characteristics of KOH, TMAH and dual doped TMAH for bulk micromachining of silicon

High precision bulk micromachining of silicon is a key process step to shape spatial structures for fabricating different type of microsensors and microactuators. A series of etching experiments have been carried out using KOH, TMAH and dual doped TMAH at different etchant concentrations and temperatures wherein silicon, silicon dioxide and aluminum etch rates together with <100> silicon surface morphology and <111>/<100> etch rate ratio have been investigated in each etchant. A comparative study of the etch rates and etched silicon surface roughness at different etching ambient is also presented.From the experimental studies, it is found that etch rates vary with variation of etching ambient. The concentrations that maximize silicon etch rate is 3% for TMAH and 22 wt.% for KOH. Aluminum etch rate is high in KOH and undoped TMAH but negligible in dual doped TMAH. Silicon dioxide etch rate is higher in KOH than in TMAH and dual doped TMAH solutions. The <111>/<100> etch rate ratio is highest in TMAH compared to the other two etchants whereas smoothest etched silicon surface is achieved using dual doped TMAH. The study reveals that dual doped TMAH solution is a very attractive CMOS compatible silicon etchant for commercial MEMS fabrication which has superior characteristics compared to other silicon etchants.     

Etch pit characterization of CdTe and CdZnTe substrates for use in mercury cadmium telluride epitaxy

A new etch system is described which produces pits on the technologically important B face of (111) and (211) CdTe and CdZnTe which are commonly used in mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) epitaxy. A ratio of approximately 10 wide: 1 deep is achieved with this etch allowing its use without removing excessive material. Examples of the use of this etch are given and a comparison is made with the Nakagawa, A face etch system which is in common use to characterize this family of materials. A screening protocol is discussed which integrates the use of etch pitting into the manufacture of substrates for use in epitaxial MCT applications. Comparisons are made between CdZnTe substrates grown using the horizontal and vertical Bridgman techniques.     

A dislocation etchant for {100} gallium phosphide

An etchant has been developed which produces etch pits with a well-defined crystallographic structure on {100} gallium phosphide surfaces. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies using both the emissive and cathodoluminescent (CL) modes of operation have established that there is a precise 1:1 correlation between etch pits and dark dots seen in the CL micrographs. Since the dark dots in the CL image are produced at the sites of emergent dislocations, it is therefore concluded that the etch pits are dislocation etch pits. The described etchant makes possible a rapid and easy assessment of the degree of crystalline perfection of {100} gallium phosphide epitaxial layers. Formerly with Ferranti Ltd., Chadderton, Lancashire.     

Bulk Growth of CdZnTe: Quality Improvement and Size Increase

We report the bulk growth of single-crystal CdZnTe and characterization of material associated with large-area wafers produced from the CdZnTe ingots. Our experimental vertical gradient freeze set-up enables accurate detection of the beginning and end of the crystallization step by careful monitoring of the thermal cycle. Single crystal, (111)-oriented ingots with a diameter of 80 mm were routinely obtained without grain boundary or twin. The size of the CdZnTe ingots was extended to 115 mm in diameter, enabling production of large-dimension substrates suitable for infrared focal-plane arrays with megapixel-resolution. Crystal quality was investigated by double-crystal x-ray rocking curve mapping and by chemical revelation of etch pits. Typical mean values for the rocking curve full width at half maximum were in the range 20–40 arcs. Evaluation of etch pit density on the (111)Te face furnished values in the low 10⁴/cm².     

GaAs、GaP、InP、InGaAsP、AlGaAs、InAlGaAs的化学腐蚀研究

为研制全集成光开关、微片式激光器等，对ＧａＡｓ、ＧａＰ、ＩｎＧａＡｓＰ、ＩｎＡＩＧａＡｓ、ＡｌＧａＡｓ等材料的化学腐蚀进行了实验研究。为了研制ＩｎＡｌＧａＡｓ／ＩｎＡｌＡｓ／ＩｎＡｌＧａＡｓ微片式激光器，开发了Ｈ３ＰＯ４／Ｈ２Ｏ２／Ｈ２Ｏ薄层腐蚀液和ＨＣｌ／Ｈ２Ｏ选择性腐蚀液；为了研制ＩｎＧａＡｓＰ／ＩｎＰ／ＩｎＧａＡｓＰＴｂａｒ型光波导，开发了ＨＣｌ／Ｈ３ＰＯ４／Ｈ２Ｏ２薄层腐蚀液和ＨＣｌ／Ｈ２Ｏ２选择性腐蚀液；为了研制ＧａＰ、ＩｎＧａＰ光波导，开发了ＨＣｌ／ＨＮＯ３／Ｈ２Ｏ薄层腐蚀液。它们都具有稳定、重复性好、速率可控、腐蚀后表面形貌好等特点。除此之外，蚀刻成的ＧａＰ光波导侧壁平滑无波纹起伏。此种结果尚未见报导。