实验测量声辐射模态

通过实验方法测量得到振动结构的声辐射模态及其辐射效率。首先通过辐射算子分析任意结构的声辐射模态,然后根据互换原理,在远场布置声源,通过测量结构表面声压,得到辐射算子。最后以一平面玻璃板为例进行实验研究,通过互换方法测量了前5阶声辐射模态和对应的辐射效率。实验结果表明通过互换方法测量声辐射模态是可行的。     

New PTB Setup for the Absolute Calibration of the Spectral Responsivity of Radiation Thermometers

The paper describes the new experimental setup assembled at the PTB for the absolute spectral responsivity measurement of radiation thermometers. The concept of this setup is to measure the relative spectral responsivity of the radiation thermometer using the conventional monochromator-based spectral comparator facility also used for the calibration of filter radiometers. The absolute spectral responsivity is subsequently measured at one wavelength, supplied by the radiation of a diode laser, using the new setup. The radiation of the diode laser is guided with an optical fiber into an integrating sphere source that is equipped with an aperture of absolutely known area. The spectral radiance of this integrating sphere source is determined via the spectral irradiance measured by a trap detector with an absolutely calibrated spectral responsivity traceable to the primary detector standard of the PTB, the cryogenic radiometer. First results of the spectral responsivity calibration of the radiation thermometer LP3 are presented, and a provisional uncertainty budget of the absolute spectral responsivity is given.     

Radiation impedance of collapsed capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

The radiation impedance of a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array is a critical parameter to achieve high performance. In this paper, we present a calculation of the radiation impedance of collapsed, clamped, circular CMUTs both analytically and using finite element method (FEM) simulations. First, we model the radiation impedance of a single collapsed CMUT cell analytically by expressing its velocity profile as a linear combination of special functions for which the generated pressures are known. For an array of collapsed CMUT cells, the mutual impedance between the cells is also taken into account. The radiation impedances for arrays of 7, 19, 37, and 61 circular collapsed CMUT cells for different contact radii are calculated both analytically and by FEM simulations. The radiation resistance of an array reaches a plateau and maintains this level for a wide frequency range. The variation of radiation reactance with respect to frequency indicates an inductance-like behavior in the same frequency range. We find that the peak radiation resistance value is reached at higher kd values in the collapsed case as compared with the uncollapsed case, where k is the wavenumber and d is the center-to-center distance between two neighboring CMUT cells.     

Radiation from asymmetric laser-induced plasmas collected by a lens or optical fiber

A method of calculating radiation spectra of an asymmetric (ellipsoidal) laser-induced plasma plume is developed for two cases, when the radiation is collected by a lens and by an optical fiber. The lens receives the radiation coming from the entire plasma plume, while the view sight of an optical fiber is restricted to an acceptance cone so that only the radiation coming with an incident angle smaller than the cone angle is collected. The method incorporates the solution of the radiative transfer equation along the line of sight. An optimal number of lines is found to achieve the numerical convergence with a relative error <1%. Several practical simulations are carried out that include different placements and orientations of the lens and optic fiber. The effect of a motion of the center of the mass of the plasma plume on the radiation spectra is also investigated.     

Radiation safety systems for accelerator facilities

The radiation safety system RSS) of an accelerator facility is used to protect people from prompt radiation hazards associated with accelerator operation. The RSS is a fully interlocked, engineered system with a combination of passive and active elements that are reliable, redundant and fail-safe. The RSS consists of the access control system (ACS) and the radiation containment system (RCS). The ACS is to keep people away from the dangerous radiation inside the shielding enclosure. The RCS limits and contains the beam/radiation conditions to protect people from the prompt radiation hazards outside the shielding enclosure in both normal and abnormal operations. The complexity of an RSS depends on the accelerator and its operation. as well as associated hazard conditions. The approaches of RSS among different facilities can be different. This report gives a review of the RSS for accelerator facilities.     

Phase aberration correction using ultrasound radiation force and vibrometry optimization

We describe a phase aberration correction method that uses dynamic ultrasound radiation force to harmonically vibrate an object using amplitude modulated continuous wave ultrasound. The phase of each element of an annular array transducer is adjusted to maximize the radiation force and obtain optimal focus of the ultrasound beam. The maximization of the radiation force is performed by monitoring the velocity of scatterers in the focus region. We present theory that shows focal optimization with radiation force has a well-behaved cost function. Experimental validation is shown by correction of manual defocusing of an annular array as well as correcting for a lens-shaped aberrator placed near the transducer. A Doppler laser vibrometer and a pulse-echo Doppler ultrasound method were used to monitor the velocity of a sphere used as a target for the transducer. By maximizing the radiation force-induced vibration of scatterers in the focal region, the resolution of the ultrasound beam can be recovered after aberration defocusing.     

Can multilayers be optimized sequentially when radiation is partially polarized?

For radiation-absorbing materials and nonnormal incidence, multilayers with the largest reflectance at a desired wavelength are here demonstrated to require nonsequential optimization when radiation is partially polarized. The thicknesses of multilayers with the largest possible reflectance at a desired wavelength can be calculated sequentially either for s- or p-polarized radiation or for normal incidence and any polarization. The equations that impose the condition of maximum reflectance in the general case of partial polarization do not allow for the simplification that is performed when radiation is s or p polarized, which implies that multilayer optimization for partially polarized radiation is not sequential. An example is given in which the importance of nonsequential optimization is displayed. In contrast to the case of s- or p-polarized radiation, when radiation is partially polarized extra maxima may be found within an optical path difference of much less than half a wavelength.     

Radiation forces in the discrete-dipole approximation

The theory of the discrete-dipole approximation (DDA) for light scattering is extended to allow for the calculation of radiation forces on each dipole in the DDA model. Starting with the theory of Draine and Weingartner [Astrophys. J. 470, 551 (1996)] we derive an expression for the radiation force on each dipole. These expressions are reformulated into discrete convolutions, allowing for an efficient, O(N logN) evaluation of the forces. The total radiation pressure on the particle is obtained by summation of the individual forces. The theory is tested on spherical particles. The resulting accumulated radiation forces are compared with Mie theory. The accuracy is within the order of a few percent, i.e., comparable with that obtained for extinction cross sections calculated with the DDA.     

The role of the ICRP in radiation protection--a view from industry

It is the objective of this paper to discuss some aspects concerning the role and importance of the ICRP. Here, this is done with a background of practical radiation protection in industry. The author organises and controls radiation protection for a worldwide operating company, for which efficiently realised radiation safety is as relevant for its workplaces as for its products and services. According to the author's subjective observation, the ICRP has a decreasing importance in operational radiation protection. However, there are growing demands on the ICRP as it is the only basis for internationally compatible regulations and standards. It is the merit of the ICRP that an international comparison of legal protection systems and concepts should give a much more homogeneous picture than that for any other safety and protection issue. The most valuable asset of the ICRP is its credibility as a scientific authority solely committed to the effective protection of people. But its success also brings with it an obligation: there is an increasing need for more effective communication to non-experts. This and other expectations for the future are briefly discussed.     

An Implantable MOSFET Dosimeter for the Measurement of Radiation Dose in Tissue During Cancer Therapy

This paper describes the functionality, radiation characteristics, and clinical implementation of an implantable MOSFET radiation detector (dosimeter). The dosimeter is powered by radio frequency telemetry eliminating the need for a power source inside the dosimeter. The data can be accessed telemetrically for each treatment day during the course of therapy. The detector has been validated in vitro to confirm its accuracy. Variance between predicted and measured dose in patients is discussed. Factors such as patient setup, treatment plan error, and physiologic motion can affect the accuracy of dose delivery in moving from in vitro to in vivo dose measurements. The initial data suggests that the dosimeters can play a useful role in tracking dose discrepancies, both random and systematic, in patients treated with external beam radiation therapy. The implantable dosimeter can be used, together with the current radiation delivery and planning techniques, to optimize radiation treatment on an individual basis.     

Effect of background radiation on the lower limit of detection for extended dosemeter issue periods

An extension of dosemeter issue period brings significant economic and logistic benefits. Therefore, it is desirable to have an extended period as long as possible without significant loss of the quality of dose measurements. There are many studies devoted to the investigation of fading or reduction of the dose accumulated in dosemeters with time. However, this is one of many critical factors that need's to be taken into account when extending the dosemeter issue period. Background radiation is also a critical factor that needs to be appropriately accounted. In this report, a new approach has been suggested for evaluating the effect of background radiation on the lower limit of detection (LLD) of occupational radiation dose. This approach is based on the data collected from control dosemeters that are routinely used for subtraction of background radiation from occupational dose measurements. The results show that for LiF:Mg,Cu,P thermoluminescence dosemeters, variations in background radiation have a higher impact on the LLD than dose fading and the absolute value of background radiation. Although there is no significant dose fading in LiF:Mg,Cu,P for a dosemeter issue period up to 1 y, variations in background radiation during this period of time can significantly increase photon LLDs (up to 700 microSv) for workers operating in an environment of variable radiation background.     

Optimizing the radiation pattern of sparse periodic linear arrays

We have developed a method for designing sparse periodic arrays. Grating lobes in the two-way radiation pattern are avoided by using different element spacings on transmission and reception. The transmit and receive aperture functions are selected such that the convolution of the aperture functions produces a desired effective aperture. A desired effective aperture is simply an aperture with an appropriate width, element spacing, and shape such that the Fourier transform of this function gives the desired two-way radiation pattern. If a synthetic aperture approach is used, an exact solution to the problem is possible. However, for conventional imaging, often only an approximation of the desired effective aperture can be found. Different strategies for obtaining these approximate solutions are described. The radiation pattern of a sparse array designed using the effective aperture concept is compared experimentally with the radiation patterns of a dense array, and sparse arrays with periodic and random element spacing. We show that the number of elements in a 128-element linear array can be reduced by at least four times with little degradation of the beam forming properties of the array     

Coherent bremsstrahlung and parametric X-ray radiation from nonrelativistic electrons in a crystal

X-ray radiation generated by nonrelativistic electrons interacting with a crystal target exhibits several distinctive features in comparison to the relativistic case. The difference is related to the interference of the parametric X-ray radiation and coherent bremsstrahlung, which takes place for the nonrelativistic electrons. The characteristics of this radiation have been studied in the Bragg and Laue geometries in an electron microscope using a beam of electrons with energies in the 50–100 keV range. The necessary requirements on the target parameters, the measuring instrumentation, and the experimental geometry are established. Variation of the X-ray radiation frequency depending on the angle of electron beam incidence on the target in the region of non-relativistic electron energies has been observed for the first time. The X-ray radiation frequency has been also studied as a function of the primary electron beam energy. Tunable soft X-ray radiation with quantum energy in the range below 1 keV is obtained. The radiation quantum yield per electron within a unit solid angle amounts to ～10^?8.     

Spontaneously induced atom–radiation entanglement in an ensemble of trapped two-level atoms

Analysis of the effects of the spontaneously induced correlation on atom–radiation entanglement in an ensemble of two-level atoms initially prepared in the upper energy level and then trapped in a cavity containing a source of a squeezed radiation employing the method of evaluating the coherent-state propagator is presented. It is found that the cavity radiation exhibits squeezing which is directly attributed to the squeezed radiation initially present in the cavity. The intensity of the cavity radiation increases with the squeeze parameter and interaction time. It is also shown that a substantial degree of entanglement between the atomic state and radiation mode exits at a particular time which depends on the coupling constant and squeeze parameter. It is understood that although the squeezed radiation is directly accountable for the cavity squeezing, it significantly destroys the atom–radiation entanglement induced by the correlation between spontaneously emitted radiation and the atoms.     

红外辐射温度计瞄准的平面辐射源模型

用典型红外辐射温度计的辐射源尺寸效应的实验数据说明不同测量条件下的检定/校准结果的差异可能为其最大允许误差绝对值的数倍。提出具有明确测量条件的平面辐射源瞄准模型和以辐射源前置光阑的方式对于不同空腔黑体辐射源实现相同的等效平面源直径的方法,提出了对光阑的技术特性和放置距离要求,分析表明低温辐射源对光阑的冷却作用可能引起不可忽略的示值降低。采用等效平面源模型的实验结果表明以不同几何条件的空腔黑体辐射源可得到一致的检定结果。讨论了应用平面辐射源模型可能遇到的实际技术问题和解决的对策。     

The focusing of surface-acoustic-waves launched from a slanted chirped transducer. I. Isotropic substrate

The focusing behavior of surface acoustic waves launched from a slanted chirped transducer (SCT) is explored using both a continuum model and a discrete model for sources associated with a linear FM chirp transducer on a substrate with isotropic properties. The continuum model leads to the prediction of an understanding of effects that would arise in the radiation field of an SCT on an isotropic substrate. It is based on a representation of the transducer as a continuum of sources, with the radiation field determined by applying the stationary phase method, and is presented for infinitesimally short fingers. It is compared with a more direct and exact but less revealing method of determining the field based on a discrete array of sources. The effects of increasing finger lengths are considered. The results are related to the focusing of radiation by a lens.     

Investigation of cross talk in Kerfless annular arrays for high-frequency imaging

The effect of electromechanical cross talk in high-frequency (> 30 MHz) kerfless annular arrays is investigated. Finite-element model predictions of the radiation patterns from arrays are compared to predictions from an ideal model without cross talk and with experimental measurements. High cross talk in the array causes element broadening and an increase in the amplitude of secondary lobes in the radiation pattern. However, an increase in the pulse ring-down time was not found. This can be attributed to the absence of lateral modes in the kerfless substrate. The level of the pedestal secondary lobes in the two-way radiation pattern increases linearly with the element path difference. The element broadening increases the effective element path difference, which increases the pedestal level for a kerfless annular array above the level for an ideal array. The broadening limits how close to an array one can image compared to the ideal case by reducing the contrast available in the image at small f-numbers. When the element broadening is taken into account by widening the electrode dimensions, the ideal radiation pattern agrees well with the finite-element model and experimental radiation patterns.     

Using nanoparticles to enable simultaneous radiation and photodynamic therapies for cancer treatment

This paper describes research into a new approach to cancer treatment through a combination of radiation and photodynamic therapies. The assumption is that supplementing conventional radiation therapy with photodynamic therapy (PDT) will enable the use of lower doses of radiation. Under this concept, scintillation or persistent luminescence nanoparticles with attached photosensitizers such as porphyrins are used as an in vivo agent for photodynamic therapy. The nanoparticle PDT agents are delivered to the treatment site. Upon exposure to ionizing radiation such as X-rays, the nanoparticles emit scintillation or persistent luminescence, which, in turn, activates the photosensitizers; as a consequence, singlet oxygen (1O2) is produced. Studies have shown that 1O2 can be effective in killing cancer cells. This is the conventional way in which PDT can augment the effectiveness of ionizing radiation. The innovation described in this study involves the use of in vivo luminescent nanoparticles so that an external light source is not required to support PDT. Consequently, application of the therapy can be more localized and the potential of damage to healthy cells is reduced. This new modality will provide an efficient, low-cost approach to PDT while still offering the benefits of augmented radiation therapy at lower doses.     

黑体空腔辐射理论和设计

评述了作为黑体空腔辐射理论一个重要组成部分的积分方程理论及其发展。提出了一种用于0~200℃温度范围的新型黑体空腔设计。该空腔具有夹层结构并与恒温槽的液体介质相连,使之在夹层内循环流动,因而处于良好的等温环境中。空腔内壁表面使用高辐射耐热涂层,具有良好的漫射性能。新设计的黑体空腔的有效发射率可以达到0.998。