宾馆火灾逃生调查

通过对5起中小型宾馆火灾中的55名人员的逃生问卷调查，了解火灾现场及逃生人员的基本概况、火灾发生时人员所处的初始环境状态、火灾逃生行为反应及逃生途中的信息。研究表明，中小型宾馆类建筑在火灾时，服务人员和安全保卫人员能忠于职守，有效组织引导旅客疏散，是宾馆安全疏散的基本保障；疏散楼梯分隔使用，是造成火灾重大伤亡事故的主要原因；疏散标志失效，加重了火灾伤亡；疏散楼梯被封堵，加重了灾情。分析总结的火灾逃生经验，对于中小型宾馆类建筑逃生设计提供了可以借鉴的资料。     

基于建筑火灾安全的逃生互动影响分析

建筑火灾是破坏性的复杂动态过程。建筑火灾有其普遍的特征规律,也因其作用的对象和时间的不同而体现出不同的效果。建筑火灾发展受到建筑特征、相关人员干预、环境条件变化等众多因素的影响而呈现出复杂的变化趋势。建筑火灾的动态过程可以理解为火势蔓延与建筑内外的主动、被动防御系统及人员作用相互影响的互动过程。本文在对建筑火灾特性分析的基础上,应用微剂量作用计量方法(Fractional Effective Dose,FED)分别分析可用安全疏散时间(Available Safety Egress Time,ASET)内的高温伤害、毒气侵袭、浓烟影响和结构坍塌对建筑火灾逃生安全的影响。基于建筑火灾安全分析和建筑消防系统互动作用分析,研究在火灾风险威胁和消防系统保护双重作用下逃生者的环境互动影响与逃生行为决策关系。     

建筑火灾中人员疏散行为探析

人员安全疏散是建筑防火性能化设计与评估的重要判据之一,而建筑火灾中人的行为反应是影响人员安全疏散的主要因素.人员安全疏散时间的长短主要取决于人的行为,涉及年龄、性别、受教育水平、火灾应对经验等.研究了人在获悉火警信息后、决定逃生之前的各种行为反应特征,并应用统计学、心理学方法进行分析研究,掌握更加准确的行为反应特征,对于建筑防火性能化设计与安全评估,具有实用意义.     

浅析火灾时公众逃生行为及设计对策

本文借鉴火灾案例文献,分析人们在公共建筑中逃难行为,结合不同建筑空间,建立火灾时公众逃生行为模式,针对建筑物火灾时影响安全的因素提出设计对策。     

如何利用建筑内消防设施引导人员疏散

火灾中人员由于恐慌、随众,不会利用建筑消防设施辅助疏散可能会导致人员伤亡。文章分析火灾中人员的心理、行为及建筑消防设施对于人员疏散逃生的作用,探讨火灾中人员疏散问题,为发生火灾时人员能够安全疏散提供一定帮助。     

火灾逃生管

不幸在火场遇难者，多是躲避不及，以致在烈焰浓烟中丧生。美国一家公司最近为高楼大厦展出一套火灾逃生设备，叫做“逃生管”。它是一条长30多米的管子，外层由可抵挡高热与浓烟的铝合金制成，内层则是可伸缩的柔软材料。当发生火灾时，逃生管被送至建筑窗口固定，困在火海中的人钻进逃生管的入口便能一路平安滑至地面。逃生管每隔两米左右还设有一个拉链做的逃生口，逃生者万一卡在管中，稍稍移动位置就能找到逃生口，拉开拉链便呼吸到“自由”的空气。这套设备引起了美国很多消防部门的兴趣。T火灾逃生管@王敏     

火灾逃生管

在火场不幸遇难时，多是躲避不及，以致在烈焰浓烟中丧生。美国一家公司最近为高楼大厦展出一套火灾逃生设备，叫做“逃生管”。它是一条长30多米的管子，外层由可抵挡高热与浓烟的铝合金制成，内层是可伸缩的柔软材料，当发生火灾时，救生管被送到建筑窗口固定，困在火海中的人钻进逃生管的入口便能一路平安滑至地面。逃生管每隔两米左右还设有一个拉链做的逃生口，万一卡在管中，稍稍移动位置就能找到逃生口，拉开拉链便呼吸到“自由”的空气。这套设备引起了美国很多消防部门的兴趣。火灾逃生管@小敏     

基于Anylogic的地铁站火灾人员疏散模拟及结构合理性分析

为确保旅客安全疏散,根据地铁站人群应急疏散的特点,进行了地铁站火灾人群疏散及地铁站结构合理性研究。以北京大学东门地铁站为例,对火灾中人员疏散行为以及地铁车站疏散结构合理性进行了研究,从发生火灾时人员的分布情况和所需的疏散时间等方面进行了分析。采用Anylogic仿真软件,建立了人员逃生时间计算模型,分析了地铁车站中不同类别乘客及其地铁车站建筑结构等因素对人员逃生的影响,指出了结构设计的不合理处。研究结果可以为保证发生火灾时人员安全疏散以及财产损失最小化提供参考。     

浅谈火灾烟气的特性、危害、预防及排除

近年来，随着经济建设的迅猛发展，大量新型建筑材料和装修装饰材料被广泛应用于建筑与装修工程，建筑内部一般使用大量可燃材料装饰，这些装修装饰材料以及家电、家具等日用品在燃烧时会产生大量热和一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氰化氢等有毒烟气。据统计资料显示，建筑火灾中因有毒烟气中毒窒息死亡的约占火灾死亡总数的60％，而被烧死的人中，也多数是先中毒窒息晕倒后被烧死的。火灾中的有毒烟气是阻碍人们逃生、导致人员死亡的主要原因之一。因此，了解和掌握建筑火灾中的烟气成分、流动规律和危害，防止烟气扩散，排除火场烟气，对于火场人员疏散逃生和灭火救援工作具有非常的重要意义。     

建筑火灾中人的行为反应的调查研究

通过对陕西、山西、河南三省169起火灾274位当事人的问卷调查，统计得到了建筑火灾中人的行为反应频率，以及不同年龄、性别、受教育程度的调查队型的火灾行为反应特征，得出了建筑火灾中人的行为反应的初步数据。     

Human behavior and fires: An introduction

From a selected list of references, the author traces the developments in the research into human behavior in fire situations. This paper includes research approaches, people and design as related to the evacuation process, panic, behavioral tendencies, and decision-making, citing references from the author's paper:Human Behavior and Fire Emergencies: An Annotated Bibliography, NBSIR 81-2438. National Bureau of Standards Reference: Paulsen, R. L., “Human Behavior and Fires: An Introduction”, Fire Technology, Vol. 20, No. 2, May 1984, p. 15.     

A review of the examination and analysis of the dynamics of human behavior in the fire at the MGM Grand Hotel, Clark County, Nevada as determined from a selected questionnaire population

A 28 item, 4 page questionaire was mailed to 1,960 persons, who were registered guests at the MGM Grand Hotel at the time of the fire on November 21, 1980. Responses were received from 554 guests, approximately 28.3 percent of the questionnaire population. The information presented in this report consists of a selected presentation of the data contained in the complete study report published by the National Fire Protection Association entitled: “An Examination and Analysis of the Dynamics of the Human Behavior in the MGM Grand Hotel Fire, Clark Country, Nevada November 21, 1980”.

The study presents the questionnaire data in relation to the following: guests' characters and behavior; the cultural and social relationships between guests; the guests' means of becoming aware of the fire, and the time of their fire awareness; the first five actions of the guests following their recognition of the fire incident; the guests' location in the hotel and their use of the hotel stairs; the means of evacuation of the guests, the obstructions to evacuation and the type of assistance provided in their evacuation; the time interval of the evacuation delay and the actions of the guests while waiting in rooms. In addition, the means by which smoke migrated into the rooms as reported by the guests was tabulated.

The actions of the guests appeared to indicate the occurrence of convergence clusters among those unable to evacuate immediately, and predominantly altruistic and cooperative behavior among the guests.     

A Study on Evacuation Behavior in Physical and Virtual Reality Experiments

Fire Technology - Comparing results obtained in Virtual Reality to those obtained in physical experiments is key for validation of Virtual Reality as a research method in the field of Human...     

Experimental and computational studies of compartment fire behavior training scenarios

Because of the substantial risk to fire fighter safety in fighting compartment fires, the New South Wales Fire Brigade (NSWFB) in Australia has implemented Compartment Fire Behavior Training (CFBT). The CFBT scheme equips fire fighters with the knowledge and experience required to effectively, efficiently and safely deal with this type of fire, via the use of a demonstration cell (in this case a shipping container) within which the fire fighter can experience, observe and deal with real flashover situations. A crib fire is used as the fuel source with the addition of several particle boards lining the closed end of the demonstration cell. In the current study, the CFBT demonstration cell has been studied both experimentally and computationally while the cell undergoes a variety of different conditions including fuel load and ventilation changes. This data will provide useful additional information in further assisting NSWFB fire fighters in their understanding of fire growth and smoke movement and by allowing them to extrapolate their experiences of handling other possible fires they may face in compartments.     

火灾科学与消防工程学发展现状及学科体系构架

火灾科学与消防工程学具备火灾科学、消防技术和消防工程所形成的完整知识体系，其下属学科包括火灾学、防火工程、灭火工程、消防管理工程、消防指挥学、火灾调查学及其他相关学科。消防风险管理研究、火灾模化技术、火灾心理和火灾行为以及消防可靠性数据的研究将成为新世纪火灾科学与消防工程学的优先研究领域。     

Identification of Multiple Fire Sources in the Utility Tunnel Based on a Constrained Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Fire Technology - Fire disaster is one of the most dangerous disasters in the utility tunnel with plenty of high-voltage and communication cables. Fire source identification is an important part of...     

Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Walls Under Fire: A Review

Fire Technology - Fire has been a scourge of society for a very long time due to its impact on the human and economic aspects. Fire resistance is a characteristic of concrete buildings, and...     

Mechanistically Informed Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Fire Engineering and Sciences

Fire Technology - Fire is a chaotic and extreme phenomenon. While the past few years have witnessed the success of integrating machine intelligence (MI) to tackle equally complex problems in...     

Analysis of Fire Throttling in Longitudinally Ventilated Tunnels With a One-dimensional Model

Fire Technology - Fire throttling is the increase in flow resistance due to a large fire in a longitudinally ventilated tunnel. Although the fire throttling effect has been been known and studied...     

电缆隧道火灾分析及计算机模拟

对电缆隧道火灾进行了分析,应用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS对电缆隧道火灾过程进行了计算机模拟,并对其火灾发展过程和防火保护措施进行了初步讨论。结果表明,电缆隧道为高火灾危险场所,在火灾情况下,隧道内维持较高温度,电缆将持续燃烧,火灾具有发展迅速、结构可能严重损伤、烟气量大、有害气体浓度高、扑救困难等特点,对其火灾危害性应引起足够重视。