From AI to cybernetics

Well-known critics of AI such as Hubert Dreyfus and Michael Polanyi tend to confuse cybernetics with AI. Such a confusion is quite misleading and should not be overlooked. In the first place, cybernetics is not vulnerable to criticism of AI as cognitivistic and behaviouristic. In the second place, AI researchers are recommended to consider the cybernetics approach as a way of overcoming the limitations of cognitivism and behaviourism.     

A Survey of LLM Datasets:From Autoregressive Model to AI Chatbot

Since OpenAI opened access to ChatGPT,large language models(LLMs)become an increasingly popular topic attracting researchers'attention from abundant domains.However,public researchers meet some problems when de-veloping LLMs given that most of the LLMs are produced by industries and the training details are typically unrevealed.Since datasets are an important setup of LLMs,this paper does a holistic survey on the training datasets used in both the pre-train and fine-tune processes.The paper first summarizes 16 pre-train datasets and 16 fine-tune datasets used in the state-of-the-art LLMs.Secondly,based on the properties of the pre-train and fine-tune processes,it comments on pre-train datasets from quality,quantity,and relation with models,and comments on fine-tune datasets from quality,quantity,and concerns.This study then critically figures out the problems and research trends that exist in current LLM datasets.The study helps public researchers train and investigate LLMs by visual cases and provides useful comments to the research community regarding data development.To the best of our knowledge,this paper is the first to summarize and discuss datasets used in both autoregressive and chat LLMs.The survey offers insights and suggestions to researchers and LLM developers as they build their models,and contributes to the LLM study by pointing out the existing problems of LLM studies from the perspective of data.     

Why is AI so scary?

This article is a review of the following three books, and explores the question of why artificial intelligence is viewed with fear by many people [T.M. Georges, Digital Soul: Intelligent Machines and Human Values, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 2004; S. Helmreich, Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in a Digital World, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2000; A. Foerst, God in the Machine: What Robots Teach Us About Humanity and God, Dutton, New York, 2004].     

基于智能规划的时间表问题研究

时间表问题TTP（Timetabling Problem)是一类应用非常广泛的研究课题，目前也出现了各种各样的解决时间表问题的方法，本文简要分析了近几十年时间表问题研究的历史和技术现状，提出基于智能规划方法的时间表问题解决方案，并且我们用SQL语言实现了这一解决方案，通过对学校课程表的模拟实验证明该方法具有较大的实用价值。     

并行实现有自学习能力的五子棋AI

介绍了传统人机博弈PVS(PrincipalVariationSearch,主要变例搜索)算法,并在历史启发的基础上,设计了利用多处理器及超线程技术计算速度更快的并行PVS算法,并在算法中加入了自学习能力,使五子棋AI模拟人的思维。     

分布式人工智能与多智能体系统研究

智能体理论是一个发展很快的前沿领域。为了解决复杂问题出现了分布式人工智能,多个智能体的协作正好符合分布式人工智能的要求,因此出现了多智能体系统。文中介绍了分布式人工智能的特点,并着重介绍了分布式人工智能的一种分类———多智能体系统。多智能体系统也是分布式人工智能的一种有效的解决方法,同时分布式人工智能又推动了多智能体的发展。     

AI Planner Assisted Test Generation

This paper describes an AI planner assisted approach to generate test cases for system testing based on high level test objectives. We use four levels of test generation: the metaprocessor, the preprocessor, the AI planner, and the postprocessor levels. Test generation is based on an extended UML model of the system under test and a mapping of high-level test objectives into initial and goal conditions of the planner. Test objectives are derived from a series of interviews with professional testers. We suggest various options for test criteria related to test objectives. The AI planner was used to generate hundreds of test cases for a robot controlled tape silo. The planner generated tests within a reasonable time. It was successful for each test objective given.     

人工智能在决策支持系统和专家系统中的作用

该文概述了专家系统(ES)与传统的决策支持系统(DSS)的定义与局限性,然后主要描述了人工智能(AI)在智能决策支持系统(IDSS)中的作用。     

Test Case Generation as an AI Planning Problem

While Artificial Intelligence techniques have been applied to a variety of software engineering applications, the area of automated software testing remains largely unexplored. Yet, test cases for certain types of systems (e.g., those with command language interfaces and transaction based systems) are similar to plans. We have exploited this similarity by constructing an automated test case generator with an AI planning system at its core. We compared the functionality and output of two systems, one based on Software Engineering techniques and the other on planning, for a real application: the StorageTek robot tape library command language. From this, we showed that AI planning is a viable technique for test case generation and that the two approaches are complementary in their capabilities.     

研究人工智能的一条新途径

计算机的所有功能都是由指令组成的程序实现的,从计算机功能角度去研究人工智能的基本要素具有探索意义。在区分了人类智力表示和人工智能问题的概念及描述了计算机功能序的概念后,证明了人类智力表示不能都由计算机实现;证明了从计算机功能研究已解决和将得到解决的人工智能问题的可行性,并找到了这些人工智能问题与计算机功能序之间的关系。在基于文中提出的指令集功能完全性和独立性概念描述了极小指令集概念之后,证明了通用计算机所有计算功能的实现只需要5种基本指令。由于指令集代表了计算机所具有的全部功能,从而建立了极小指令集与人工智能问题之间的联系。文中的讨论表明从研究极小指令集中的指令的特性和深入探讨指令有限重复排列的行为规律去研究人工智能是一条可行的途径。     

实时人工智能系统的构成

实时人工智能系统是一种在动态的环境中，能够利用有限的资源来可靠地完成关键性任务的系统，Anytime算法能够折衷解的质量和计算时间，是构造实时人工智能系统的有效技术，本文阐述了构造方法和组织问题，并给出了关键性的时间分配算法。     

信息家电中实时智能技术的应用研究

随着网络和信息技术的迅速发展,基于信息家电(IA)的家庭网络将得到大规模的推广。信息家电的核心是芯片和实时智能软件。在讨论信息家电的特点和功能的基础上,提出一种适于建立IA软件环境的Agen结构模型,并对其进行了分析讨论。     

逻辑AI中的容变能力的研究

In this paper a survey of elaboration tolerance in logical AI is provided. John McCarthy views elaboration tolerance as the key property of any formalism that can represent information in the common sense informatic situa-tion. The goal of studying elaboration tolerance is finding a formalism for describing problems logically that is as elab-oration tolerant as natural language and the associated background knowledge. In the beginning, we introduce the missionaries and cannibals problem and its elaboration problems provided by John McCarthy as the test examples of studying elaboration tolerance. Then we introduce the study of elaboration tolerance from three aspects. First of all,the study of elaboration tolerance of the existing systems is introduced such as Causal Calculator and ABSFOL. Sec-ond the study of special elaboration is presented such as elaboration of actions. Last but not least a formal definition of elaboration toleration and evaluation tools is nrmvided.     

人工智能中的A^＊算法应用及编程

搜索是人工智能中的一个基本问题。文中比较了几种典型的搜索方法,包括盲目搜索和启发式搜索,重点对A 算法进行了阐述和分析,并以求地图两点的最短路径搜索为例,给出了用A 算法编程的实现方法。结果表明,应用A 算法提高了目标搜索的效率。     

Context optimization of AI planning for semantic Web services composition

Web services composition techniques are gaining momentum as the opportunity to establish reusable and versatile inter-operability applications. Many researchers propose their composition approach based on planning techniques. We propose our context aware planning method which comprises global planning and local optimization based on context information. The major technical contributions of this paper are: (1) We propose an ontology-based framework for the context-aware composition of Web services. Context model, which are structured based on OWL-S, captures the Service-related, Environment-related, and User-related context and can be used in an unambiguous, machine interpretable form. (2) We propose context-aware plan architecture and thus is more scalability and flexibility for the planning process, and thereby improving the efficiency and precision. (3) We propose a hybrid approach to build a plan corresponding to a context-aware service composition, based on global planning and local optimization, considering both the usability and adoption. We test our approach on a simple, yet realistic example, and the preliminary results demonstrate that our implementation provides a practical solution. This research was partially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No.90604017), the national 973 Project of China (No.2003CB317004) and the Nature Science Foundation of Beijing (No.4052025).     

基于Europa2的智能规划动态仿真与建模

仿真与建模是智能规划(特别是时态规划)走向应用的重要而困难的研究主题。目前已有的规划可视化建模工具只能支持领域无关的仿真和建模,无法模拟现实场景。基于时间线的Chronicle规划与Microsoft最新的图形显示技术WPF在某些概念上存在自然的对应关系。基于这样的思想,针对NASA开发的开源时态规划平台——Europa2,使用WPF基础类库和相关工具,研究智能规划能够模拟现实场景的动态仿真和建模的设计方法并给出了实例演示。研究表明,对诸如Europa2一类基于时间线的Chronicle规划系统,可以应用WPF一类通用图形技术进行方便的建模和动态仿真,从而初步解决了规划系统模拟现实场景的仿真和建模难以实现的问题。     

计算机生成兵力中的人工智能技术

开发CGF的难点和重点在于CGF实体行为的生成,尤其是人类智能行为的实现。人类行为建模最重要的三个方面是知识获取、知识表示和决策机制,都与人工智能技术相关。该文主要介绍人类行为描述的知识表示和知识获取问题,讨论了人工智能技术在这两个方面的应用,并对将来的研究工作做了一个简单的展望。     

模式数据库在智能规划中的应用

该规划器通过对智能规划领域里传统的构造模式数据库的方法进行改进,从而改进模式数据库启发式的效率：通过分析和移除一些在实际问题空间里不可能存在对应的完整状态的模式有效地减少了模式数据库的构造时间,并提高了模式数据库启发值的紧致性,使得模式数据库启发式能更好的指导搜索算法以求得问题的最优解。该规划器在linux系统下设计,通过使用规划器解决积木世界领域的规划问题来研究改进前后模式数据库启发式在搜索过程中所起的作用。